{ "id": 4282934, "name": "JANE STUDT et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. SHERMAN HEALTH SYSTEMS, d/b/a Sherman Hospital, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "STUDT v. SHERMAN HEALTH SYSTEMS", "decision_date": "2008-12-23", "docket_number": "No. 2-07-0945", "first_page": "401", "last_page": "408", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "387 Ill. App. 3d 401" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "176 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 544909 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "23" }, { "page": "24", "parenthetical": "\"in professional negligence cases, unlike negligence actions in general, the plaintiff bears a burden to establish the standard of care through expert witness testimony\"" }, { "page": "33" }, { "page": "24", "parenthetical": "\"In instances *** where the professional's conduct is so grossly negligent or the treatment so common that a layperson could readily appraise it, no professional expert testimony or other such relevant evidence is required\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/176/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "191 Ill. 2d 278", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 229716 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "296", "parenthetical": "listing exceptions" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/191/0278-01" ] }, { "cite": "201 Ill. 2d 260", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1477049 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "274" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/201/0260-01" ] }, { "cite": "55 Ill. 2d 411", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2940512 ], "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/55/0411-01" ] }, { "cite": "72 Ill. 2d 249", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5443658 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "256", "parenthetical": "\"Generally, expert testimony is needed to support a charge of malpractice because jurors are not skilled in the practice of medicine and would find it difficult without the help of medical evidence to determine any lack of necessary scientific skill on the part of the physician\"" }, { "page": "258" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/72/0249-01" ] }, { "cite": "77 Ill. 2d 279", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5490810 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "282", "parenthetical": "\"In medical malpractice suits, the plaintiff must establish the standard of care through expert testimony\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/77/0279-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 609707 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "42", "parenthetical": "\"In medical negligence cases against hospitals based on vicarious liability for the conduct of its nurses, it is necessary for a plaintiff to present expert testimony to establish the standard of care and that its breach was the cause of the plaintiff's injury\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/204/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "386 Ill. App. 3d 176", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4281076 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "186" }, { "page": "185" }, { "page": "185" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/386/0176-01" ] }, { "cite": "229 Ill. 2d 104", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3615185 ], "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "119" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/229/0104-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 Ill. App. 3d 806", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4279478 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "816-17", "parenthetical": "\" 'the standard of care for all professionals is \"the use of the same degree of knowledge, skill and ability as an ordinarily careful professional would exercise under similar circumstances\" ' \"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/384/0806-01" ] }, { "cite": "364 Ill. App. 3d 612", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4262615 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "618-19" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/364/0612-01" ] }, { "cite": "222 Ill. 2d 147", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3602061 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "204" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/222/0147-01" ] }, { "cite": "199 Ill. 2d 483", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 58949 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "492" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/199/0483-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 766, "char_count": 18167, "ocr_confidence": 0.764, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.6922169990516086e-08, "percentile": 