{ "id": 4283072, "name": "WILLIAM T. HERMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. POWER MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTORS, LLC, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Herman v. Power Maintenance & Constructors, LLC.", "decision_date": "2009-02-18", "docket_number": "No. 4-08-0509", "first_page": "352", "last_page": "364", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "388 Ill. App. 3d 352" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "696 N.E.2d 839", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "845-46" }, { "page": "842-43" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "297 Ill. App. 3d 211", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 910210 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "220" }, { "page": "215" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/297/0211-01" ] }, { "cite": "473 N.E.2d 73", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "76", "parenthetical": "\"Intentional discrimination may be proved directly, through affirmative evidence, that race played an impermissible role in the employer's decision, or indirectly, through proof that the employer's proffered explanation is not to be believed\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "129 Ill. App. 3d 842", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3490775 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "845", "parenthetical": "\"Intentional discrimination may be proved directly, through affirmative evidence, that race played an impermissible role in the employer's decision, or indirectly, through proof that the employer's proffered explanation is not to be believed\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/129/0842-01" ] }, { "cite": "861 N.E.2d 189", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "198" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "369 Ill. App. 3d 711", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4267900 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "719" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/369/0711-01" ] }, { "cite": "776 N.E.2d 195", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "200-01", "parenthetical": "when analyzing a pleading, a court will look at its substance; labels are not controlling" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "201 Ill. 2d 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1477026 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "102", "parenthetical": "when analyzing a pleading, a court will look at its substance; labels are not controlling" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/201/0095-01" ] }, { "cite": "593 N.E.2d 1070", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1075", "parenthetical": "Illinois law does not require an employer to retain an employee who is medically unable to do the work" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "229 Ill. App. 3d 680", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5216982 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "688", "parenthetical": "Illinois law does not require an employer to retain an employee who is medically unable to do the work" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/229/0680-01" ] }, { "cite": "603 F.2d 1061", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1440753 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1063" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/603/1061-01" ] }, { "cite": "568 F. Supp. 1396", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3585050 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1399" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/568/1396-01" ] }, { "cite": "189 N.W.2d 74", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "77" }, { "page": "77" }, { "page": "77" }, { "page": "77-78" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "32 Mich. App. 642", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich. App.", "case_ids": [ 2097965 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "647-48" }, { "page": "648" }, { "page": "647" }, { "page": "648" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mich-app/32/0642-01" ] }, { "cite": "856 N.E.2d 48", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "51" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "367 Ill. App. 3d 760", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4265111 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "764" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/367/0760-01" ] }, { "cite": "727 N.E.2d 217", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "220" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "189 Ill. 2d 603", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1224811 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "608" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/189/0603-01" ] }, { "cite": "489 N.E.2d 340", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "343" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "140 Ill. App. 3d 720", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3533212 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "723" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/140/0720-01" ] }, { "cite": "483 N.E.2d 560", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "566", "parenthetical": "\"A judicial admission cannot be a matter of *** inference\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "136 