{ "id": 4286324, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. EDWARD HARRIS, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Harris", "decision_date": "2009-05-11", "docket_number": "No. 5-07-0205", "first_page": "246", "last_page": "257", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "391 Ill. App. 3d 246" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "192 Ill. 2d 437", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 453266 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "461" }, { "page": "461" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/192/0437-01" ] }, { "cite": "386 Ill. App. 3d 473", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4280934 ], "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "and cases cited therein" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/386/0473-01" ] }, { "cite": "216 Ill. 2d 45", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3828632 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/216/0045-01" ] }, { "cite": "369 Ill. App. 3d 678", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4267062 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "681" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/369/0678-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 Ill. App. 3d 48", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 251298 ], "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/272/0048-01" ] }, { "cite": "356 Ill. App. 3d 524", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3748636 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "529" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/356/0524-01" ] }, { "cite": "217 Ill. 2d 177", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3874667 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/217/0177-01" ] }, { "cite": "365 Ill. App. 3d 592", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4264774 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "597", "parenthetical": "applying an abuse-of-discretion standard to a review of the trial court's implied construction of the defendant's \" 'motion for a new trial' \" asa petition under the Act" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/365/0592-01" ] }, { "cite": "216 Ill. 2d 45", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3828632 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "57" }, { "parenthetical": "there is no requirement, and no obligation, that a trial court treat a pro se pleading as a postconviction petition" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/216/0045-01" ] }, { "cite": "369 Ill. App. 3d 678", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4267062 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "682", "parenthetical": "\"a trial court's decision regarding recharacterization is addressed to its sound discretion and will be reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard\"" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/369/0678-01" ] }, { "cite": "867 N.E.2d 1181", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1182", "parenthetical": "inartful admonishments of maximum possible sentences not limited to the result at a trial substantially complied with Whitfield" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "372 Ill. App. 3d 331", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4268720 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "332", "parenthetical": "inartful admonishments of maximum possible sentences not limited to the result at a trial substantially complied with Whitfield" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/372/0331-01" ] }, { "cite": "869 N.E.2d 856", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "860", "parenthetical": "'Whitfield did not apply because the defendant had entered an open plea" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "373 Ill. App. 3d 991", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4269818 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "996", "parenthetical": "'Whitfield did not apply because the defendant had entered an open plea" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/373/0991-01" ] }, { "cite": "898 N.E.2d 119", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "128", "parenthetical": "distinguishing Holt as limited to open pleas" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "525 N.E.2d 1223", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1225" }, { "page": "1225" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "171 Ill. App. 3d 496", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3618502 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "500" }, { "page": "500" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/171/0496-01" ] }, { "cite": "529 N.E.2d 54", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "55" }, { "page": "55" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "174 Ill. App. 3d 800", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3515137 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "801" }, { "page": "801" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/174/0800-01" ] }, { "cite": "574 N.E.2d 37", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "41" }, { "page": "41" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "214 