{ "id": 4290311, "name": "ALEX PAJIC, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. OLD REPUBLIC INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Pajic v. Old Republic Insurance", "decision_date": "2009-09-30", "docket_number": "No. 1-08-2782", "first_page": "1040", "last_page": "1052", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "394 Ill. App. 3d 1040" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "899 N.E.2d 355", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "364" }, { "page": "365" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "387 Ill. App. 3d 367", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4282233 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "377" }, { "page": "379" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/387/0367-01" ] }, { "cite": "767 N.E.2d 862", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "865", "parenthetical": "\"The record in this case confirms that the Cloninger test was satisfied\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "328 Ill. App. 3d 982", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2183367 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "985" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/328/0982-01" ] }, { "cite": "798 F.2d 1075", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1610132 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1084" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/798/1075-01" ] }, { "cite": "837 F.2d 291", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1773116 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "292" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/837/0291-01" ] }, { "cite": "619 N.E.2d 715", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "717" }, { "page": "717" }, { "page": "717" }, { "page": "717" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "166 Ill. 2d 76", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "80" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "728 N.E.2d 81", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "87", "parenthetical": "the rationale of UIM cases has been applied to UM cases, as both coverages are part of the same statutory scheme" }, { "page": "87-89", "parenthetical": "referring to Cloninger and then stating, \"Keeping the legislative intent of the statute in mind, we turn to the language of the statute itself\"; and later concluding, \"We believe that [our interpretation] comports with the intent behind the uninsured motorist statute as set out in Cloninger\"" }, { "page": "87-89" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "312 Ill. App. 3d 811", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 411645 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "819", "parenthetical": "the rationale of UIM cases has been applied to UM cases, as both coverages are part of the same statutory scheme" }, { "page": "818-21" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/312/0811-01" ] }, { "cite": "562 N.E.2d 168", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "172" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "138 Ill. 2d 242", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5576546 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "252" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/138/0242-01" ] }, { "cite": "318 N.W.2d 849", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10679591 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/318/0849-01" ] }, { "cite": "901 N.E.2d 957", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 2009, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "960" }, { "page": "960" }, { "page": "960" }, { "page": "960", "parenthetical": "UIM and UM coverage are inextricably linked in the statute" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "387 Ill. App. 3d 622", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4283294 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2009, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "625" }, { "page": "625" }, { "page": "625" }, { "page": "626" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/387/0622-01" ] }, { "cite": "588 N.E.2d 1074", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 20, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1080" }, { "page": "1080" }, { "page": "1080" }, { "page": "1077" }, { "page": "1077" }, { "page": "1077" }, { "page": "1078" }, { "page": "1076" }, { "page": "1079" }, { "page": "1080-81" }, { "page": "1077-79" }, { "page": "1079-80" }, { "page": "1079-80" }, { "page": "1079-80" }, { "page": "1080" }, { "page": "1075" }, { "page": "1081" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "146 Ill. 2d 521", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5597092 ], "weight": 20, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "532" }, { "page": "533-34" }, { "page": "534" }, { "page": "527-28" }, { "page": "528" }, { "page": "526" }, { "page": "529" }, { "page": "524" }, { "page": "530" }, { "page": "534" }, { "page": "526-32" }, { "page": "530-32" }, { "page": "531-32" }, { "page": "532-34" }, { "page": "533-34" }, { "page": "522" }, { "page": "534" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/146/0521-01" ] }, { "cite": "488 N.E.2d 548", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 17, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "551" }, { "page": "551" }, { "page": "550" }, { "page": "549" }, { "page": "549" }, { "page": "550" }, { "page": "550" }, { "page": "550" }, { "page": "550" }, { "page": "551" }, { "page": "551" }, { "page": "552" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 Ill. 2d 419", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3127018 ], "weight": 17, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "426" }, { "page": "426" }, { "page": "425" }, { "page": "423" }, { "page": "423" }, { "page": "424" }, { "page": "424" }, { "page": "425" }, { "page": "425-26" }, { "page": "427" }, { "page": "428" }, { "page": "428" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/109/0419-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1122, "char_count": 30920, "ocr_confidence": 0.753, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.087085966315723e-08, "percentile": 0.3783944546573951 }, "sha256": "aa16000a066376f020462e89f076024e5ec7386f85c3ab1d34960cddbb716b31", "simhash": "1:ba5d455eb5ee2070", "word_count": 5032 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:46:22.265343+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "ALEX PAJIC, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. OLD REPUBLIC INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE McBRIDE\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThis declaratory judgment action was brought by Alex M. Pajic against his employer\u2019s insurer, Old Republic Insurance Company (Old Republic), alleging that it failed to comply with section 143a \u2014 2 of the Illinois Insurance Code (Insurance Code) (215 ILCS 5/143a \u2014 2 (West 2002)), which requires that an insurer provide a brief description of uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage before issuing an applicant a policy of insurance. The judicial remedy for noncompliance is to reform the policy. The circuit court resolved cross-motions for summary judgment in favor of Old Republic. Pajic appeals.\nThe factual basis for Pajic\u2019s claim is unclear. In his complaint, Pajic alleged he was entitled to the limits of his employer\u2019s uninsured motorist coverage because he was injured when the semitruck he was driving for his employer on September 30, 2003, was struck by a driver who fled the scene and remains unidentified. This allegation, however, conflicts with an Illinois State Police report which the insurance company attached to its motion for summary judgment. The police report indicates Pajic\u2019s truck was the only vehicle involved in the incident that occurred on the Illinois Tollway/I-294 near Northbrook, Illinois, and that Pajic swerved and skidded for 150 feet across two lanes, crossed an embankment and a ditch, struck a guardrail, and was cited for excessive speed (625 ILCS 5/11 \u2014 601(a) (West 2002)) and not wearing a seatbelt (625 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 603.1 (West 2002)). On the report form, the officer wrote the names of two eyewitnesses and checked \u201cno\u201d in the section used for recording a \u201cHIT & RUN\u201d incident. In any event, the issue framed in the parties\u2019 cross-motions for summary judgment concerned the insurer\u2019s conduct in processing the employer\u2019s application for motor vehicle coverage effective July 1, 2003, to July 1, 2004. The policy was a yearly renewal of coverage originally issued on July 1, 1996. Pajic was employed by Roadway Corporation. Roadway Corporation merged with Yellow Corporation before Pajic filed suit in 2007 and became known as Yellow Roadway Corporation (YRC).\nPajic alleged in his complaint and argued in his motion for summary judgment that reformation of the policy was warranted because Old Republic failed to \u201coffer\u201d uninsured (UM) and underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage to his employer \u201cin a commercially reasonable manner,\u201d which was the first of the four-part test for a proper \u201coffer\u201d adopted by the supreme court in Cloninger, with respect to the 1981 version of section 143a \u2014 2 of the Insurance Code. Cloninger v. National General Insurance Co., 109 Ill. 2d 419, 426, 488 N.E.2d 548, 551 (1985); Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 73, par. 755a \u2014 2(3). Pajic also contended in his motion for summary judgment (but not his complaint) that Old Republic\u2019s \u201coffer\u201d was deficient because it did not advise YRC that the optional coverage \u201cwas available for a relatively modest premium increase,\u201d which was Cloninger\u2019s fourth prong. Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d at 426, 488 N.E.2d at 551. The supreme court held in Clon-inger that in the absence of a proper \u201coffer,\u201d an applicant for insurance was incapable of making an \u201cintelligent decision\u201d to elect or reject more than the minimum amount of UM or UIM coverage required by law. Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d at 425, 488 N.E.2d at 550. In its response brief and cross-motion for summary judgment, Old Republic countered that the 1990 version of section 143a \u2014 2 was in effect when the subject policy was written and that in DeGrand the supreme court analyzed the evolution of the statute between 1981 and 1990 and concluded the General Assembly had intentionally removed the \u201cmeaningful offer\u201d requirement from section 143a \u2014 -2 after 1981. DeGrand v. Motors Insurance Corp., 146 Ill. 2d 521, 532, 588 N.E.2d 1074, 1080 (1992); Ill. Rev. Stat., 1990 Supp., ch. 73, par. 755a \u2014 2(3); 215 ILCS 5/143a \u2014 2 (West 2002). According to the supreme court, under the 1990 law, which is still in effect, UM and UIM limits are automatically set at the same amount as the insured\u2019s general bodily injury liability limits, the insurer need only explain the nature of UM and UIM insurance and that the insured has the right to reduce those coverages to as little as $20,000 per person/$40,000 per occurrence, and once the explanation is provided, an insured preferring less UM and UIM coverage has the duty to reject and reduce the limits of those coverages. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 533-34, 588 N.E.2d at 1080. Thus, instead of starting with minimal amounts of UM and UIM coverage which the insurer must \u201coffer\u201d to increase, motorist coverage written after the 1990 legislation took effect initiates with full UM and UIM coverage which the insured may choose to reduce. Therefore, the supreme court concluded, \u201cThe 1990 statute eliminated the need for the [Cloninger] four-point test [the supreme court previously adopted with respect to the 1981 statutory scheme].\u201d DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 534, 588 N.E.2d at 1080; Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d 419, 488 N.E.2d 548. In addition to arguing that Cloninger\u2019s \u201coffer\u201d criteria were superceded by subsequent legislation, Old Republic also argued it complied with its statutory duty under the 1990 Insurance Code to provide YRC with \u201ca brief description of the coverage and *** [the corporation\u2019s] right to reject the coverage in excess of the [minimal] limits set forth in Section 7 \u2014 203 of the Illinois Vehicle Code.\u201d 215 ILCS 5/143a \u2014 2 (West 1992); Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d 419, 488 N.E.2d 548. Pajic and Old Republic provided the trial judge with copies of correspondence and deposition transcripts, as well as oral arguments, regarding the inception of YRC\u2019s motorist coverage effective July 1, 2003, to July 1, 2004. The trial court found that the plain language of the 1990 statute and the factual evidence supported Old Republic\u2019s request for summary judgment and the denial of Pajic\u2019s motion for summary judgment.\nOn appeal from that ruling, Pajic contends DeGrand is distinguishable and that Cloninger\u2019s continued viability is demonstrated by the fact that intermediate appellate courts have continued to cite and follow it. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d 521, 588 N.E.2d 1074; Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d 419, 488 N.E.2d 548.\nSummary judgment is proper where the pleadings, depositions, affidavits and admissions on file show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1005 (West 2006); Schultz v. Illinois Farmers Insurance Co., 387 Ill. App. 3d 622, 625, 901 N.E.2d 957, 960 (2009). Questions of statutory construction and the satisfaction of statutory requirements are questions of law properly decided on a motion for summary judgment. Schultz, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 625, 901 N.E.2d at 960. We review de novo an order granting summary judgment, without any deference to the judgment of the circuit court. Schultz, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 625, 901 N.E.2d at 960.\nAs suggested above, Cloninger was a case of first impression regarding the 1981 version of section 143a \u2014 2 of the Insurance Code. Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d at 423, 488 N.E.2d at 549. The plaintiff was a passenger injured in a car crash in 1981 who collected the $16,000 limits of the driver\u2019s motorist coverage and then sought additional compensation from his own insurer. Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d at 423, 488 N.E.2d at 549. The statute in effect in 1981 expressly required insurers to \u201coffer\u201d UM and UIM coverage to their clients:\n\u201c(1) Required offer of additional uninsured motor vehicle coverage. No policy insuring against loss resulting from liability imposed by law for bodily injury or death suffered by any person arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle shall be renewed or delivered or issued for delivery in [this] State with respect to any motor vehicle registered or principally garaged in this State unless uninsured motorist coverage as required in Section 143(a) of this Act is offered in an amount up to the insured\u2019s bodily injury liability limits.\n(3) Required offer of underinsured motorist coverage. Any offer made under subsection (1) of this Section shall also include an offer of underinsured motorist coverage.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 73, par. 755a \u2014 2.\nBecause the General Assembly had not defined the term \u201coffer,\u201d the supreme court considered the legislative debates that led to the passage of section 143a \u2014 2(3) and its predecessor statute, which indicated the legislation was motivated by concerns that soaring medical costs often meant injured parties were being only partially compensated for their injuries and that the legislation was proposed \u201c \u2018[on] behalf of the consumer.\u2019 \u201d Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d at 424, 488 N.E.2d at 550, quoting 81st Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, June 20, 1980, at 48 (statements of Representative Epton). A related statute indicated the UIM coverage was optional. Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d at 424, 488 N.E.2d at 550. Given these provisions, the supreme court reasoned that the consumer would need an explanation of UIM insurance in order to make an intelligent decision as to whether to elect or reject the optional insurance. Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d at 425, 488 N.E.2d at 550. The supreme court, therefore, adopted the four-part test being used in Minnesota litigation to determine whether an insurer had made a proper \u201coffer\u201d for optional coverages, including UIM coverage:\n\u201c(1) notification must be commercially reasonable if the offer is made in other than face-to-face negotiations; (2) the limits of the optional coverage must be specified and not set forth in general terms; (3) the insured must be intelligibly advised by the insurer of the nature of the option; and (4) the insurer must advise the insured that the optional coverage is available for relatively modest premium increases.\u201d Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d at 425-26, 488 N.E.2d at 550, citing Hastings v. United Pacific Insurance Co., 318 N.W.2d 849 (Minn. 1982).\nMr. Cloninger\u2019s insurer had mailed him a quotation-application form for automobile coverage and a notice regarding UM/UIM coverage. Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d at 427, 488 N.E.2d at 551. Although the documents detailed the costs and limits of liability insurance, and the supreme court considered mail delivery to be an effective manner of communicating with Mr. Cloninger, none of the documents explained the nature of UIM coverage. Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d at 428, 488 N.E.2d at 551. Consequently, the supreme court concluded the insurer\u2019s communication failed to meet all four parts of the \u201coffer\u201d test. Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d at 428, 488 N.E.2d at 552.\nWhile Cloninger was pending, the General Assembly amended the statute effective August 16, 1982, and again expressly required insurers to make certain \u201coffer[s]\u201d to their clients. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 527-28, 588 N.E.2d at 1077, quoting Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 73, pars. 755a \u2014 2(1), (3), (5). Although the \u201coffer\u201d language remained intact, the 1982 amendment added a new paragraph indicating no policy was to be renewed or issued \u201c \u2018unless [UIM] coverage is included *** in an amount at least equal to the total amount of [UM] coverage provided in the policy where such [UM] coverage exceeds the [statutory minimum] set forth in Section 7 \u2014 203 of the Illinois Vehicle Code.\u2019 \u201d (Emphasis omitted and added.) DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 528, 588 N.E.2d at 1077, quoting Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 73, par. 755a \u2014 2(5). One of the principles of statutory construction is that \u201c \u2018a material change in the language of an unambiguous statute creates a presumption, although it can be rebutted by evidence of a contrary legislative intent, that the amendment was intended to change the law.