Ill. App. 3d 561", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3565493 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "568", "parenthetical": "\"A judicial admission cannot be a matter of *** inference\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/136/0561-01" ] }, { "cite": "629 N.E.2d 1175", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1179", "parenthetical": "\"Viewing the plaintiff's counsel's comments in context, we find that they were in effect no more than an opinion and should not be considered a binding admission\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "258 Ill. App. 3d 822", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2880612 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "826", "parenthetical": "\"Viewing the plaintiff's counsel's comments in context, we find that they were in effect no more than an opinion and should not be considered a binding admission\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/258/0822-01" ] }, { "cite": "692 N.E.2d 1150", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1156" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "181 Ill. 2d 395", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 821394 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "407" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/181/0395-01" ] }, { "cite": "515 N.E.2d 146", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "152" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "161 Ill. App. 3d 664", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3467568 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "673" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/161/0664-01" ] }, { "cite": "200 N.E.2d 149", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "186" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "50 Ill. App. 2d 253", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5275782 ], "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "327-28" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/50/0253-01" ] }, { "cite": "521 N.E.2d 1245", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1250" }, { "page": "1247" }, { "page": "1247" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "167 Ill. App. 3d 772", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3471455 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "780" }, { "page": "775" }, { "page": "776" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/167/0772-01" ] }, { "cite": "707 N.E.2d 228", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "230" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "303 Ill. App. 3d 185", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 511400 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "187" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/303/0185-01" ] }, { "cite": "648 N.E.2d 614", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "616-17" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "271 Ill. App. 3d 594", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 249094 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "597" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/271/0594-01" ] }, { "cite": "601 N.E.2d 1347", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1354" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "236 Ill. App. 3d 660", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5784110 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "670" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/236/0660-01" ] }, { "cite": "635 N.E.2d 643", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "645" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "262 Ill. App. 3d 1039", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2850068 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1042" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/262/1039-01" ] }, { "cite": "831 N.E.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "6" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "358 Ill. App. 3d 34", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5731537 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "41" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/358/0034-01" ] }, { "cite": "381 F.3d 701", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 9199606 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "709" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/381/0701-01" ] }, { "cite": "618 N.E.2d 909", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "921" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "249 Ill. App. 3d 370", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5410660 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "386" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/249/0370-01" ] }, { "cite": "656 N.E.2d 85", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "87-88" }, { "page": "88" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "275 Ill. App. 3d 674", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 906778 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "677" }, { "page": "678" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/275/0674-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1217, "char_count": 30726, "ocr_confidence": 0.789, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.744684263718117e-08, "percentile": 0.45525492026755227 }, "sha256": "f472453c1f673b6a0f560c21b83f66e0655dcc1860488f47b7961b0dfd3f905f", "simhash": "1:3d349de957401d84", "word_count": 5005 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:04:57.079883+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "WILLIAM T. HERMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. POWER MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTORS, LLC, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE APPLETON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff, William T. Herman, brought a tort action against defendant, Power Maintenance & Constructors, LLC, for discharging him, or refusing to recall him, in retaliation for his filing a workers\u2019 compensation claim. See 820 ILCS 305/4(h) (West 2004). The trial court entered summary judgment in defendant\u2019s favor, and plaintiff appeals.