Ill. App. 3d 938", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5298403 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "944" }, { "page": "944" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/214/0938-01" ] }, { "cite": "676 N.E.2d 224", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "227-28" }, { "page": "227-28" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "285 Ill. App. 3d 666", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1295586 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "670" }, { "page": "670" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/285/0666-01" ] }, { "cite": "394 N.E.2d 26", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "75 Ill. App. 3d 137", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3274657 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/75/0137-01" ] }, { "cite": "695 N.E.2d 1374", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "296 Ill. App. 3d 1041", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 222563 ], "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/296/1041-01" ] }, { "cite": "737 N.E.2d 694", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "316 Ill. App. 3d 795", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1096603 ], "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/316/0795-01" ] }, { "cite": "551 F.2d 185", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 980306 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/551/0185-01" ] }, { "cite": "551 F.2d 180", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 980175 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/551/0180-01" ] }, { "cite": "404 U.S. 257", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6172366 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "261" }, { "page": "432" }, { "page": "498" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/us/404/0257-01" ] }, { "cite": "385 N.E.2d 696", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "699" }, { "page": "699" }, { "page": "699" }, { "page": "699" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "74 Ill. 2d 398", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2994512 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "403" }, { "page": "403" }, { "page": "403" }, { "page": "403" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/74/0398-01" ] }, { "cite": "867 N.E.2d 1192", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1193-94" }, { "page": "1195" }, { "page": "1195-96" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "372 Ill. App. 3d 650", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4269757 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "651" }, { "page": "653" }, { "page": "653-54" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/372/0650-01" ] }, { "cite": "840 N.E.2d 658", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 16, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "666" }, { "page": "666" }, { "page": "666" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "664" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "669" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "833 N.E.2d 863", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "876 N.E.2d 1055", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1058" }, { "page": "1058" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "376 Ill. App. 3d 846", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4273791 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "850" }, { "page": "850" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/376/0846-01" ] }, { "cite": "386 Ill. App. 3d 473", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4280934 ], "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "481", "parenthetical": "distinguishing Holt as limited to open pleas" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/386/0473-01" ] }, { "cite": "216 Ill. 2d 45", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3828632 ], "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/216/0045-01" ] }, { "cite": "217 Ill. 2d 177", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3874667 ], "weight": 16, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "189" }, { "page": "189" }, { "page": "189" }, { "page": "191" }, { "page": "191" }, { "page": "191" }, { "page": "185" }, { "page": "191" }, { "page": "191" }, { "page": "191" }, { "page": "191" }, { "page": "191" }, { "page": "193-94" }, { "page": "194" }, { "page": "195" }, { "page": "194" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/217/0177-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 929, "char_count": 29433, "ocr_confidence": 0.784, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.03580807328026e-08, "percentile": 0.14398387705229146 }, "sha256": "6188fd17928748eb6738ae6925066066d2e8e5ebd386eb600de014d916b508e6", "simhash": "1:ea3452b20f21a4d4", "word_count": 4854 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:50:16.782503+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. EDWARD HARRIS, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE WELCH\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe defendant, Edward J. Harris, appeals from an order of the circuit court of St. Clair County denying his pro se petition for relief from judgment pursuant to section 2 \u2014 1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1401 (West 2006)). The defendant contends that (1) the circuit court erred when it failed to recharacterize his pro se pleading as a postconviction petition pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1 et seq. (West 2006)) and (2) his plea agreement was violated because he negotiated a six-year imprisonment term but was not admonished of the required period of mandatory supervised release to follow as required by People v. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d 177 (2005). For the following reasons, we affirm.\nThe defendant was charged with unlawful possession of a stolen vehicle, unlawful possession of a controlled substance, and unlawful possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance. On September 14, 2005, the defendant pled guilty to all three counts as a result of a plea agreement with the State. At the defendant\u2019s plea hearing, the State explained the terms of the plea agreement, stating that there was a \u201cjoint recommendation\u201d to the court that the defendant be sentenced to six years\u2019 imprisonment, along with paying a $200 DNA analysis fee and submitting a DNA sample. The State\u2019s recitation of the plea agreement did not mention mandatory supervised release. The circuit court admonished the defendant of the effects of his guilty plea and sentenced the defendant to six years\u2019 imprisonment on each count, to be served concurrently, and with day-for-day credit. The sentencing order made no reference to the defendant\u2019s two-year period of mandatory supervised release.\nOn January 24, 2007, the defendant sent a handwritten letter to the circuit court stating that he had not been properly advised that he would have to serve a period of mandatory supervised release. On March 5, 2007, the defendant filed a pro se petition for relief from judgment pursuant to section 2 \u2014 1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1401 (West 2006)). In his petition, the defendant asserted that he had not been properly advised of the required period of mandatory supervised release, therefore rendering his guilty plea unknowing.\nOn March 20, 2007, the court entered an order denying the defendant\u2019s petition, stating:\n\u201cThe court does not find that the defendant Harris has plead [sic] or otherwise shown any meritorious defense to the judgment. Harris has failed to plead or otherwise raise any issues that could not have been presented to the trial court. Further, the [p]etition fails to raise any disputed issues of material fact.\u201d\nOn appeal, the defendant first argues that the circuit court erred when it failed to recharacterize his pro se petition for relief from judgment pursuant to section 2 \u2014 1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1401 (West 2006)) as a postconviction petition pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1 et seq. (West 2006)). The defendant asserts that while the circuit court was not required to do so, the court had the authority to reclassify his pro se petition in \u201cunusual and compelling circumstances\u201d (People v. Purnell, 356 Ill. App. 3d 524, 529 (2005)). The defendant alleges that such compelling circumstances are present in his case in that there was a constitutional violation of record which will force him to serve a longer sentence than is permitted for his convicted offenses. More specifically, the defendant argues that the circuit court\u2019s failure to comply with Supreme Court Rule 402 (177 Ill. 2d R. 402) and admonish him of the required period of mandatory supervised release resulted in the defendant not getting the benefit of his plea bargain, thereby violating due process.\nWhile we agree that the circuit court had the authority to treat the defendant\u2019s pleading as a petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act, we do not agree that the court erred in failing to do so. The Post-Conviction Hearing Act specifically provides that a circuit court is under no obligation to treat a postconviction pleading as one brought under that Act unless the pleading so specifies:\n\u201cA person seeking relief by filing a petition under this Section must specify in the petition or its heading that it is filed under this Section. A trial court that has received a petition complaining of a conviction or sentence that fails to specify in the petition or its heading that it is filed under this Section need not evaluate the petition to determine whether it could otherwise have stated some grounds for relief under this Article.\u201d (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1(d) (West 2006).\nThis statutory provision was added to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act by amendment in 1997 in order to undo the line of cases (see, e.g., People v. Sturgeon, 272 Ill. App. 3d 48 (1995)) holding that a trial court was required to recharacterize a defendant\u2019s pleading as a post-conviction petition if that recharacterization could fairly be done based upon the contents of the pleading, even though the pleading made no reference to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act. See People v. Holliday, 369 Ill. App. 3d 678, 681 (2007). While the statutory provision does not prohibit a court from recharacterizing a petition, it removes any obligation on the part of the circuit court to even consider doing so.