{ "id": 4278535, "name": "In re C.S., a Person Subject to Involuntary Treatment (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner-Appellee, v. C.S., Respondent-Appellant)", "name_abbreviation": "People v. C.S.", "decision_date": "2008-06-16", "docket_number": "No. 1-07-1387", "first_page": "449", "last_page": "453", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "383 Ill. App. 3d 449" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "781 N.E.2d 237", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "202 Ill. 2d 393", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1442049 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "405" }, { "page": "405" }, { "page": "405-06" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/202/0393-01" ] }, { "cite": "884 N.E.2d 241", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2008, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "379 Ill. App. 3d 251", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4276546 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "263" }, { "page": "263" }, { "page": "263" }, { "page": "263" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/379/0251-01" ] }, { "cite": "792 N.E.2d 350", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "339 Ill. App. 3d 778", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2469777 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "781" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/339/0778-01" ] }, { "cite": "869 N.E.2d 413", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2007, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "373 Ill. App. 3d 332", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4269770 ], "weight": 5, "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "334" }, { "page": "334-35" }, { "page": "335" }, { "page": "335" }, { "page": "335" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/373/0332-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 583, "char_count": 10850, "ocr_confidence": 0.819, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.294376990582244e-08, "percentile": 0.4339478865370143 }, "sha256": "996313b93fccd4991d8f2dc4cc841cd887e1f237fd94ac23439da5e15b42e8db", "simhash": "1:2dbeb79531546d2e", "word_count": 1747 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:46:05.228492+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "In re C.S., a Person Subject to Involuntary Treatment (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner-Appellee, v. C.S., Respondent-Appellant)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE CAHILL\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nRespondent C.S. appeals an order of the trial court, granting the State\u2019s petition for the involuntary administration of psychotropic medications. The court signed the order even though it included haloperidol (Haldol) as a primary medication and despite uncontra-dicted evidence that respondent twice had suffered severe side effects after receiving Haldol. We reverse.\nThe record shows respondent was first hospitalized for mental illness in 1998. That year, and again in 2001, she had seizure-like symptoms after receiving Haldol. From 2002 to 2006, respondent took the drug risperidone (Risperdal) voluntarily with good results. In 2006, respondent again began showing symptoms of mental illness. She was hospitalized voluntarily in July 2006 at Chicago Read Mental Health Center (Read). She was still at Read in January 2007 when the State filed a petition for the involuntary administration of psychotropic medications under section 2 \u2014 107.1 of the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Code (Code) (405 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 107.1 (West 2006)). The State asked for authorization to administer Haldol, loraz-epam and diphenhydramine as primary medications and chlorproma-zine, divalproex, olanzapine and benztropine (Benadryl) as alternative medications.\nThe trial court held a hearing on April 23, 2007. The court granted the State\u2019s earlier-filed motion to amend its petition, adding oral doses of Risperdal as a primary medication, changing olanzapine from an alternative to a primary medication and adding risperidone consta (Risperdal Consta) injections as an alternative medication. Respondent refused to participate in the hearing and left the courtroom.\nRespondent\u2019s mother, N.S., testified for the State. N.S. said that in 2006, respondent became fearful, made false accusations, refused to see N.S. and spoke as if respondent\u2019s deceased father were still alive. N.S. testified on cross-examination that respondent had bad reactions to Haldol in 1998 while she was hospitalized in Elgin, and again in 2001 while she was at home after receiving Haldol at a hospital. N.S. said the reaction was \u201calmost like a paralysis\u201d and \u201cI thought she was going to have some kind of a seizure.