\nDefendant laid plaintiff off because of medical restrictions resulting from a work-related injury, for which he received workers\u2019 compensation benefits. Later, after plaintiff recovered from the injury and sought to go back to work, defendant refused to recall him. Defendant\u2019s stated reason for the refusal was that his work had been unsatisfactory. All of his performance evaluations, however, were favorable. We find a genuine issue as to whether defendant\u2019s stated reason for refusing to recall plaintiff \u2014 unsatisfactory job performance \u2014 was a pretext for retaliating against him because of the workers\u2019 compensation claim. Therefore, we reverse the summary judgment that the trial court entered on June 9, 2008, and we remand this case for further proceedings.\nI. BACKGROUND\nIn the original version of his complaint, which he filed on October 26, 2006, plaintiff alleged as follows. On November 8, 2005, in the course of his employment with defendant, he sustained an injury. He gave defendant timely notice of the work-related accident. On November 15, 2005, defendant terminated his employment in retaliation for his exercise of a right granted by the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act (Act) (820 ILCS 305/1 through 30 (West 2004)).\nOn October 19, 2007, defendant\u2019s attorney took plaintiffs deposition. Plaintiff testified he was in his third year of apprenticeship as a boilermaker. He was a member of Boilermakers Local Union No. 60, of which Edmond Hebert was the business agent. Through the local union, plaintiff was hired out for various jobs. On November 8, 2005, he sustained an injury while working for defendant, and he filed a workers\u2019 compensation claim. Defendant paid him workers\u2019 compensation benefits, and as of the date of his deposition, the workers\u2019 compensation claim was settled.\nDefendant\u2019s attorney questioned plaintiff regarding certain allegations in the complaint:\n\u201cQ. Paragraph 5 of the complaint states, \u2018Prior to November 15th of 2005, the plaintiff exercised a right granted under the *** Act,\u2019 and then gives a citation. Is that true, to your knowledge?\nA. I believe so, yes.\nQ. And then it says, \u2018On November 15th of 2005, the defendant terminated the plaintiff from his employment with the defendant.\u2019 That\u2019s [p]aragraph 6. Do you believe that to be true?\nA. Yes.\nQ. Then the next \u2014 [paragraph 7 says, \u2018Said termination of the plaintiffs employment by the defendant was in retaliation for the plaintiffs exercise of a right granted under the Act[ ] and thus was a violation of [s]ection [4(h)] of the Act [(820 ILCS 305/4(h) (West 2006))] and a violation of clearly mandated public policy.\u2019\nDo you believe that [defendant] terminated your employment in retaliation for your filing a workers^] compfensation] claim?\nA. I don\u2019t believe at that time that that\u2019s what the cause was. I was laid off due to the parameter of my injuries and what I couldn\u2019t do and what I could do. At that time[,] I don\u2019t believe [so], no.\nQ. All right. And to be clear about what you just testified to, you don\u2019t believe that on November 15th of 2005, *** your employment with [defendant] was terminated in retaliation for your filing a workers!\u2019] compensation] claim; is that correct?\nA. That\u2019s correct.\nQ. The \u2014 what were the reasons why your employment was terminated with [defendant] at that time?\nA. Due to my doctor\u2019s restrictions, certain jobs I could do. Usually[,] in the [u]nion[,] there\u2019s no light duty, so they would rather just lay you off and go on with your workers\u2019] compensation] claim or whatever.\nQ. Okay. So you would agree that as of November 15th of 2005, *** you had some duty restrictions, some work[-]duty restrictions imposed by your doctor, correct?\nA. That\u2019s correct.\nQ. And you would agree that there were \u2014 they didn\u2019t have work for you on that date[,] with your restrictions?\nA. That\u2019s correct.\u201d\nIn view of plaintiffs belief that retaliating against him for filing a workers\u2019 compensation claim was not, in fact, defendant\u2019s motivation in laying him off on November 15, 2005, defendant\u2019s attorney asked plaintiff how, in his opinion, defendant had wronged him. Plaintiff answered that defendant had sent letters to Hebert refusing to recall plaintiff on the spurious ground that plaintiffs work performance had been substandard. (According to the transcript of the deposition, these letters were marked as exhibit Nos. 3, 4, and 5, but they do not appear to be in the record on appeal.) Plaintiff testified:\n\u201cA. *** [T]he first letter!,] received March 9th[,] says!,] !