0.2945897617969233 }, "sha256": "d3082a407e54ca70d27b6e09fc3c72b45f8bcfbb3e0f637895a2aebc21cab7d4", "simhash": "1:fbc454f25c1c57c2", "word_count": 2811 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:05:00.567552+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "JANE STUDT et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. SHERMAN HEALTH SYSTEMS, d/b/a Sherman Hospital, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE O\u2019MALLEY\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Sherman Health Systems (doing business as Sherman Hospital), timely appeals from a jury verdict in favor of plaintiffs, Jane Studt and Michael Studt, on their claims for institutional negligence and vicarious liability for the professional negligence of defendant\u2019s doctors in failing to diagnose Jane\u2019s appendicitis. Defendant\u2019s lone argument on appeal is that the trial court tendered an erroneous jury instruction regarding the applicable standard of care for professional negligence. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court\u2019s decision.\nAs a threshold issue, plaintiffs argue that we need not reach defendant\u2019s jury instruction argument. Plaintiffs observe that the jury was presented with three theories of liability \u2014 defendant\u2019s institutional negligence and defendant\u2019s vicarious liability for the professional negligence of each of the two treating physicians \u2014 and issued a general verdict finding defendant liable. Plaintiffs offer that, even if the professional negligence instruction was faulty, we can sustain the jury\u2019s verdict based on evidence of institutional negligence.\nAs plaintiffs note, when there is a general verdict after more than one theory has been presented to a jury, the verdict will be upheld on appeal if there was sufficient evidence to sustain any of the theories presented. 735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1201(d) (West 2006); Dillon v. Evanston Hospital, 199 Ill. 2d 483, 492 (2002). Plaintiffs characterize the evidence offered to prove institutional negligence as \u201cmore than ample.\u201d We disagree. Jane was initially treated by one physician, Dr. Apiwat Ford, who examined her and ordered tests, but, at the end of his shift, her care was transferred to a second physician, Dr. Timothy Turner, who received the test results, examined her, and discharged her without diagnosing her appendicitis. Plaintiffs asserted at trial that defendant was negligent because it knew that Ford had a practice of taking illegible notes, yet defendant allowed the practice to continue. According to plaintiffs, when Ford\u2019s shift ended and Turner assumed Jane\u2019s care, \u201cthe illegible medical record *** failed to provide essential information to\u201d Turner. That may very well be true, but the testimony at trial indicated that Ford had another method of conveying patient information to other doctors: he had a practice of having a face-to-face discussion of all patients with the doctor who succeeded him. In fact, Turner testified that Ford informed him of Jane\u2019s status at the beginning of Turner\u2019s shift. Plaintiffs elicited no evidence of any deficiency in this oral communication that had any effect on Jane\u2019s care. We therefore reject plaintiffs\u2019 argument that we can affirm the jury\u2019s verdict based solely on the evidence of institutional negligence, and we consider defendant\u2019s argument on its merits.\nA trial court is required to use an Illinois pattern jury instruction when it is applicable to a civil case, unless the court determines that the instruction does not accurately state the law. 177 Ill. 2d R. 239(a); York v. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke\u2019s Medical Center, 222 Ill. 2d 147, 204 (2006). The trial court here thus tendered an instruction modeled on the Illinois pattern instruction for professional negligence:\n\u201c \u2018Professional negligence\u2019 by a doctor is the failure to do something that a reasonably careful doctor would do, or the doing of something that a reasonably careful doctor would not do, under circumstances similar to those shown by the evidence.\nThe phrase \u2018violation of the standard of care\u2019 means the same thing as professional negligence.\nTo determine what the standard of care required in this case, you must rely upon opinion testimony from qualified witnesses[,] evidence of professional standards, evidence of by-laws, rules, regulations, policies and procedures and other evidence presented in this case. You must not attempt to determine this question from any personal knowledge you have.\nThe law does not say how a reasonably careful doctor would act under these circumstances. That is for you to decide.\u201d\nSee Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 105.01 (2006) (hereinafter IPI Civil (2006)).