\u2019 \u201d DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 526, 588 N.E.2d at 1077, quoting State of Illinois v. Mikusch, 138 Ill. 2d 242, 252, 562 N.E.2d 168, 172 (1990). Therefore, in DeGrand, it was argued that the 1982 law provided for the automatic inclusion of certain coverage, but only consumers who purchased UM coverage greater than the statutory minimum were automatically provided with UIM coverage in the same amount. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 529, 588 N.E.2d at 1078. In other words, the 1982 law contained a loophole through which a driver who elected minimum UM coverage was not entitled to an \u201coffer\u201d of any UIM coverage or to its automatic inclusion in the policy. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 524, 588 N.E.2d at 1076. The case reached the supreme court in 1991, after Cloninger was decided in 1985 and after the legislature again changed the statutory scheme in 1990, dropping the \u201c[r]equired offer\u201d language altogether. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 530, 588 N.E.2d at 1079, citing Ill. Rev. Stat., 1990 Supp., ch. 73, par. 755a \u2014 2(1). The 1990 version of the law provided:\n\u201c(1) Additional uninsured motor vehicle coverage. No policy insuring against loss *** for bodily injury *** arising out of the *** use of a motor vehicle shall be renewed *** unless uninsured motorist coverage as required in Section 143a of this Code is included in an amount equal to the insured\u2019s bodily injury liability limits unless specifically rejected by the insured. Each insurance company *** must provide applicants with a brief description of the coverage and advise them of their right to reject the coverage in excess of the limits set forth in Section 7 \u2014 203 of the Illinois Vehicle Code. The provisions of this amendatory Act of 1990 apply to policies of insurance applied for after June 30, 1991.\n(2) Right of rejection of additional uninsured motorist coverage. After June 30, 1991, every application for motor vehicle coverage must contain a space for indicating the rejection of additional uninsured motorist coverage. No rejection of that coverage may be effective unless the applicant signs or initials the indication of rejection.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat., 1990 Supp., ch. 73, par. 755a \u2014 2(1).\nThe supreme court addressed the seemingly implausible interpretation of the 1982 law by first consulting the 1982 legislative history, which it found unhelpful. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 534, 588 N.E.2d at 1080-81. The supreme court then searched for the intent behind the 1982 statute by studying the differences in the 1981, 1982, and 1990 statutory schemes. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 526-32, 588 N.E.2d at 1077-79. So although the 1990 statute was not at issue in DeGrand, the supreme court scrutinized its wording and focused directly on the disappearance of the \u201coffer\u201d language in that version of the law. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 530-32, 588 N.E.2d at 1079-80.\n\u201cIn reading the statute and its amendments, this court finds that when the legislature enacted the change to the 1981 statutory scheme in 1982, the legislature acted rationally with full knowledge of all previous enactments as well as decisions. Furthermore, this court finds that the material change in the 1982 statute created a presumption that the amendment was intended to change the law regarding \u2018required offer.\u2019 The 1990 statute supports that presumption. We hold that the insurer in this case was not required to make a specific offer of [UIM] coverage. ***\nPlaintiffs argue that the policy behind the statute is that consumers must be made aware of this important type of coverage. In their argument, they state that the meaningful offer has been relocated. However, our reading of the statute and its subsequent amendments does not permit this interpretation. The 1990 statute provides proof that the insured must be made aware of the coverage but the \u2018meaningful offer\u2019 requirement has intentionally been removed. The 1990 statute significantly coincides with the legislative scheme to protect the insured/consumer by making [UM and UIM] coverage equal and mandatory. We cannot find where the meaningful offer requirement has been \u2018relocated.\u2019 \u201d DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 531-32, 588 N.E.2d at 1079-80.\nThe supreme court also considered the appellant\u2019s contention that CloningePs four-part test continued to be viable after 1981. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 532-34, 588 N.E.2d at 1079-80; Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d 419, 488 N.E.2d 548. Of particular relevance here is the supreme court\u2019s explicit conclusion that Cloninger\u2019s meaningful offer test had become outmoded:\n\u201cAlthough the holding in Cloninger dealt with the 1981 version of the statute, part of that holding is still viable, but not the meaningful offer test. The 1990 statute provides an explanation of coverage by the insurer as follows:\n\u2018Each insurance company providing the coverage must provide applicants with a brief description of the coverage and advise them of their right to reject the coverage in excess of the limits set forth in Section 7 \u2014 203 of The Illinois Vehicle Code.\u2019 Ill. Rev. Stat., 1990 Supp., ch. 73, par. 755a \u2014 2(1).\nWe note that since Cloninger, the legislature has avoided the use of the term \u2018required offer\u2019 in the statute. In fact, we find that the 1990 statute places the burden on the insured to reject and subsequently to reduce the uninsured motorist coverage which is automatically set at an amount equal to the bodily injury liability. No longer is the insurer responsible to make an offer, but rather it is the insured\u2019s duty to reduce the uninsured motorist coverage. Furthermore, whatever uninsured motorist coverage the insured elects, underinsured motorist coverage will be set, mandatorily, at the uninsured motorist coverage level. At that point, it is the duty of the insurer to explain the coverage and nothing more. The 1990 statute eliminated the need for the [Minnesota courts\u2019] four-point test for determining whether the offer was made in a commercially reasonable manner, [the test we] adopted in Cloninger.\u201d DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 533-34, 588 N.E.2d at 1080.\nDeGrand was decided in 1992 and has not been limited or criticized in any subsequent opinion. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d 521, 588 N.E.2d 1074.\nIn Pajic\u2019s case, the trial judge looked to the plain language of the 1990 statute requiring a \u201cbrief description\u201d rather than an \u201coffer,\u201d considered DeGrand\u2019s analysis of the 1990 law, and concluded that Old Republic was not required to make the \u201coffer\u201d to Pajic\u2019s employer that Pajic had alleged in his complaint. DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d 521, 588 N.E.2d 1074.\nPajic contends the judge misconstrued the law and that DeGrand is not controlling here for two reasons. First, the opinion concerns UIM coverage, not the UM coverage at issue here, because the specific question posed in DeGrand was \u201c \u2018Does Illinois law require insurers to offer underinsured motorist coverage (and, if so, in what amount) to automobile purchasers who opt for uninsured motorist coverage at the minimum statutory level?\u2019 \u201d DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 522, 588 N.E.2d at 1075. We do not find this distinction meaningful because as Pajic\u2019s primary case on appeal indicates, the laws requiring UM and UIM coverage are part of the same statutory scheme and the analysis employed in UIM cases has been applied in UM cases. Nila v. Hartford Insurance Co. of the Midwest, 312 Ill. App. 3d 811, 819, 728 N.E.2d 81, 87 (2000) (the rationale of UIM cases has been applied to UM cases, as both coverages are part of the same statutory scheme); Schultz, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 626, 901 N.E.2d at 960 (UIM and UM coverage are inextricably linked in the statute). If we were to reject DeGrand on this technical ground, we would also have to reject other cases Pajic relies upon. Pajic\u2019s second distinction is that because DeGrand concerned the 1982 version of the statute, anything the supreme court said about the 1990 version was obiter dictum. Obiter dictum is a statement of law made by a court for purposes of illustration, argument, or analogy, or it is a remark uttered \u201cby the way\u201d on some collateral point not directly concerning the question before the court. Cates v. Cates, 166 Ill. 2d 76, 80, 619 N.E.2d 715, 717 (1993); Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 1100 (7th ed. 1999). Obiter dictum is a statement that \u201c \u2018could have been deleted without seriously impairing the analytical foundations of the holding *** [and] being peripheral, [it] may not have received the full and careful consideration of the court that uttered it.\u2019 \u201d United States v. Crawley, 837 F.2d 291, 292 (1988), quoting Sarnoff v. American Home Products Corp., 798 F.2d 1075, 1084 (7th Cir. 1986). \u201cOn the other hand, an expression of opinion upon a point in a case argued by counsel and deliberately passed upon by the court, though not essential to the disposition of the cause, if dictum, is judicial dictum.\u201d Cates, 156 Ill. 2d at 80, 619 N.E.2d at 717. Judicial dictum \u201cis entitled to much weight, and should be followed unless found to be erroneous.