\u2018W]e found his productivity and the quality of his work to be below the standards we have come to expect from Local 60 members.!\u2019] That\u2019s very untrue.\nQ ***\nYour complaint against my client!,] at this time!,] is that when they say that they\u2019re not going to hire you because you\u2019re \u2018not competent enough to work on our projects,\u2019 which is language from [e]xhibit [No.] 4, you believe that to be inaccurate?\nA. That\u2019s very correct.\u201d\nPlaintiff had brought with him, to his deposition, the performance evaluations he received from May to November 2005, while he was working for defendant. According to these evaluations, he never was absent or late. In the categories of initiative, workmanship, ability to learn, and conduct on the job, he never received less than an average rating, and usually he received a good or an excellent rating. His final performance evaluation, for November 2005, praised him as having \u201cinitiative\u201d and \u201cgood ability.\u201d The evaluation forms are entitled \u201cGreat Lakes Area Boilermaker Apprentice Monthly Work Report,\u201d and at the bottom, they tell the supervisor: \u201cAn accurate written assessment of the apprentice is vital for their complete evaluation!\u201d (Emphasis in original.)\nPlaintiff testified that since defendant laid him off in November 2005, he had worked on other jobs as a boilermaker but because of defendant\u2019s refusal to recall him, he had endured some periods of unemployment and a loss of income. According to plaintiff, defendant hired other boilermakers out of the local union while declining to recall him. He testified: \u201cI was not eligible for rehire [by defendant], I call that [\u2018]terminated.[\u2019] \u201d\nOn December 3, 2007, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment. Defendant argued it was entitled to summary judgment because plaintiff had made three admissions in his deposition that were fatal to his case. Plaintiff had admitted that (1) defendant laid him off rather than discharged him; (2) in laying him off, defendant had no intention of retaliating against him for exercising his rights under the Act; and (3) defendant had a valid, nonpretextual reason for laying him off, namely, his physical inability to perform the work.\nIn support of its motion for summary judgment, defendant presented not only plaintiff\u2019s deposition but also an affidavit by Tom Cassity. In his affidavit, Cassity stated he was defendant\u2019s construction manager at the Vermilion Power Station near Danville, Illinois, and that on November 15, 2005, defendant laid plaintiff off rather than discharged him. Attached to Cassity\u2019s affidavit was a termination slip, dated November 15, 2005, indicating that the reason for terminating plaintiffs employment was a \u201creduction in force.\u201d After stating that reason, the termination slip added, at the bottom: \u201cNo work available within parameters of doctor\u2019s restrictions \u2014 see attached.\u201d Attached to the termination slip was a handwritten note, dated November 14, 2005, in which a physician, John D. Warrington, prohibited plaintiff from lifting over 10 pounds; sitting or standing for more than 10 minutes at a time without changing position; pushing or pulling more than 10 pounds; or bending, stooping, or crawling. War-rington diagnosed plaintiff as suffering from severe, recurrent lumbosacral strain.\nOn February 13, 2007, the trial court held a hearing on defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment. Plaintiffs attorney argued that even though, on November 15, 2005, defendant ostensibly laid plaintiff off rather than discharged him, one could infer that, as of that date, defendant decided that plaintiff never would work for defendant again and that the reason for the decision was plaintiffs claim for workers\u2019 compensation benefits. The problem the motion for summary judgment identified could be solved, plaintiffs attorney argued, by amending the complaint so as to allege that the discharge occurred after November 15, 2005. He told the court:\n\u201c[Plaintiff] didn\u2019t work from November 15th to the date he reported for work again, and he was supposedly fired due to incompetence. Nothing happened to support a finding of incompetence during the time he didn\u2019t work, quite clearly, so our argument is November 15, 2005, is the accrual date of his action. Now, it\u2019s true his damages might be cut off until he\u2019s able to work, but the accrual date is a decision that [defendant] made to find him essentially this: \u2018Mr. Herman, you\u2019re gone, and you\u2019re never coming back.\u2019 And[,] therefore, Your Honor, I stand before you today to make an argument that although not perhaps jumping off the page, [it] can be found, if Your Honor reads the deposition testimony[ ] and reads [p]aragraph 6 [of the complaint], that[,] in fact[,] the effective date of Mr. Herman\u2019s discharge was November 15, 2005.\u201d\nThe trial court granted defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment but gave plaintiff leave to file an amended complaint within 14 days. See 735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1005(g) (West 2006) (\u201cBefore or after the entry of a summary judgment, the court shall permit pleadings to be amended upon just and reasonable terms\u201d).