\nIn accordance with the statute, the Illinois Supreme Court has held that while a circuit court has the authority to recharacterize a petition for relief from judgment as a petition brought under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act, a circuit court is not required to even consider or evaluate the petition to determine whether it could have been brought under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act. People v. Shellstrom, 216 Ill. 2d 45, 53 n.l (2005). The supreme court was quite explicit about this in Shellstrom, when it stated, \u201c[I]f a pro se pleading alleges constitutional deprivations that are cognizable under the [Post-Conviction Hearing] Act, *** a trial court is under no obligation to treat the pleading as a postconviction petition.\u201d 216 Ill. 2d at 53 n.l.\nWe acknowledge that line of appellate court cases which holds that a circuit court\u2019s decision whether to recharacterize a petition is reviewable under the abuse-of-discretion standard. See, e.g., People v. Smith, 386 Ill. App. 3d 473 (2008) (and cases cited therein). However, even if we review for an abuse of discretion, it is clear from the statutory language and the supreme court\u2019s decision in Shellstrom that a circuit court\u2019s failure to recharacterize a petition would not constitute an abuse of discretion. Circuit courts have unfettered discretion to decline to consider even whether a petition could qualify as one filed pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act and unfettered discretion to refuse to so recharacterize a petition. To hold otherwise would effectively require every circuit court to evaluate petitions to determine whether they should be recharacterized as having been brought under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act, in direct contravention of the plain language of section 122 \u2014 1(d) of that Act (725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1(d) (West 2006)). Accordingly, in the defendant\u2019s case, we cannot conclude that the circuit court abused its discretion in failing to recharacterize the defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 petition as one filed under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act.\nThe next issue raised by the defendant on appeal is that his guilty plea was entered into unknowingly in that he negotiated a six-year imprisonment term but was not properly admonished of the required period of mandatory supervised release to follow as required by People v. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d 177 (2005), thereby violating the terms of his plea agreement. The defendant argues that the circuit court failed to substantially comply with Supreme Court Rule 402, which resulted in a violation of his due process rights. As a result, the defendant claims that his prison sentence should be reduced to include the two-year mandatory-supervised-release term.\nThe purpose of a section 2 \u2014 1401 petition for relief from judgment is to correct all errors of fact occurring in the prosecution of a cause, unknown to the petitioner or court at the time the judgment was entered, which, if known then, would have prevented the judgment\u2019s rendition. People v. Haynes, 192 Ill. 2d 437, 461 (2000). Such a petition is not designed to provide a general review of all trial errors or to substitute for a direct appeal. Haynes, 192 Ill. 2d at 461. In the defendant\u2019s case, by arguing that the circuit failed to properly admonish him of the required period of mandatory supervised release, the defendant alleged a constitutional violation under People v. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d 177 (2005). The defendant did not allege any errors of fact in his petition for relief from judgment. The defendant\u2019s Whitfield claim is not properly pursued in a petition for relief from judgment under section 2 \u2014 1401. Thus, we do not need to address the merits of the defendant\u2019s Whitfield claim, and we find that the circuit court properly denied the defendant\u2019s petition.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the order of the circuit court of St. Clair County is hereby affirmed.\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE WELCH" }, { "text": "JUSTICE SPOMER,\nspecially concurring:\nContrary to the dissenting opinion of my colleague Justice Golden-hersh, I believe the resolution of the issue of the trial court\u2019s failure to recharacterize the defendant\u2019s petition for relief from judgment as a postconviction petition is dispositive of the relief this court can afford the defendant. Because I agree with my colleague Justice Welch that the trial court\u2019s order must be affirmed, I concur in that result. However, I write separately because I would use a different analytical framework to reach that conclusion.