{ "id": 4290757, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THOMAS P. MORRIS, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Morris", "decision_date": "2009-09-18", "docket_number": "No. 2-08-0172", "first_page": "678", "last_page": "682", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "394 Ill. App. 3d 678" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "170 Ill. App. 3d 505", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3584649 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "509" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/170/0505-01" ] }, { "cite": "113 Ill. 2d 343", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3172977 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "350" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/113/0343-01" ] }, { "cite": "118 Ill. 2d 153", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3188399 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "160" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/118/0153-01" ] }, { "cite": "43 L. Ed. 204", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "case_ids": [ 3601386, 3601423 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1898, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "207" }, { "page": "207" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/171/0380-01", "/us/171/0379-01" ] }, { "cite": "171 U.S. 380", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3601386 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1898, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "387" }, { "page": "924" }, { "page": "387" }, { "page": "924" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/171/0380-01" ] }, { "cite": "77 Ill. App. 3d 882", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3290111 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "885" }, { "page": "887" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/77/0882-01" ] }, { "cite": "279 Ill. App. 3d 1006", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 75229 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1010" }, { "page": "1010" }, { "page": "1010-11" }, { "page": "1011" }, { "page": "1013" }, { "page": "1013" }, { "page": "1011" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/279/1006-01" ] }, { "cite": "387 Ill. App. 3d 1162", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4282181 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2009, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1166-67" }, { "page": "1167" }, { "page": "1167" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/387/1162-01" ] }, { "cite": "174 P.3d 43", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "year": 2007, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "162 Wash. 2d 660", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wash. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3696356 ], "year": 2007, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wash-2d/162/0660-01" ] }, { "cite": "31 Ill. Reg. 15107", "category": "laws:admin_register", "reporter": "Ill. Reg.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "31 Ill. Reg. 10188", "category": "laws:admin_register", "reporter": "Ill. Reg.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "28 Ill. Reg. 10039", "category": "laws:admin_register", "reporter": "Ill. Reg.", "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 583, "char_count": 10067, "ocr_confidence": 0.742, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.839129297926821e-08, "percentile": 0.36275975935276533 }, "sha256": "f058754859431f7504b07924e6a23c5e821a41e64941ec114d910b0e9db26707", "simhash": "1:6c5ab982a38a92de", "word_count": 1693 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:46:22.265343+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THOMAS P. MORRIS, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE McLAREN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff, the People of the State of Illinois, appeal from the trial court\u2019s order granting the motion of defendant, Thomas E Morris, to bar the use of blood-alcohol test results. We reverse and remand.\nDefendant was charged by indictment with aggravated driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) (625 ILCS 5/11 \u2014 501(a)(1), (a)(2), (d)(1)(A) (West 2006)) and various minor traffic offenses arising from his arrest on February 17, 2007. Officer Kalinowicz of the Carol Stream police department obtained a search warrant to obtain blood and urine specimens from defendant at Glen Oaks Hospital. According to a later filing by defendant, the testing of that blood, done five hours after the traffic stop, resulted in a blood-alcohol reading of 0.10.