\nOn February 27, 2008, plaintiff filed an amended complaint, in which he alleged as follows. On November 8, 2005, he sustained an injury in the course of his employment with defendant. He gave defendant timely notice of this work-related accident. Before the accident, he performed his work in a satisfactory manner, as evidenced by the performance evaluations attached to his amended complaint. Plaintiff further alleged:\n\u201c10. Plaintiff presented a return-to-work slip to [defendant on November 15, 2005, and although [defendant stated that it did not have available work at that time[,] [defendant also made a decision^] sometime after this date[,] to permanently discharge [p]laintiff and forever bar [p]laintiff from all future work for [defendant and[,] in furtherance of such a plan[,] provided a pre-textual reason for its actions: namely, that [plaintiff\u2019s work was unsatisfactory.\n11. Defendant did, in fact, discharge plaintiff.\n12. *** [Although [defendant did lay[ ]off other boilermakers at or around the time *** [defendant discharged [p]laintiff, one or more [of the other] boilermakers continued to perform the work that [p]laintiff would have performed but for [defendant\u2019s retaliatory action.\u201d\nPlaintiff further alleged, in his amended complaint, that defendant had a policy or practice of retaliating against employees for exercising their rights under the Act. He attached, and incorporated by reference, an affidavit by Steve Wondolowfski and an affidavit by Scott A. Herman. Wondolowfski stated in his affidavit that he was injured on the job in late 2005 while working as a boilermaker for defendant. He filed a workers\u2019 compensation claim, and on January 6, 2006, when his doctor released him to return to work and he provided the physician\u2019s release to defendant, defendant discharged him. Defendant told his union representatives not to return him to work because he was a \u201c \u2018safety risk.\u2019 \u201d Before the discharge, he never was cited or warned for engaging in unsafe work practices.\nHerman described a similar experience in his affidavit. On April 24, 2006, he was injured on the job while working as a boilermaker for defendant. He filed a workers\u2019 compensation claim. On June 6, 2006, his physician released him to return to work, and when he presented the physician\u2019s release to defendant, defendant discharged him, even though he never had been cited or warned for unsafe work practices and he had performed at a satisfactory level.\nOn March 12, 2008, defendant filed a combined motion pursuant to section 2 \u2014 619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 619.1 (West 2006)). Under section 2 \u2014 1005 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1005 (West 2006)), defendant moved for summary judgment on the basis of the following reasoning. In paragraphs 10 and 11 of the amended complaint, plaintiff alleged that defendant \u201cdischarged\u201d him. Because plaintiff alleged a retaliatory discharge, he could not allege that defendant had refused to recall or rehire him (see Webb v. County of Cook, 275 Ill. App. 3d 674, 677, 656 N.E.2d 85, 87-88 (1995)). In the hearing on defendant\u2019s previous motion for summary judgment, plaintiff \u201cjudicially admitted, through his counsel, that his cause of action accrued on November 15, 2005.\u201d If plaintiff had a claim for retaliatory discharge, the claim would have accrued on the date of the discharge. The trial court had already decided, by its previous summary judgment, that plaintiff had no claim for a retaliatory discharge occurring on November 15, 2005. Assuming, for the sake of argument, that plaintiff actually was alleging a retaliatory refusal to recall or rehire him, his counsel\u2019s \u201cjudicial admission,\u201d together with the previous summary judgment, was dispositive: plaintiff\u2019s counsel admitted that plaintiffs cause of action accrued on November 15, 2005, and the previous summary judgment established that plaintiff had no cause of action for retaliation occurring on that date.\nUnder section 2 \u2014 619(a)(9) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 619(a)(9) (West 2006)), defendant moved, alternatively, for dismissal of the amended complaint for the same reasons. He argued that even if one accepted as true the allegations in the amended complaint, \u201cthe combination of [p]laintiff\u2019s admissions as to the date on which his cause of action accrued, the application of the law of accrual of actions under [s]ection 4(h) of the Act [(820 ILCS 305/4(h) (West 2004))], and [the] previous [summary judgment] provide[d] sufficient \u2018affirmative matter\u2019 \u201d to defeat the present claim.\nIn his response to defendant\u2019s combined motion, plaintiff argued that a statement of opinion regarding the date a cause of action accrued was a legal conclusion, not a statement \u201cregarding a concrete fact within [the] party\u2019s peculiar knowledge.\u201d Doyle v. White Metal Rolling & Stamping Corp., 249 Ill. App. 3d 370, 386, 618 N.E.2d 909, 921 (1993). Plaintiffs attorney said he \u201cwent too far\u201d in arguing the accrual date was November 15, 2005. In any event, by entering a summary judgment that plaintiff, in fact, had no cause of action for a retaliatory discharge occurring on November 15, 2005, the court necessarily ruled that, contrary to the misguided argument plaintiff s attorney made in the first summary-judgment hearing, no cause of action accrued on that date. Plaintiff now argued that he \u201ccould prevail on his claim of retaliatory discharge if,\u201d as he alleged in his amended complaint, \u201che could present evidence that at some point after November 15, 2005, his layoff was \u2018converted into an actual discharge.