\nI believe the plain language of section 122 \u2014 1(d) of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (the Act) (725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1(d) (West 2006)), and the cases interpreting it, dictates that once a trial judge determines that a pleading does not specify \u201cin the petition or its heading that it is filed under\u201d section 122 \u2014 1(d) and that the pleading therefore has not properly invoked the Act, the judge may do one of three things. First, the judge may stop right there and rule on the pleading as filed, without evaluating whether the pleading states grounds for relief under the Act. 725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1(d) (West 2006) (\u201cA trial court that has received a petition complaining of a conviction or sentence that fails to specify in the petition or its heading that it is filed under this Section need not evaluate the petition to determine whether it could otherwise have stated some grounds for relief under this Article\u201d). By implication, when this approach is taken, the pleading will not be recharacterized as a petition under the Act.\nSecond, the judge may evaluate the pleading to see if it states grounds for relief under the Act and then decline to recharacterize it, either because it does not fit under the Act or for other reasons. Third, the judge may evaluate the pleading to see if it states grounds for relief under the Act and then recharacterize it, which of course triggers the admonishments the Illinois Supreme Court has held in People v. Shellstrom, 216 Ill. 2d 45, 57 (2005), must be given when a pleading is recharacterized as a postconviction petition.\nIn my opinion, under the plain language of the Act, quoted above, if the judge chooses the first course of action described above and declines to evaluate whether the pleading states grounds for relief under the Act (and by implication does not recharacterize it), that choice is nonreviewable. The discretion to do this appears to be, as my colleague Justice Welch states, \u201cunfettered.\u201d 391 Ill. App. 3d at 249. Although one might argue that the specter of the General Assembly creating a mechanism whereby a trial judge, rather than Illinois courts of review, becomes the final arbiter of the decision of whether to evaluate a pleading to determine if it states grounds for relief under the Act raises troubling constitutional questions, the Illinois Supreme Court seems to be have rejected those arguments, having held in Shellstrom that \u201cwhile a trial court may treat a pro se pleading as a postconviction petition, there is no requirement that the court do so\u201d (emphasis in original) and that \u201cif a pro se pleading alleges constitutional deprivations that are cognizable under the Act[ ] but, as in the case at bar, the pleading makes no mention of the Act, a trial court is under no obligation to treat the pleading as a postconviction petition.\u201d 216 Ill. 2d at 53 n.l.\nThat said, I do not agree with Justice Welch that a trial court also has \u201cunfettered discretion to refuse to\u201d recharacterize a petition. 391 Ill. App. 3d at 249. I believe that if the judge chooses the second or third course of action described above and actually evaluates the pleading to see if it states grounds for relief under the Act, then the decision reached following that evaluation, whether the decision is to re-characterize or not to recharacterize, is reviewable under an abuse-of-discretion standard. See, e.g., People v. Holliday, 369 Ill. App. 3d 678, 682 (2007) (\u201ca trial court\u2019s decision regarding recharacterization is addressed to its sound discretion and will be reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard\u201d); People v. Starks, 365 Ill. App. 3d 592, 597 (2006) (applying an abuse-of-discretion standard to a review of the trial court\u2019s implied construction of the defendant\u2019s \u201c \u2018motion for a new trial\u2019 \u201d asa petition under the Act).\nThe key question becomes whether there is evidence in the record that the judge evaluated the pleading, as opposed to simply declined to evaluate it. Often the record will contain no such evidence. In the absence of proof that the judge conducted an evaluation, I would conclude that both the plain language of the Act and the cases interpreting it dictate that we cannot review the judge\u2019s action or inaction. See 725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1(d) (West 2006) (\u201cA trial court that has received a petition complaining of a conviction or sentence that fails to specify in the petition or its heading that it is filed under this Section need not evaluate the petition to determine whether it could otherwise have stated some grounds for relief under this Article\u201d); People v. Shellstrom, 216 Ill. 2d 45, 53 n.l (2005) (there is no requirement, and no obligation, that a trial court treat a pro se pleading as a postconviction petition). In the case at bar, no evidence has been presented that the judge engaged in an evaluation of whether the pleading stated grounds for relief under the Act. Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court on that basis.