\nThe issue of whether a jury instruction is an accurate statement of the law is reviewed de novo. Thornton v. Garcini, 364 Ill. App. 3d 612, 618-19 (2006). Defendant asserts that the above jury instruction misstates the law in three ways.\nFirst, defendant argues that the above instruction misstates the law because it defines professional negligence in terms of a \u201creasonably careful doctor\u201d standard, instead of the previous \u201creasonably well-qualified doctor\u201d standard. See IPI Civil (2000) No. 105.01 (prior version of the pattern instruction). However, after briefing was finished in this appeal, we granted plaintiffs\u2019 motion to cite LaSalle Bank v. C/HCA Development Corp., 384 Ill. App. 3d 806 (2008), as additional authority. (In its response to plaintiffs\u2019 motion to cite LaSalle Bank, defendant did not contest the holding of the case but rather emphasized that its argument on appeal was primarily directed at another point.) In LaSalle Bank, the First District held that the \u201creasonably careful\u201d language from IPI Civil (2006) No. 105.01 accurately states the law. See LaSalle Bank, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 816-17 (\u201c \u2018the standard of care for all professionals is \u201cthe use of the same degree of knowledge, skill and ability as an ordinarily careful professional would exercise under similar circumstances\u201d \u2019 \u201d), quoting Loman v. Freeman, 229 Ill. 2d 104, 119 (2008), quoting Advincula v. United Blood Services, 176 Ill. 2d 1, 23 (1996). We agree with the holding in LaSalle Bank and therefore reject defendant\u2019s argument that the \u201creasonably careful\u201d language in IPI Civil (2006) No. 105.01 renders the instruction erroneous.\nDefendant\u2019s second basis for arguing that the above instruction is unclear is that, by combining the \u201creasonably careful doctor\u201d language with the statement that \u201c[t]he law does not say how a reasonably careful physician would act under these circumstances. That is for [the jury] to decide,\u201d the instruction \u201cencourages the jury to decide the case based on [its] own view of what is \u2018reasonable.\u2019 \u201d We disagree. Just before the portion of the instruction defendant emphasizes, the instruction tells jurors that they \u201cmust not attempt to determine [the standard of care] from any personal knowledge.\u201d Thus, contrary to defendant\u2019s argument, the instruction explicitly directs jurors not to decide the case based on their own views of what is reasonable. Further, the instruction lists the evidentiary sources the jury may consider in reaching its conclusion on the standard of care, and the jurors\u2019 personal views are not among them. Accordingly, to the extent defendant\u2019s excerpts may be considered ambiguous in isolation and removed from the remainder of the instruction, the full context of the instruction leaves no question that jurors should determine the standard of care based on the evidence, and not based on their personal knowledge.\nDefendant essentially interprets the instruction\u2019s statement that \u201c[t]he law does not say how a reasonably careful doctor would act under these circumstances\u201d as a statement that the law provides no guidance and thus leaves jurors to their own devices to determine the professional standard of care. However, the true import of that sentence is that the law does not prescribe the standard of care under the unique set of circumstances that every trial presents, and the duty to determine the standard of care falls to the jury, which, according to the remainder of the instruction, must do so based on the evidence presented and not based on personal knowledge. We reject defendant\u2019s interpretation of the instruction, and we therefore reject its argument that its interpretation demonstrates that the instruction misstates the law.\nWe recognize that our position on this issue puts us at odds with the First District, which recently held that modifications to current IPI Civil (2006) No. 105.01 \u201care necessary to prevent jury confusion.\u201d Matarese v. Buka, 386 Ill. App. 3d 176, 186 (2008). Among the problems the decision in Matarese identified with the instruction was that \u201cit initially tells jurors not to determine the standard of care from their personal knowledge, but then seems to contradict itself by adding that the law does not say how a reasonably careful professional would act under the circumstances and that is for the jurors to decide.\u201d Matarese, 386 Ill. App. 3d at 185. For the reasons stated above, we disagree with Matarese on this point, and we decline to follow it.\nDefendant\u2019s final, and most earnest, challenge to the jury instruction is that it misstates the law by inviting the jury to decide the professional standard of care by relying on \u201copinion testimony from qualified witnesses, evidence of professional standards, evidence of bylaws, rules, regulations, policies and procedures and other evidence presented.