\u2019 \u201d (Emphases in original.) Thomas v. Guardsmark, Inc., 381 F.3d 701, 709 (7th Cir. 2004).\nOn June 9, 2008, the trial court entered the following order:\n\u201cThe [c]ourt finds that the [p]laintiff\u2019s claim is for retaliatory discharge[ ] rather than retaliatory failure to recall or rehire. The [c]ourt has previously granted [s]ummary [j]udgment to the [defendant based upon [p]laintiff s admissions in his deposition that he was not discharged on November 15, 2005[,] in retaliation for filing a workers\u2019 compensation claim. The [pjlaintiff has admitted that November 15, 2005[,] was the accrual date for his retaliatory discharge cause of action. The [c]ourt views the [p]laintiffs admissions as dispositive.\nAccordingly, the [c]ourt grants the [defendant's [m]otion for [s]ummary [j]udgment as to [p]laintiffs [flirst [a]mended [c]om-plaint pursuant to [section 2 \u2014 1005 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2\u2014 1005 (West 2006))]. The court notes that the [flirst [a]mended [c]omplaint is also subject to dismissal pursuant to [section 2 \u2014 619(a)(9) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 619(a)(9) (West 2006))].\u201d\nThis appeal followed.\nII. ANALYSIS\nA. Standard of Review\nUpon motion, the trial court shall \u201crender[ ] [a summary judgment] without delay if the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\u201d 735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1005(c) (West 2006). Thus, in our de novo review (Viking Construction Management, Inc. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 358 Ill. App. 3d 34, 41, 831 N.E.2d 1, 6 (2005)), we will affirm a summary judgment only if we find two propositions to be true: (1) the record reveals no genuine issue as to any material fact, and (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1005(c) (West 2006)). We look at the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, meaning that we draw inferences in favor of the nonmoving party whenever one could reasonably do so. Webb v. Ambulance Service Corp. 262 Ill. App. 3d 1039, 1042, 635 N.E.2d 643, 645 (1994). An issue is \u201cgenuine\u201d if the record contains evidence to support the position of the nonmoving party. Caponi v. Larry\u2019s 66, 236 Ill. App. 3d 660, 670, 601 N.E.2d 1347, 1354 (1992).\nB. The Alleged Judicial Admission of Plaintiffs Attorney\nA judicial admission binds the party who made the admission. If the admission is merely an evidentiary admission (instead of a judicial admission), the party may contradict or explain it. Williams Nationalease, Ltd. v. Motter, 271 Ill. App. 3d 594, 597, 648 N.E.2d 614, 616-17 (1995). Whether an admission is a judicial admission or an evidentiary admission is a question of law, which we decide de novo. Elliott v. Industrial Comm\u2019n, 303 Ill. App. 3d 185, 187, 707 N.E.2d 228, 230 (1999).\nIn cases in which attorneys made judicial admissions, the trial court entered a judgment consistent with the judicial admission. For example, in Lowe v. Kang, 167 Ill. App. 3d 772, 780, 521 N.E.2d 1245, 1250 (1988), defense counsel admitted, in his closing argument, that the defendant was at fault for the accident; accordingly, the trial court directed a verdict in the plaintiffs favor on the issue of liability (Lowe, 167 Ill. App. 3d at 775, 521 N.E.2d at 1247). In Darling v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital, 50 Ill. App. 2d 253, 327-28, 200 N.E.2d 149, 186 (1964), defense counsel stated, during trial, that the defendant was not accusing the plaintiff of doing anything to cause the loss of his own leg; accordingly, the trial court directed a verdict in the plaintiffs favor on the issue of contributory negligence. In the present case, plaintiffs attorney made an argument to the trial court that plaintiffs cause of action accrued on November 15, 2005. It seems remarkable that defendant wishes us to treat that proposition as an incontrovertible judicial fact. If plaintiffs cause of action under section 4(h) (820 ILCS 305/4(h) (West 2004)) accrued on November 15, 2005, then, of course, it would follow that he has a cause of action under section 4(h). The trial court, however, has entered two summary judgments to the contrary, i.e., that he has no cause of action under section 4(h). We are aware of no case in which a court used the doctrine of judicial admissions to bind a party to a proposition that was at odds with the judgment.\nIf plaintiffs attorney had written, in the original version of the unverified complaint, that plaintiffs cause of action accrued on November 15, 2005, case law would have required the trial court to treat that statement as, at best, an evidentiary admission. See Chavez v. Watts, 161 Ill. App. 3d 664, 673, 515 N.E.2d 146, 152 (1987); M. Graham, Cleary & Graham\u2019s Handbook of Illinois Evidence \u00a7802.11, at 781 (7th ed. 1999) (\u201cAdmissions made in an unverified pleading subsequently amended are ordinary evidentiary admissions subject to being controverted\u201d). (We say \u201cat best\u201d because an attorney\u2019s statement of opinion about the accrual date of a cause of action normally is not treated as evidence at all; it more resembles a legal argument.) Logically, it would seem to follow that if plaintiffs attorney spoke, rather than wrote in the original complaint, that the cause of action accrued on November 15, 2005, the statement would not be a judicial admission when plaintiff repleaded.