\nOn October 15, 2007, defendant filed a motion in limine to bar the blood-alcohol test results, arguing that the disinfecting swab in the DUI kit used to draw his blood contained low levels of alcohol, in violation of the version of section 1286.320(c) of Title 20 of the Administrative Code (20 Ill. Adm. Code \u00a7 1286.320(c)) that was in effect at the time of his arrest and the drawing of his blood. At that time, section 1286.320(c) stated: \u201cA disinfectant that does not contain alcohol shall be used to clean the skin where a sample [of blood] is to be collected.\u201d 20 Ill. Adm. Code \u00a7 1286.320(c), amended at 28 Ill. Reg. 10039, eff. June 30, 2004. The Code was later amended to read: \u201cThe blood sample should be drawn using proper medical technique.\u201d 20 Ill. Adm. Code \u00a7 1286.320(c), amended at 31 Ill. Reg. 10188, eff. July 9, 2007 (emergency amendment, in effect only for 150 days); 31 Ill. Reg. 15107, eff. October 29, 2007 (permanently amended). The trial court denied the motion and continued the case for trial.\nIn December 2007, defendant filed a motion to reconsider barring the blood-alcohol test results because the use of alcohol swabs had \u201cnot gained general acceptance in the field of blood alcohol testing.\u201d During argument on this motion, on January 18, 2008, defendant orally urged the trial court to reconsider its ruling on his prior motion to bar the test results, citing the case of Ludvigsen v. City of Seattle, 162 Wash. 2d 660, 174 P.3d 43 (2007). The court granted defendant\u2019s motion to reconsider on February 4 and barred defendant\u2019s blood-alcohol test results from being introduced at trial. The State filed a notice of appeal and a certificate of impairment, and this appeal followed.\nThe State contends that the trial court erred in granting defendant\u2019s motion to bar the blood-alcohol test evidence. In general, this court will review for an abuse of discretion a trial court\u2019s ruling on a motion in limine. People v. Oliver, 387 Ill. App. 3d 1162, 1166-67 (2009). However, where the issue on appeal is a question of law, our review is de novo. Oliver, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 1167. The interpretation of an administrative rule or regulation is a question of law to which the principles of statutory interpretation apply. Oliver, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 1167.\nBoth the United States and Illinois Constitutions prohibit the imposition of ex post facto laws. See U.S. Const., art. I, \u00a710; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a716. An ex post facto law is one that is both retroactive and disadvantageous to the defendant. People v. Kotecki, 279 Ill. App. 3d 1006, 1010 (1996). A law is retroactive if it applies to events that occurred before the law was enacted. Kotecki, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 1010. A law is disadvantageous to the defendant if it: (1) criminalizes an act that was innocent when it was done; (2) increases the punishment for an offense that was previously committed; or (3) alters the rules of evidence to make conviction easier, by making \u201c \u2018substantive change[s] in the evidence needed to convict for the particular crime in question.\u2019 \u201d Kotecki, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 1010-11, quoting People v. Dorff, 77 Ill. App. 3d 882, 885 (1979).\nThe ex post facto clause, however, does not limit the legislature\u2019s control of remedies or modes of procedure if they do not affect matters of substance; an amendment that affects only procedural matters and not substantive rights will be applied retroactively as well as prospectively. Kotecki, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 1011. As the Supreme Court has stated:\n\u201c[W]e cannot perceive any ground upon which to hold a statute to be ex post facto which does nothing more than admit evidence of a particular kind in a criminal case upon an issue of fact which was not admissible under the rules of evidence as enforced by judicial decisions at the time the offence was committed.\u201d Thompson v. Missouri, 171 U.S. 380, 387, 43 L. Ed. 204, 207, 18 S. Ct. 922, 924 (1898).\nThis court adheres to this holding. See Kotecki, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 1013.\nThe amended rule in this case did not criminalize an act that was innocent when done or increase the punishment upon conviction. However, defendant argues that the amendment made conviction easier by lessening the State\u2019s burden of proof and removing a defense to the charge; thus, according to defendant, the rule change affected substantive rights, not just procedure. We disagree.\nSubstantive rights are not affected where an amendment does not: (1) enlarge the punishment; (2) criminalize conduct that was legal when it was committed; (3) change the quality or degree of the offense; or (4) alter the law so as to require less proof, in amount or degree, to convict. Kotecki, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 1013.