\u201d According to defendant, in a professional-negligence action (as opposed to an action for ordinary negligence), a jury is limited to considering only expert testimony in assessing the applicable standard of care, and it may not consult other evidentiary sources. As a remedy for its concern, defendant urges that we discard the above-quoted instruction in favor of the former version of the pattern instructions, which provided as follows:\n\u201cIn providing professional services to_, a_must possess and apply the knowledge and use the skill and care ordinarily used by a reasonably well-qualified_[practicing in the same or similar localities] under the circumstances similar to those shown by the evidence. A failure to do so is professional negligence.\n[The only way in which you may decide whether (a) (any) defendant possessed and applied the knowledge and used the skill and care which the law required of him is from (expert testimony) (and) (or) (evidence of professional standards or conduct) presented in the trial. You must not attempt to determine this question from any personal knowledge you may have.]\u201d (Brackets in original.) IPI Civil (2000) No. 105.01.\nThe first, and most obvious, problem with defendant\u2019s position is that the former version of the pattern instruction, which defendant argues is accurate, allowed juries to consider expert testimony \u201c(and) (or) (evidence of professional standards or conduct).\u201d In fact, the notes on use accompanying IPI Civil (2000) No. 105.01 indicated that \u201c[t]he parenthetical phrase \u2018evidence of professional standards or conduct\u2019 *** may be used in situations where the proper standard of care may be proven by other than expert testimony.\u201d IPI Civil (2000) No. 105.01, Notes on Use. Thus, the prior instruction defendant advocates, like the current instruction defendant criticizes, contemplated that juries could consider evidence beyond expert testimony in determining the professional standard of care.\nBeyond this inconsistency in defendant\u2019s argument, we disagree with defendant\u2019s position that a jury is limited to considering only expert testimony in assessing the professional standard of care. To support its position, defendant cites to several cases that hold that a jury charged with determining the professional standard of care normally must be presented with expert testimony on which to base its determination. See Snelson v. Kamm, 204 Ill. 2d 1, 42 (2003) (\u201cIn medical negligence cases against hospitals based on vicarious liability for the conduct of its nurses, it is necessary for a plaintiff to present expert testimony to establish the standard of care and that its breach was the cause of the plaintiff\u2019s injury\u201d); Jones, 191 Ill. 2d at 295 (\u201cExpert testimony is usually required in a case of professional negligence\u201d and is \u201cnecessary to establish both (1) the standard of care expected of the professional and (2) the professional\u2019s deviation from the standard\u201d); Advincula, 176 Ill. 2d at 24 (\u201cin professional negligence cases, unlike negligence actions in general, the plaintiff bears a burden to establish the standard of care through expert witness testimony\u201d); Dolan v. Galluzzo, 77 Ill. 2d 279, 282 (1979) (\u201cIn medical malpractice suits, the plaintiff must establish the standard of care through expert testimony\u201d); Walski v. Tiesenga, 72 Ill. 2d 249, 256 (1978) (\u201cGenerally, expert testimony is needed to support a charge of malpractice because jurors are not skilled in the practice of medicine and would find it difficult without the help of medical evidence to determine any lack of necessary scientific skill on the part of the physician\u201d).\nHowever, the idea that expert testimony is usually necessary does not mean that additional evidence is impermissible. In fact, some of the cases on which defendant relies actually explicitly provide that, in addition to expert testimony, jurors may also consider other relevant evidence regarding the standard of professional care. For example, in Advincula, the supreme court referred to the professional standard of care being established by \u201cproofs in the form of expert witness testimony or other evidence of professional standards\u201d (emphasis added). Advincula, 176 Ill. 2d at 33. In Walski, the supreme court was even more explicit; it cited, with approval, a previous case in which it held evidence of a drug manufacturer\u2019s instructions to suffice, even in the absence of expert testimony, as evidence regarding the applicable professional standard of care. Walski, 72 Ill. 2d at 258, citing Ohligschlager v. Proctor Community Hospital, 55 Ill. 2d 411 (1973).