\nBecause the purposes of the doctrine of judicial admissions are to remove the temptation to commit perjury (In re Estate of Rennick, 181 Ill. 2d 395, 407, 692 N.E.2d 1150, 1156 (1998)) and to hold a party to its waiver of proof on a factual issue at trial (Lowe, 167 Ill. App. 3d at 776, 521 N.E.2d at 1247), a court should not apply the doctrine to an attorney\u2019s statement of legal opinion in a summary judgment proceeding, especially if the opinion was manifestly incorrect within the context of the statement itself (see Williams v. Cahill, 258 Ill. App. 3d 822, 826, 629 N.E.2d 1175, 1179 (1994) (\u201cViewing the plaintiff\u2019s counsel\u2019s comments in context, we find that they were in effect no more than an opinion and should not be considered a binding admission\u201d); Harrington v. Kay, 136 Ill. App. 3d 561, 568, 483 N.E.2d 560, 566 (1985) (\u201cA judicial admission cannot be a matter of *** inference\u201d)). Because penalizing confusion or an honest mistake is not among the purposes of the doctrine of judicial admissions, it must appear that the party making the statement had no reasonable possibility of being mistaken in order for the statement to qualify as a judicial admission. Trapkus v. Edstrom\u2019s, Inc., 140 Ill. App. 3d 720, 723, 489 N.E.2d 340, 343 (1986). It was obvious, at the time, that plaintiffs attorney was mistaken in his argument as to when the cause of action accrued. He argued that plaintiff\u2019s cause of action accrued when defendant made the decision not to call him back to work. That argument clearly was incorrect. A party\u2019s cause of action accrues when the party knows or reasonably should know of an injury and that the injury was wrongfully caused. Clay v. Kuhl, 189 Ill. 2d 603, 608, 727 N.E.2d 217, 220 (2000). Plaintiff\u2019s cause of action would have accrued when plaintiff learned, or reasonably should have known, of defendant\u2019s decision to retaliate against him by refusing to recall him to work \u2014 not when defendant made the decision to do so. The date of accrual could not have been November 15, 2005, because, as both parties agree, defendant laid plaintiff off on that date because of the medical restrictions, saying nothing to him about its willingness or unwillingness to recall him in the future. It was not until some four months later that defendant wrote the local union, declining to recall plaintiff on the ground that he was incompetent.\nFor all these reasons, we reject the argument that plaintiff\u2019s attorney made a judicial admission by arguing to the trial court, in the hearing on the first motion for summary judgment, that plaintiff\u2019s cause of action accrued on November 15, 2005.\nB. Discharge or Refusal To Recall\nIn its order granting defendant\u2019s second motion for summary judgment, the trial court found that \u201cthe [pjlaintiff\u2019s claim [was] for retaliatory discharge [ ] rather than retaliatory failure to recall or rehire.\u201d Plaintiff does indeed allege in his amended complaint that defendant \u201cdischarged\u201d him. When we construe the amended complaint, however, in a light most favorable to plaintiff (see Malmloff v. County Treasurer, 367 Ill. App. 3d 760, 764, 856 N.E.2d 48, 51 (2006)), he appears to be alleging that defendant first laid him off for medical reasons and then, in retaliation for his workers\u2019 compensation claim, converted the layoff into a discharge, stating, as a pretext, that his work had been unsatisfactory.\nSection 4(h) of the Act provides: \u201cIt shall be unlawful for any employer *** to discharge or to threaten to discharge, or to refuse to rehire or recall to active service in a suitable capacity!,] an employee because of the exercise of his or her rights or remedies granted to him or her by this Act.\u201d 820 ILCS 305/4(h) (West 2004). The First District has interpreted section 4(h) as creating three alternative causes of action:\n\u201cAn employee, whether regular or seasonal, who has been fired by his or. her employer may generally only sue for retaliatory discharge. We distinguish the foregoing cause of action from those available where the employee has not, in fact, been fired. Where the employee has not been fired, a seasonal employee may only sue for retaliatory failure to rehire, and a regular employee on leave or temporary layoff may only sue for retaliatory failure to recall.\u201d Webb, 275 Ill. App. 3d at 678, 656 N.E.2d at 88.\nLabor law distinguishes between a layoff and a discharge, and throughout this proceeding, the parties have made the same distinction. A layoff is a temporary dismissal; a discharge is a permanent dismissal. Employment Security Comm\u2019n v. General Motors Corp., 32 Mich. App. 642, 647-48, 189 N.W.2d 74, 77 (1971). In a layoff, the employment is merely suspended, and the employee ordinarily is entitled to a recall when the temporary circumstances necessitating the layoff no longer exist. Employment Security Comm\u2019n, 32 Mich. App. at 648, 189 N.W.2d at 77. A discharge completely and finally terminates the employment relationship \u2014 the employee is fired and loses his or her position. Employment Security Comm\u2019n, 32 Mich. App. at 647, 189 N.W2d at 77. A layoff does not encompass a discharge for unsatisfactory performance. Employment Security Comm\u2019n, 32 Mich. App. at 648, 189 N.W.2d at 77-78; see also International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees v. Gulf International Cinema Corp., 568 F. Supp. 1396, 1399 (E.D. La. 1983); CBS Inc. v. International Photographers of the Motion Picture Industries, Local 644, 603 F.2d 1061, 1063 (2d Cir. 1979).