\nUnder a different set of circumstances, where it was clear from the record that an evaluation occurred, I would review the decision resulting from that evaluation under an abuse-of-discretion standard. For example, if a judge denied a petition for relief from judgment pursuant to section 2 \u2014 1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1401 (West 2006)) because the petition did not state grounds for relief under 2 \u2014 1401 and the judge stated that he or she also had evaluated the petition and concluded that it did not state grounds for relief under the Act, then, if the petition did in fact state grounds for relief under the Act, I would reverse as an abuse of discretion that trial judge\u2019s failure to recharacterize it.\nBecause I agree, for the foregoing reasons, that the trial court\u2019s decision in this case must be affirmed, I concur in the result reached by Justice Welch but write separately to explain how I came to that result.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "JUSTICE SPOMER," }, { "text": "JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH,\ndissenting:\nI respectfully dissent. My colleagues approach this appeal in terms of the scope of review of the trial judge\u2019s decision not to recharacterize defendant\u2019s petition for relief from judgment. While I agree with Justice Spomer more generally on this point, the core issue of this appeal is the Whitfield issue and the failure to follow People v. Company, 376 Ill. App. 3d 846, 876 N.E.2d 1055 (2007).\nAs to recharacterization, I disagree with Justice Spomer\u2019s position that if a judge declines to review the terms of possible recharacterization, \u201cthat choice is nonreviewable.\u201d 391 Ill. App. 3d at 251 (Spomer, J., specially concurring). My reading of People v. Shellstrom, 216 Ill. 2d 45, 833 N.E.2d 863 (2005), is that it is reviewable.\nThe real issue, however, is a Whitfield issue. By the majority\u2019s approach, the Whitfield issue is not reached.\nDefendant was not properly admonished under the standard established in People v. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d 177, 189, 840 N.E.2d 658, 666 (2005). According to Whitfield, a defendant must be sufficiently admonished of any period of mandatory supervised release before entering into a fully negotiated plea. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 189, 840 N.E.2d at 666. The failure to afford a defendant that protection violates due process. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 189, 840 N.E.2d at 666.\nThis case presents two issues under Whitfield. The first issue is whether Whitfield applies to this plea agreement. The second issue is whether the admonishment substantially complied with the standards of Whitfield.\nThe initial question is whether defendant entered into a plea agreement that entitled him to be admonished that he would have to serve a period of mandatory supervised release. The State contends that the plea agreement in this case lacks the absolute language of Whitfield. The State points out that the prosecutor began his address to the court by stating, \u201cSubject to approval by the [c]ourt, we have a joint recommendation to the [c]ourt that the defendant be sentenced to six years to Illinois Department of Corrections ***.\u201d\nThe State further contends that the use of the phrase \u201cjoint recommendation\u201d indicates that Whitfield does not apply, pointing to People v. Holt, 372 Ill. App. 3d 650, 867 N.E.2d 1192 (2007). In Holt, the prosecutor stated, \u201c \u2018[T]he State has agreed to recommend a commitment to the Illinois Department of Corrections for a period of 13 years, with the [d]efendant receiving credit for 247 days.\u2019 \u201d (Emphasis omitted.) Holt, 372 Ill. App. 3d at 651, 867 N.E.2d at 1193-94. The court found that, despite the State\u2019s failure to restate the mandatory-supervised-release requirement during its recitation, the court had substantially complied with the notice requirement by informing the defendant that he would be subject to mandatory supervised release with any prison sentence. Holt, 372 Ill. App. 3d at 653, 867 N.E.2d at 1195. The court continued:\n\u201cWe note that Whitfield may also be distinguishable on another ground. Whitfield specifically distinguished itself from situations where, as here, the State agrees to recommend a certain sentence. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 191, 840 N.E.2d at 667, citing People v. McCoy, 74 Ill. 2d 398, 403, 385 N.E.2d 696, 699 (1979). Where the State only promises to recommend a sentence and the total sentence imposed, including subsequent parole periods, is substantially less than the maximum sentence authorized by law, the court\u2019s failure to admonish defendant of the subsequent parole period is not of a \u2018constitutional dimension.\u2019 Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 191, 840 N.E.2d at 667. Also, where the State only promises to recommend a certain sentence, the defendant does receive the benefit of the bargain he made with the State. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 191, 840 N.E.2d at 667. Here, though defendant categorized his plea agreement as \u2018fully negotiated\u2019 and ratified by the trial court, we note that the State categorized Holt\u2019s plea as \u2018open.