\nAt oral argument, defendant added another nuance to the above argument. Defendant agreed that evidence beyond expert testimony is admissible in a professional-negligence action, but it contended that the additional evidence is not independently admissible but instead must be admitted through an expert\u2019s testimony. Defendant asserted that the jury instruction here was defective for failing to account for this limitation. However, under the facts of the current case, we need not reach this issue. A reviewing court ordinarily will not reverse a trial court for giving faulty instructions unless they clearly misled the jury and resulted in prejudice to the appellant. Schultz v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 260, 274 (2002). Defendant here has not identified (either in its brief or when pressed at oral argument) any professional-standard-of-care evidence introduced at this trial that was not introduced via expert testimony. Because defendant has not directed us to any evidence that could have caused it prejudice in light of the jury instruction, we will not reverse the jury\u2019s verdict on defendant\u2019s contention that the jury instruction should have explained the limits on evidence of the professional standard of care.\nBased on the above discussion, we reject defendant\u2019s contention that the jury\u2019s verdict must be reversed because IPI Civil (2006) No. 105.01 misstates the law.\nFor the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County.\nAffirmed.\nBOWMAN and GROMETER, JJ., concur.\nPlaintiffs also argue that defendant has forfeited opposition to the argument regarding the institutional-negligence claim, because defendant did not oppose the argument below. We disagree. Defendant argued in its posttrial motion below that the jury instruction was erroneous and that it tainted the jury\u2019s verdict. Plaintiffs could have argued in their response that the verdict could be sustained on other grounds; if they had, defendant could have replied by attacking the institutional-negligence claim. Plaintiffs, however, did not raise the argument that the institutional-negligence claim could independently justify the verdict. If anyone has forfeited this issue, it is plaintiffs, not defendant.\nThe decision in Matarese identified two additional problems with IPI Civil (2006) No. 105.01. See Matarese, 386 Ill. App. 3d at 185. However, because defendant does not argue that either of those problems forms a basis for reversal here, we express no opinion on those aspects of the First District\u2019s holding.\nAlthough defendant implies that there is an absolute requirement for expert testimony in all professional-negligence cases, we note that our supreme court has stated that \u201cthere are exceptions to the requirement of expert testimony in professional negligence cases.\u201d Jones v. Chicago HMO Ltd. of Illinois, 191 Ill. 2d 278, 296 (2000) (listing exceptions); see also Advincula, 176 Ill. 2d at 24 (\u201cIn instances *** where the professional\u2019s conduct is so grossly negligent or the treatment so common that a layperson could readily appraise it, no professional expert testimony or other such relevant evidence is required\u201d).\nWe further note that the previous version of the pattern instruction, which defendant argues is appropriate, also does not contain an explanation that other evidence is admissible only if introduced via expert testimony. If that limitation must be expressed in the jury instruction on professional negligence, then the instruction defendant advocates is equally flawed. (Defendant seemed to assert at oral argument that the prior instruction was rendered appropriate because courts interpreted it as requiring evidence of professional negligence to be introduced via expert testimony. If that is true, we see no reason why the current instruction cannot receive a similar saving interpretation.)", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE O\u2019MALLEY" } ], "attorneys": [ "Hugh C. Griffin, Stevie A. Starnes, and Jacob Z. Goldstein, all of Hall, Frangle & Schoonveld, LLC, of Chicago, and John E. Norton and Thomas J. Long, both of Norton, Mancini & Weiler, of Wheaton, for appellant.", "Kenneth C. Chessick, John W Fisk, and Jason M. Kleinman, all of Law Office of Kenneth C. Chessick, M.D., of Schaumburg, for appellees.", "Bruce Robert Pfaff, of Pfaff & Gill, Ltd., of Chicago, for amicus curiae." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "JANE STUDT et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. SHERMAN HEALTH SYSTEMS, d/b/a Sherman Hospital, Defendant-Appellant.\nSecond District\nNo. 2 \u2014 07\u20140945\nOpinion filed December 23, 2008.\nRehearing denied February 6, 2009.\nHugh C. Griffin, Stevie A. Starnes, and Jacob Z. Goldstein, all of Hall, Frangle & Schoonveld, LLC, of Chicago, and John E. Norton and Thomas J. Long, both of Norton, Mancini & Weiler, of Wheaton, for appellant.\nKenneth C. Chessick, John W Fisk, and Jason M. Kleinman, all of Law Office of Kenneth C. Chessick, M.D., of Schaumburg, for appellees.\nBruce Robert Pfaff, of Pfaff & Gill, Ltd., of Chicago, for amicus curiae." }, "file_name": "0401-01", "first_page_order": 417, "last_page_order": 424 }