{ "id": 4288537, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JUAN C. CASTANO, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Castano", "decision_date": "2009-07-13", "docket_number": "No. 3\u201407\u20140845", "first_page": "956", "last_page": "961", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "392 Ill. App. 3d 956" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "778 N.E.2d 701", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "703" }, { "page": "704" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "201 Ill. 2d 552", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1477007 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "555" }, { "page": "557" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/201/0552-01" ] }, { "cite": "687 N.E.2d 877", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "887" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "178 Ill. 2d 509", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 385578 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "528-29" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/178/0509-01" ] }, { "cite": "319 N.E.2d 507", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "509" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "59 Ill. 2d 125", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2960454 ], "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "128" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/59/0125-01" ] }, { "cite": "851 N.E.2d 890", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "893-94" }, { "page": "893-94" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "365 Ill. 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JUAN C. CASTANO, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE CARTER\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe defendant, Juan C. Casta\u00f1o, pled guilty to criminal sexual assault and was sentenced to nine years of imprisonment. 720 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 13(a)(1) (West 2000). The defendant filed a pro se petition for postconviction relief pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (the Act), which the trial court dismissed for failing to state the gist of a constitutional claim. 725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1 et seq. (West 2004). In an unpublished order, this court reversed and remanded the matter for further proceedings under the Act. People v. Casta\u00f1o, No. 3 \u2014 04\u20140611 (2006) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). On remand, the trial court dismissed the defendant\u2019s claim that the court had violated his constitutional rights because it had failed to admonish him at the plea hearing that any sentence received as a result of a conviction for criminal sexual assault was subject to the truth-in-sentencing statute. A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel proceeded to an evidentiary hearing and was denied. On appeal, the defendant claims the court erred by dismissing his claim of improper admonishment. We affirm.\nFACTS\nOn February 21, 2003, the defendant entered a nonnegotiated plea of guilty to criminal sexual assault. The parties agree that the court did not inform the defendant prior to accepting his guilty plea that a sentence imposed upon a conviction of criminal sexual assault was subject to the truth-in-sentencing statute. The sentencing hearing was held that same day and the trial court imposed a nine-year sentence on the defendant. In addition, the court stated, \u201cYou must serve 85 percent of this sentence.\u201d The defendant did not file any postplea motions, nor did he file a direct appeal.\nOn May 3, 2004, the defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition. In that petition, the defendant alleged inter alia that his plea was involuntary because his attorney had advised him that his sentence was subject to 50% good-conduct credit. The court denied the petition, finding it frivolous and patently without merit. The defendant appealed.\nOn appeal, this court reversed the denial of the postconviction petition and remanded the matter for further proceedings under the Act. Two justices agreed that the petition stated the gist of a constitutional claim, though for different reasons. One justice dissented and would have affirmed the denial of the petition.\nUpon remand, the trial court appointed counsel for further post-conviction proceedings. On June 29, 2007, the defendant filed an amended petition for postconviction relief setting forth two claims of constitutional violation. First, the defendant claimed that the trial court violated his due process rights by failing to admonish him that the truth-in-sentencing statute applied to his sentence. Second, the defendant claimed that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel because trial counsel erroneously informed him that he was not subject to the truth-in-sentencing statute and would receive good-conduct credit at the rate of 50% of his sentence.