\u2019 Indeed, the State did only agree to \u2018recommend\u2019 a sentence of 13 years\u2019 imprisonment. Moreover, applying the McCoy factors, Holt\u2019s 13-year sentence plus 3-year [mandatory-supervised-release] term was substantially less than the 30-year maximum sentence authorized by law, and, unlike both McCoy and Whitfield, the trial court did in fact admonish Holt as to the [mandatory supervised release].\u201d (Emphasis in original.) Holt, 372 Ill. App. 3d at 653-54, 867 N.E.2d at 1195-96.\nAside from any semantic difference between the use of the term \u201crecommendation\u201d in Holt and the phrase \u201cjoint recommendation,\u201d Whitfield calls for an admonition of defendant in the present case. The State correctly asserts that Whitfield distinguishes fully negotiated pleas from different forms of pleas. The distinction, however, does not apply to the case at hand.\nWhitfield found that the defendant had not received the benefit of his bargain. In order to fulfill the benefit of the bargain, a defendant is entitled to receive what he was promised. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 185, 840 N.E.2d at 664; Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 261, 30 L. Ed. 2d 427, 432, 92 S. Ct. 495, 498 (1971). The failure to provide the benefit of the bargain violates due process. In Whitfield, the defendant had entered into a negotiated plea agreement for a specific sentence of 25 years\u2019 imprisonment. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 191, 840 N.E.2d at 667. The court found that the imposition of the period of mandatory supervised release exceeded the specific sentence bargained for by the defendant. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 191, 840 N.E.2d at 667.\nWhitfield analyzed the concept of benefit of the bargain through the precedent of McCoy. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 191, 840 N.E.2d at 667; McCoy, 74 Ill. 2d at 403, 385 N.E.2d at 699. In McCoy, the defendant had not been admonished of a mandatory parole term when entering his plea. As explained in Whitfield, McCoy found that the defendant was not prejudiced for the following reason:\n\u201c \u2018[T]he quid pro quo for the plea of guilty was the [prosecutor\u2019s] recommendation that there be concurrent sentences of 1 to 3 years[,] [and] defendant knew that the court was not bound to accept the recommendation and could sentence defendant to a term of not less than 1 nor more than 20 years.\u2019 \u201d (Emphasis in original.) Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 191, 840 N.E.2d at 667, quoting McCoy, 74 Ill. 2d at 403, 385 N.E.2d at 699.\nWhitfield then noted that McCoy distinguished itself from cases where a defendant had entered a plea in exchange for a promise of a specific sentence. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 191, 840 N.E.2d at 667; McCoy, 74 Ill. 2d at 403, 385 N.E.2d at 699; United States ex rel. Baker v. Finkbeiner, 551 F.2d 180 (7th Cir. 1977); United States ex rel. Ferris v. Finkbeiner, 551 F.2d 185 (7th Cir. 1977).\nWhitfield reported that the distinction found in McCoy had been applied in subsequent cases. The court stated:\n\u201cGenerally, our appellate court has drawn a distinction, as suggested in McCoy, between \u2018open\u2019 guilty pleas and negotiated pleas for a specific sentence. In situations where a defendant has entered an open plea and the trial court has admonished the defendant regarding the maximum sentence to which he would be exposed by his plea, the failure to admonish a defendant concerning the [mandatory supervised release] is not a constitutional violation, as long as the sentence plus the term of [mandatory supervised release] is less than the maximum sentence which defendant was told he could receive.\u201d Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 193-94, 840 N.E.2d at 668-69 (citing People v. Fish, 316 Ill. App. 3d 795, 737 N.E.2d 694 (2000), People v. Brown, 296 Ill. App. 3d 1041, 695 N.E.2d 1374 (1998), and People v. Coultas, 75 Ill. App. 3d 137, 394 N.E.2d 26 (1979)).\nWhitfield then stated that if a defendant enters a plea in contemplation of a specific sentence, the imposition of an additional period of mandatory supervised release is a violation of due process. Reversible error had been found when the defendant did not receive the benefit of the bargain of the specified sentence. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 194, 840 N.E.2d at 669 (citing People v. Smith, 285 Ill. App. 3d 666, 670, 676 N.E.2d 224, 227-28 (1996), People v. Moore, 214 Ill. App. 3d 938, 944, 574 N.E.2d 37, 41 (1991), People v. O\u2019Toole, 174 Ill. App. 3d 800, 801, 529 N.E.2d 54, 55 (1988), and People v. Kull, 171 Ill. App. 3d 496, 500, 525 N.E.2d 1223, 1225 (1988)). Upon a review of these cases, the court concluded that due process requires that the defendant be advised of the mandatory supervised release whenever the plea is for a specific sentence:\n\u201c[T]here is no substantial compliance with Rule 402 and due process is violated when a defendant pleads guilty in exchange for a specific sentence and the trial court fails to advise the defendant, prior to accepting his plea, that a mandatory[-]supervised[-]release term will be added to that sentence. In these circumstances, addition of the [mandatory-supervised-release] term to the agreed-upon sentence violates due process because the sentence imposed is more onerous than the one defendant agreed to at the time of the plea hearing. Under these circumstances, the addition of the [mandatory supervised release] constitutes an unfair breach of the plea agreement.