\u201d N.S. testified: \u201c[Respondent\u2019s] eyes rolled back. She could not talk. Her speech was very slurred and her jaw [seemed] to be stiff.\u201d The 2001 episode prompted N.S. to take respondent to a hospital emergency room. On redirect examination, N.S. said she did not know if respondent had received medications to counteract the side effects of Haldol in 1998 or 2001.\nRichard Malis, a psychiatrist, internist and medical director at Read, testified as the State\u2019s expert witness. Malis said he had only recently assumed responsibility for this hearing because the doctor who had prepared the petition recently had resigned. Malis said he observed respondent in February 2007 while covering her unit for a vacationing psychiatrist. He said he conducted a psychiatric evaluation of respondent on April 20, 2007, three days before the hearing. Malis said he also inquired into respondent\u2019s social history, reviewed her hospital records and had conversations with other doctors, social workers and nurses on respondent\u2019s unit, respondent\u2019s current psychiatrist and N.S. Malis opined that respondent suffers from schizophrenia, a serious mental illness.\nDr. Malis testified that he knew respondent had been hospitalized in 1998, but he did not know the specifics of the hospitalization or respondent\u2019s history before 1998. He said the primary medications he sought included 5 to 45 milligrams of Haldol per day, orally or by injection. He said Benadryl and Cogentin would be given for the side effects of Haldol. Malis said the most appropriate medication for respondent would be Risperdal. He then said:\n\u201cThe next choice listed is Haldol. [Respondent] did report having what would be described as a dystonic reaction which is a short term acute muscle stiffness that can involve various parts of the body. That typically can be either avoided or readily treated with medications ***. It\u2019s a scary side effect that can be very uncomfortable. It\u2019s not anything that is dangerous.\u201d\nMalis said other side effects of Haldol include sedation, abnormal muscle movements, tardive dyskinesia and, rarely, irregular heartbeats or neuroleptic malignant syndrome.\nMalis\u2019 testimony showed he had not seen the records from respondent\u2019s earlier treatments with Haldol and he did not know if she had received adequate doses of medicines that combat side effects. He said that if he learned that respondent had received medicine for side effects but still had a bad reaction, he would find an alternative to Haldol.\nOn cross-examination, Dr. Malis admitted that a sticker on the front of respondent\u2019s medical chart showed that she was allergic to Haldol, among other things. He said more follow-up would be needed to determine whether respondent should receive Haldol.\nThe trial court determined that the State had met its burden of proving that the benefits of the treatments in the petition would outweigh the harm to respondent. The judge allowed Haldol to remain as a primary medication despite the evidence of respondent\u2019s severe reaction to the drug in the past. Respondent argues on appeal that the trial court\u2019s order was not supported by clear and convincing evidence that the benefits of the medication outweighed the harm.\nWe first note that this case could be considered moot because the trial court\u2019s order was effective for only 90 days under section 2 \u2014 107.1(a\u20145)(5) of the Code (405 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 107.1(a\u20145)(5) (West 2006)). This time period has expired. But an appellate court may consider an otherwise moot appeal on its merits if warranted under the public-interest exception to the mootness doctrine. In re Dorothy J.N., 373 Ill. App. 3d 332, 334, 869 N.E.2d 413 (2007). The public-interest exception applies where, as here, the reviewing court\u2019s decision will provide future guidance on the implementation of the Code. In re Dorothy J.N., 373 Ill. App. 3d at 334-35. We will consider this appeal.\nIn general, this court will not reverse a trial court\u2019s decision to grant a petition for the involuntary administration of psychotropic medication unless the decision was against the manifest weight of the evidence. In re Dorothy J.N., 373 Ill. App. 3d at 335. The term \u201cagainst the manifest weight of the evidence\u201d means that the opposite conclusion is apparent or that the finding is unreasonable, arbitrary or not grounded on the evidence. In re Dorothy J.N., 373 Ill. App. 3d at 335.