\nThe State filed a motion to dismiss the amended petition. The court dismissed the defendant\u2019s claim that the court had violated his due process rights by failing to admonish him of the application of the truth-in-sentencing statute to his conviction. The defendant\u2019s ineffective assistance of counsel claim proceeded to an evidentiary hearing and was subsequently denied. The defendant appealed.\nANALYSIS\nOn appeal, the defendant challenges the court\u2019s decision to dismiss his claim of a constitutional violation due to the court\u2019s failure to admonish him that any sentence he received was subject to truth-in-sentencing. The defendant argues that the truth-in-sentencing provision was a direct consequence of pleading guilty and his plea was not knowing and voluntary because he was not so admonished. Thus, the defendant contends he was denied his right to due process and his guilty plea should be vacated. The State disagrees and maintains that the applicability of the truth-in-sentencing statute was a collateral consequence of the defendant\u2019s guilty plea.\nA defendant may raise for the first time in a postconviction petition a claim that his plea was involuntary because of insufficient admonishments. People v. Stroud, 208 Ill. 2d 398, 403, 804 N.E.2d 510, 513 (2004). The Act provides a three-stage process by which criminal defendants may allege substantial violations of their state and federal constitutional rights. People v. Petrenko, 385 Ill. App. 3d 479, 481, 896 N.E.2d 873, 875 (2008). In this case, the relevant claim was dismissed at the second stage of the proceedings. At the second stage, the trial court must determine \u201cwhether defendant\u2019s petition and documentation \u2018make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation.\u2019 \u201d People v. Stewart, 381 Ill. App. 3d 200, 203, 887 N.E.2d 461, 464 (2008) quoting People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 246, 757 N.E.2d 442, 446 (2001). We review de novo the dismissal of a postconviction petition at the second stage. Stewart, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 203, 887 N.E.2d at 464.\n\u201cIf a defendant\u2019s guilty plea is not voluntary and knowing, it has been obtained in violation of due process and, therefore, is void.\u201d People v. Williams, 188 Ill. 2d 365, 370, 721 N.E.2d 539, 543 (1999). To knowingly and voluntarily plead guilty, a defendant must be advised of the direct consequences of a guilty plea. Williams, 188 Ill. 2d at 371, 721 N.E.2d at 543. However, a defendant need not be advised of collateral consequences of a guilty plea. Williams, 188 Ill. 2d at 371, 721 N.E.2d at 543.\nA direct consequence of a guilty plea is a consequence which has a definite, immediate and largely automatic effect on the range of the defendant\u2019s sentence. Williams, 188 Ill. 2d at 372, 721 N.E.2d at 544. \u201cIn other words, a trial court\u2019s obligation to ensure that a defendant understands the direct consequences of his or her plea encompasses only those consequences of the sentence that the trial judge can impose.\u201d Williams, 188 Ill. 2d at 372, 721 N.E.2d at 544. In contrast, a \u201c \u2018collateral consequence is one that is not related to the length or nature of the sentence imposed on the basis of the plea.\u2019 \u201d Williams, 188 Ill. 2d at 372, 721 N.E.2d at 544 quoting State v. McFadden, 884 P.2d 1303, 1304 (Utah App. 1994). Generally, a trial court does not control a collateral consequence of a guilty plea; instead, that consequence results from the action taken by an agency. Williams, 188 Ill. 2d at 372, 721 N.E.2d at 544.\nIn the instant case, the defendant claims that the truth-in-sentencing provision of the Unified Code of Corrections (the Code) was a direct consequence of his guilty plea. 730 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 6\u2014 3(a)(2)(ii) (West 2002). Section 3 \u2014 6\u20143(a)(1) of the Code directs the Department of Corrections (DOC) to prescribe rules and regulations for the early release of prisoners on account of good conduct. 730 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 6\u20143(a)(1) (West 2002). Under section 3 \u2014 6\u20143(a)(2)(ii), a prisoner convicted of certain crimes, including criminal sexual assault, \u201cshall receive no more than 4.5 days of good conduct credit for each month of his or her sentence of imprisonment.\u201d 730 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 6\u2014 3(a)(2)(ii) (West 2002). Thus, a defendant whose sentence is subject to this statute must serve at least 85% of the sentence imposed.