\nBoth Cassity and plaintiff have stated, under oath, that defendant laid off, rather than discharged, plaintiff on November 15, 2005. As plaintiff admitted in his deposition, the layoff was legitimate because the doctor\u2019s restrictions rendered him incapable of performing the duties of a boilermaker. See Wright v. St. John\u2019s Hospital of the Hospital Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, 229 Ill. App. 3d 680, 688, 593 N.E.2d 1070, 1075 (1992) (Illinois law does not require an employer to retain an employee who is medically unable to do the work). During the period of the layoff, plaintiff sought to go back to work for defendant, and defendant responded on March 9, 2006, with a letter to the local union stating that henceforth defendant rejected plaintiff as an employee because his performance had been substandard.\nWas this letter of March 9, 2006, a discharge, or was it a refusal to recall plaintiff? Plainly, the letter refused to recall him. Arguably, it also discharged him. Since he was laid off for medical reasons, plaintiff had an expectation of being called back to work when he recuperated (if work for boilermakers was available at that time), but the letter permanently terminated the suspended employment relationship \u2014 as plaintiff argues, it converted a layoff into a discharge. We need not become mired in semantics. The substance of plaintiffs theory is clear. He alleges that defendant denied him work in retaliation for his exercising rights or remedies granted to him by the Act. That is the germane point. See Sarkissian v. Chicago Board of Education, 201 Ill. 2d 95, 102, 776 N.E.2d 195, 200-01 (2002) (when analyzing a pleading, a court will look at its substance; labels are not controlling).\nC. Pretext\nThe record reveals a genuine issue as to whether defendant\u2019s stated reason for refusing to recall plaintiff, i.e., substandard job performance, was a pretext for retaliating against him because of his workers\u2019 compensation claim. We infer that Warrington lifted the medical restrictions, for plaintiff testified he worked for other companies as a boilermaker in 2006. Plaintiff need not present direct evidence of a retaliatory motive; he can carry his burden of proof by showing that defendant\u2019s explanation for refusing to recall him is not believable or that it raises a genuine issue of fact as to whether defendant was retaliating against him. See Gomez v. The Finishing Co., 369 Ill. App. 3d 711, 719, 861 N.E.2d 189, 198 (2006); K mart Corp. v. Human Rights Comm\u2019n, 129 Ill. App. 3d 842, 845, 473 N.E.2d 73, 76 (1984) (\u201cIntentional discrimination may be proved directly, through affirmative evidence, that race played an impermissible role in the employer\u2019s decision, or indirectly, through proof that the employer\u2019s proffered explanation is not to be believed\u201d). In a letter to the local union, defendant declined to recall plaintiff. By way of explanation, the letter said that plaintiff had done poor work. The performance evaluations tell a different story: plaintiffs supervisors gave him mostly good or excellent ratings and no rating below average. See Reinneck v. Taco Bell Corp., 297 Ill. App. 3d 211, 220, 696 N.E.2d 839, 845-46 (1998). The termination slip and Cassity\u2019s affidavit say nothing about substandard performance. A reasonable trier of fact could infer that (1) defendant gave a false reason for its refusal to recall plaintiff and (2) defendant gave this false reason because the real reason, i.e., retaliation for the worker\u2019s compensation claim, was illegal and actionable. Defendant\u2019s treatment of Wondolowfski and Herman could strengthen the inference of a retaliatory motive. See Reinneck, 297 Ill. App. 3d at 215, 696 N.E.2d at 842-43.\nIII. CONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, we reverse the summary judgment of June 9, 2008, and remand this case for further proceedings.\nReversed and remanded.\nMYERSCOUGH and POPE, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE APPLETON" } ], "attorneys": [ "Richard M. Manzella (argued), of Law Office of Richard M. Manzella, of Bloomington, for appellant.", "Stephen R. Kaufmann (argued), of Hepler, Broom, MacDonald, Hebrank, True & Noce, LLC, of Springfield, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "WILLIAM T. HERMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. POWER MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTORS, LLC, Defendant-Appellee.\nFourth District\nNo. 4 \u2014 08\u20140509\nOpinion filed February 18, 2009.\nRichard M. Manzella (argued), of Law Office of Richard M. Manzella, of Bloomington, for appellant.\nStephen R. Kaufmann (argued), of Hepler, Broom, MacDonald, Hebrank, True & Noce, LLC, of Springfield, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0352-01", "first_page_order": 368, "last_page_order": 380 }