\nSection 2 \u2014 107.1 (a \u2014 5)(4) of the Code provides that psychotropic medication may be administered if and only if \u201cit has been determined by clear and convincing evidence that all of [seven enumerated] factors are present.\u201d 405 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 107.1(a\u20145)(4) (West 2006). The factor at issue here \u2014 whether the benefits of the treatment outweigh the harm \u2014 must be established by clear and convincing evidence. 405 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 107.l(a\u20145)(4)(D) (West 2006). \u201cClear and convincing evidence has been defined as that quantum of proof that leaves no reasonable doubt in the mind of the fact finder about the truth of the proposition in question.\u201d In re John R., 339 Ill. App. 3d 778, 781, 792 N.E.2d 350 (2003).\nWhere, as here, an expert testifies, he must support his opinions with specific facts or testimony as to the bases of those opinions. In re Alaka W., 379 Ill. App. 3d 251, 263, 884 N.E.2d 241 (2008). An expert\u2019s testimony, without more, is not enough to satisfy the clear and convincing evidence standard. In re Alaka W., 379 Ill. App. 3d at 263. The statutory scheme of the Code requires \u201cspecific evidence [of] the benefits and risks of each medication *** so that the trial court may determine whether the State can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the benefits of the proposed treatment outweigh the potential harm.\u201d In re Alaka W., 379 Ill. App. 3d at 263.\nHere, the State\u2019s only evidence was the testimony of N.S. and Dr. Malis. Neither one stated the expected benefits of Haldol to respondent. N.S. testified to the harm respondent had suffered from the drug in the past. Malis admitted that he knew none of the details of respondent\u2019s earlier experiences with Haldol. He testified that he did not know whether medications for the side effects of Haldol were given to respondent in 1998 or 2001. Despite Malis\u2019 lack of key information, the trial court allowed Haldol as a primary medication to be involuntarily administered to respondent.\nEven if the trial court had wanted to deny only the State\u2019s request to administer Haldol after hearing evidence of its potential harm to respondent, it could not have done so. The trial court did not have the option of striking Haldol from the list of medications in the petition as amended. Nor do we. Our supreme court in In re Mary Ann P., 202 Ill. 2d 393, 405, 781 N.E.2d 237 (2002), determined that courts may not engage in the \u201cselective authorization of psychotropic medication.\u201d Recognizing that treatment with psychotropic medications often involves the administration of several medications, the supreme court held that the legislature did not intend \u201ctreatment orders to authorize something less than what the treating physician has prescribed.\u201d In re Mary Ann P., 202 Ill. 2d at 405. The court decided that when \u201cthe recommended treatment consists of multiple medications \u2014 some to be administered alternatively, some to be administered in combination, and some to be administered only as needed to counter side effects \u2014 it is only this treatment, in its entirety, that may be authorized.\u201d In re Mary Ann P., 202 Ill. 2d at 405-06.\nBecause there was no evidence of Haldol\u2019s benefits to respondent and ample evidence that she experienced severe side effects when she received the drug, we believe the trial court\u2019s decision to allow the involuntary administration of Haldol was against the manifest weight of the evidence. In re Dorothy J.N., 373 Ill. App. 3d at 335. The State failed to meet its burden of proof by showing by clear and convincing evidence that the benefits of Haldol outweighed its potential harm to respondent. In re Alaka W., 379 Ill. App. 3d at 263.\nWe reverse the trial court\u2019s judgment.\nReversed.\nWOLFSON and GARCIA, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE CAHILL" } ], "attorneys": [ "Ann Krasuski and Veronique Baker, both of Guardianship & Advocacy Commission, of Hines, for appellant.", "Richard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (James E. Fitzgerald, Douglas P. Harvath, and Monica R. George, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "In re C.S., a Person Subject to Involuntary Treatment (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner-Appellee, v. C.S., Respondent-Appellant).\nFirst District (1st Division)\nNo. 1\u201407\u20141387\nOpinion filed June 16, 2008.\nAnn Krasuski and Veronique Baker, both of Guardianship & Advocacy Commission, of Hines, for appellant.\nRichard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (James E. Fitzgerald, Douglas P. Harvath, and Monica R. George, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0449-01", "first_page_order": 465, "last_page_order": 469 }