\u201d Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 195, 840 N.E.2d at 669.\nThe mere use of the phrase \u201cjoint recommendation\u201d does not place this case within the exception outlined in Whitfield. The discussion of the term \u201crecommendation\u201d in Holt derived from the analysis of the benefit of the bargain in Whitfield. Although the term suggested an open plea in Holt, in this case, defendant explicitly entered a plea of guilty in return for a specific sentence. See People v. Smith, 386 Ill. App. 3d 473, 481, 898 N.E.2d 119, 128 (2008) (distinguishing Holt as limited to open pleas). Defendant did not enter into an open plea where the State recommended a range of sentences under the statutory maximum. See People v. Adams, 373 Ill. App. 3d 991, 996, 869 N.E.2d 856, 860 (2007) ('Whitfield did not apply because the defendant had entered an open plea).\nDefendant did not receive the benefit of the bargain as called for by Whitfield. As in Whitfield, defendant bargained for a specific sentence. The case at hand falls in line with the precedents cited by Whitfield in which a defendant entered into a fully negotiated plea for a specific sentence. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d at 194, 840 N.E.2d at 669 (citing Smith, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 670, 676 N.E.2d at 227-28, Moore, 214 Ill. App. 3d at 944, 574 N.E.2d at 41, O\u2019Toole, 174 Ill. App. 3d at 801, 529 N.E.2d at 55, and Hull, 171 Ill. App. 3d at 500, 525 N.E.2d at 1225). Due process required that defendant be admonished that he would be subject to a period of mandatory supervised release with his plea.\nThe State contends that even if Whitfield applies, the admonishment was sufficient. Defendant was advised by the trial court that he would have been subject to a period of incarceration for each count, with a total possible of 31 years, followed by a period of mandatory supervised release for a conviction on any of the three counts \u201c[i]f you had been convicted at trial.\u201d\nIn Company, this court established that the mention of mandatory supervised release by a trial court when advising a defendant of the possible results of a trial does not provide due process to a defendant entering a fully negotiated plea. People v. Company, 376 Ill. App. 3d 846, 850, 876 N.E.2d 1055, 1058 (2007). Indeed, this court suggested that such a limited admonition was a clearer violation of due process. Company found:\n\u201cWhile Whitfield involved no [mandatory-supervised-release] admonishment, in this case the trial court did mention mandatory supervised release. Arguably, however, the defendant in this case has a stronger argument than the defendant in Whitfield. Here, the trial court admonished the defendant that he would be subject to a term of [mandatory supervised release] if convicted at a trial but that, under the plea agreement, instead of the possible sentences available upon conviction, he would receive the agreed sentence of 15 years, with no mention of [mandatory supervised release].\u201d (Emphasis in original.) Company, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 850, 876 N.E.2d at 1058.\nThe admonishment did not achieve substantial compliance under Whitfield. Cf. People v. Borst, 372 Ill. App. 3d 331, 332, 867 N.E.2d 1181, 1182 (2007) (inartful admonishments of maximum possible sentences not limited to the result at a trial substantially complied with Whitfield). Defendant was not advised that he would be subject to mandatory supervised release upon entering a plea.\nIn accordance with Whitfield, the appropriate disposition of this appeal would be to modify defendant\u2019s sentence to a term of imprisonment followed by the mandatory term of supervised release or to remand with directions to modify the sentence, either resulting in four years\u2019 imprisonment followed by two years\u2019 mandatory supervised release. The majority\u2019s disposition does neither. Accordingly, I dissent.", "type": "dissent", "author": "JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH," } ], "attorneys": [ "E. Joyce Randolph and Paige Clark Strawn, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Mt. Vernon, for appellant.", "Robert Haida, State\u2019s Attorney, of Belleville (Norbert J. Goetten, Stephen E. Norris, and Sharon Shanahan, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. EDWARD HARRIS, Defendant-Appellant.\nFifth District\nNo. 5\u201407\u20140205\nOpinion filed May 11, 2009.\nSPOMER, J., specially concurring.\nGOLDENHERSH, J., dissenting.\nE. Joyce Randolph and Paige Clark Strawn, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Mt. Vernon, for appellant.\nRobert Haida, State\u2019s Attorney, of Belleville (Norbert J. Goetten, Stephen E. Norris, and Sharon Shanahan, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0246-01", "first_page_order": 260, "last_page_order": 271 }