\nSection 11 \u2014 501.2 of the Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11\u2014 501.2 (West 2006)) governs the admissibility of blood-alcohol test results in DUI prosecutions. Pursuant to section 11 \u2014 501.2(a)(1), in order for a blood analysis \u201cto be considered valid under the provisions of this Section,\u201d it \u201cshall have been performed according to standards promulgated by the Department of State Police.\u201d (Emphasis added.) 625 ILCS 5/11 \u2014 501.2(a)(1) (West 2006). Failure to comply with section 11 \u2014 501.2 and the regulations promulgated thereunder renders the results of chemical tests inadmissible in a DUI prosecution. People v. Hamilton, 118 Ill. 2d 153, 160 (1987); People v. Emrich, 113 Ill. 2d 343, 350 (1986). As failure to follow the regulations makes certain evidence, the test results, inadmissible, amending the rule \u201cdoes nothing more than admit evidence of a particular kind in a criminal case upon an issue of fact which was not admissible under the rules of evidence as enforced by judicial decisions at the time the offence was committed.\u201d Thompson, 171 U.S. at 387, 43 L. Ed. at 207, 18 S. Ct. at 924. Contrary to defendant\u2019s argument, the amendment does not lessen the State\u2019s burden of proof or make conviction easier. The State must still prove that defendant drove or was in actual physical control of a vehicle within this state while under the influence of alcohol or while the alcohol concentration in his blood or breath was 0.08 or more. See 625 ILCS 5/11 \u2014 501(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 2006). The elements of the charge and the burden of proof are the same. All that has changed is that a piece of evidence that may have been inadmissible under the preamendment regulation is now admissible. Evidence of the concentration of alcohol in a person\u2019s blood gives rise to rebuttable presumptions about intoxication. See 625 ILCS 5/11 \u2014 501.2(b) (West 2006); Cairns v. Hansen, 170 Ill. App. 3d 505, 509 (1988). The jury still has the right to determine the sufficiency or effect of the now-admissible evidence. See Kotecki, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 1011; Dorff, 77 Ill. App. 3d at 887. This, by definition, is procedural, not substantive.\nFurthermore, the fact that the regulation has been amended does not mean that defendant cannot challenge the blood draw and attempt to keep the test results out. There has yet to be any kind of factual hearing as to whether the use of a disinfectant that contains any amount of alcohol is an improper medical technique to draw blood under the amended regulation or whether use of such a disinfectant could or actually did skew the test results. Furthermore, there is no evidence of record that a disinfectant solution containing a 0.005 concentration of alcohol, when applied to the skin with a swab, could significantly affect a blood-alcohol test. On this record, defendant has not been denied a defense to the charge or subjected to a lesser burden of proof.\nBased upon this record, the amended regulation affected procedure, not substantive rights, and thus should have been applied retroactively. Therefore, the trial court erred in its conclusion that the amendment constituted an ex post facto law and in granting, on reconsideration, defendant\u2019s motion in limine.\nFor these reasons, the order of the circuit court of Du Page County granting defendant\u2019s motion to reconsider and motion in limine is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings.\nReversed and remanded for further proceedings.\nHUTCHINSON and HUDSON, JJ., concur.\nThis figure indicates that the alcohol concentration of the disinfectant solution is measured 10 times more accurately than the accuracy of a blood-alcohol test, i.e., it has one more significant figure and is, at maximum concentration and most optimal conditions for contamination, only one-half of the last significant number measuring blood-alcohol concentrations. Significant figures are defined as \u201cfigures of a number that begin with the first figure to the left that is not zero and that end with the last figure to the right that is not zero or is a zero that is considered to be correct.\u201d Webster\u2019s Third New International Dictionary 2116 (1993).", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE McLAREN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Joseph E. Birkett, State\u2019s Attorney, of Wheaton (Lawrence M. Bauer and Gregory L. Slovacek, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.", "Donald J. Ramsell, of Ramsell & Associates, LLC, of Wheaton, for appel-lee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. THOMAS P. MORRIS, Defendant-Appellee.\nSecond District\nNo. 2\u201408\u20140172\nOpinion filed September 18, 2009.\nJoseph E. Birkett, State\u2019s Attorney, of Wheaton (Lawrence M. Bauer and Gregory L. Slovacek, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.\nDonald J. Ramsell, of Ramsell & Associates, LLC, of Wheaton, for appel-lee." }, "file_name": "0678-01", "first_page_order": 696, "last_page_order": 700 }