\nContrary to the defendant\u2019s assertions, the applicability of section 3 \u2014 6\u20143(a)(2)(ii) is not a direct consequence of a guilty plea. People v, Frison, 365 Ill. App. 3d 932, 934-35, 851 N.E.2d 890, 893-94 (2006); People v. Stewart, 381 Ill. App. 3d 200, 204, 887 N.E.2d 461, 465 (2008). Unlike statutes requiring higher penalties for subsequent convictions of the same crime (see People v. Warship, 59 Ill. 2d 125, 128, 319 N.E.2d 507, 509 (1974)) or requiring mandatory consecutive sentences (see People v. Curry, 178 Ill. 2d 509, 528-29, 687 N.E.2d 877, 887 (1997)), the statute at issue here does not require a court to impose a certain sentence. Rather, this statute governs the potential good-conduct credit that a prisoner may receive.\nAlthough any amount of good-conduct credit ultimately impacts the amount of time that a prisoner actually spends in prison, the application of the statute does not have a definite, immediate or automatic effect on the sentence imposed. Frison, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 934-35, 851 N.E.2d at 893-94. The award of credit depends upon a prisoner\u2019s good conduct, and though the statute provides that it shall not exceed 4.5 days per month, credit is not guaranteed at any amount. In addition, section 3 \u2014 6\u20143(c) of the Code directs the DOC to prescribe rules and regulations regarding the revocation of good-conduct credit and the suspension or reduction of rate of accumulation of credit for specific rule violations during imprisonment. 730 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 6\u20143(c) (West 2002). Thus, it is a prisoner\u2019s behavior while imprisoned that determines the amount, if any, of good-conduct credit that will be applied to his sentence.\nFurther, the trial court does not control the manner in which good-conduct credit is earned and lost by a prisoner. Section 3 \u2014 6\u20143 directs the DOC, not the trial court, to prescribe the rules for earning and losing good-conduct credit within the statutory limits. 730 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 6\u20143 (West 2002). The \u201cDOC ultimately has discretion as to whether defendant will be awarded any credit.\u201d Stewart, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 204, 887 N.E.2d at 465.\nThe defendant relies heavily upon People ex rel. Ryan v. Roe, 201 Ill. 2d 552, 778 N.E.2d 701 (2002), to support his argument that the application of the truth-in-sentencing statute to his sentence is a direct consequence of his guilty plea. In Roe, the attorneys and the trial court incorrectly concluded that the truth-in-sentencing statute did not apply to the defendant\u2019s sentence. The trial court wrote at the bottom of the sentencing order, \u201c \u2018NOT SUBJECT TO TRUTH IN SENTENCING.\u2019 \u201d Roe, 201 Ill. 2d at 555, 778 N.E.2d at 703. Three years later, the State filed a motion for leave to file a mandamus complaint seeking an amended sentencing order striking this language. The Illinois Supreme Court awarded the writ and ordered the trial court to issue an amended sentencing order because \u201cthe trial court had no authority to order, and the State had no authority to agree, that the defendant\u2019s eight-year sentence was not subject to truth-in-sentencing.\u201d Roe, 201 Ill. 2d at 557, 778 N.E.2d at 704. Roe does not involve any consideration of whether section 3 \u2014 6\u20143(a)(2) of the Code is a collateral consequence of a guilty plea. Thus, we do not find Roe helpful to our determination of the issue presented in the instant matter.\nCONCLUSION\nBased upon the above analysis, we find that the application of section 3 \u2014 6\u20143(a)(2)(ii) to the defendant\u2019s sentence was a collateral consequence of his guilty plea, and the trial court did not err by failing to admonish him at his plea hearing of the statute\u2019s application. Thus, the court did not err by dismissing this claim of the defendant\u2019s post-conviction petition at the second stage of postconviction proceedings. Accordingly, the judgment of the Will County circuit court is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nO\u2019BRIEN, P.J., and SCHMIDT, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE CARTER" } ], "attorneys": [ "Santiago A. Durango, of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant.", "James Glasgow, State\u2019s Attorney of Joliet (Terry A. Mertel and Sabrina S. Henry both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JUAN C. CASTANO, Defendant-Appellant.\nThird District\nNo. 3\u201407\u20140845\nOpinion filed July 13, 2009.\nSantiago A. Durango, of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant.\nJames Glasgow, State\u2019s Attorney of Joliet (Terry A. Mertel and Sabrina S. Henry both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0956-01", "first_page_order": 972, "last_page_order": 977 }