\u201d Cates, 156 Ill. 2d at 80, 619 N.E.2d at 717. We do not consider DeGrand\u2019s analysis of the 1990 statute and the relevance of Cloninger\u2019s four-part test under the current statutory scheme to be obiter dictum. In the absence of sufficient legislative history specific to the 1982 amendments, the supreme court scrutinized the terms of section 143a \u2014 2 as it evolved between 1981 and 1990 and emphasized: \u201cIt is from that entire history that we reached the result in this opinion.\u201d DeGrand, 146 Ill. 2d at 534, 588 N.E.2d at 1081. The supreme court\u2019s statements about the 1990 law were more than passing remarks on a collateral point, they were the analytical foundation for its judgment. Furthermore, the supreme court emphatically rejected the appellant\u2019s contention that the \u201cmeaningful offer\u201d requirement had simply been relocated within the statute and that Cloninger\u2019s four-part test of a proper \u201coffer\u201d remained relevant in the post-1981 environment. Cloninger, 109 Ill. 2d 419, 488 N.E.2d 548. The supreme court gave full and careful consideration to the points being raised here. We also reiterate that DeGrand is a supreme court opinion which has not been subsequently contradicted. This is significant because \u201c[e]ven obiter dictum of a court of last resort can be tantamount to a decision and therefore binding in the absence of a contrary decision of that court.\u201d Cates, 156 Ill. 2d at 80, 619 N.E.2d at 717. For all these reasons, Pajic\u2019s criticism of DeGrand is unpersuasive. The legal premise of the complaint he filed in 2007 was rejected by the supreme court in 1992.\nWe also conclude that Pajic\u2019s reliance on Nila and Isaacson is misplaced. Nila, 312 Ill. App. 3d 811, 728 N.E.2d 81; Isaacson v. Country Mutual Insurance Co., 328 Ill. App. 3d 982, 767 N.E.2d 862 (2002). Pajic cites these cases as recent indications the Cloninger test is still relevant. In Nila, with respect to coverage renewed in 1996, the Second District cited Cloninger merely for its general statements about the purpose of the statute. Nila, 312 III. App. 3d at 818-21, 728 N.E.2d at 87-89 (referring to Cloninger and then stating, \u201cKeeping the legislative intent of the statute in mind, we turn to the language of the statute itself\u201d; and later concluding, \u201cWe believe that [our interpretation] comports with the intent behind the uninsured motorist statute as set out in Cloninger\u201d). The Second District did not revive the old statutory language or apply Cloninger\u2019s four-part test in Nila. Nila, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 818-21, 728 N.E.2d at 87-89. Two years later, however, in Isaacson, the Third District cited Nila and Cloninger and employed the four-part criteria with respect to coverage initiated in 1995. Isaacson, 328 Ill. App. 3d at 985, 767 N.E.2d at 865 (\u201cThe record in this case confirms that the Cloninger test was satisfied\u201d). Nevertheless, because the Third District did so without distinguishing DeGrand, Isaacson is not a persuasive endorsement of the four-part test in the current statutory environment. Furthermore, sitting in Illinois\u2019 First District, we are not bound to follow the opinions of the Second or Third District, and instead must adhere to the opinions of the higher court.\nThe record reflects that the trial judge considered the parties\u2019 arguments and ultimately followed the current version of the statute at issue. We conclude that the trial judge properly interpreted the law and correctly determined that Old Republic was under no obligation to come within the Cloninger test.\nIn addition, the record supports Old Republic\u2019s contention that it complied with its statutory duty under the relevant version of the law to provide \u201ca brief description of the coverage and *** [the corporation\u2019s] right to reject the coverage in excess of the [minimal] limits set forth in Section 7 \u2014 203 of The Illinois Vehicle Code.\u201d 215 ILCS 5/143a \u2014 2 (West 1992). The record shows that YRC is a multistate trucking company which began purchasing insurance coverage from Old Republic in 1996. For the subject year, Old Republic gave YRC a written insurance contract and a three-ring binder entitled \u201cOLD REPUBLIC Uninsured/Underinsured Selection/Rejection Rules and Forms.\u201d The binder included a tab for each State followed by pages containing specific information about the \u201coptions available to [YRC] for *** uninsured motorists, underinsured motorists, medical payments, no-fault and miscellaneous coverages in the described states(s).\u201d\nThere were three pages within the Illinois tab: the first page described the available coverages (medical payments, UM bodily injury, UM property damage, and UIM bodily injury, and specified that no-fault and UIM property damage were not offered in Illinois), and the latter two pages were forms for YRC to complete in order to select or reject from the available options. For instance, with respect to medical payments coverage in Illinois, the first page specified: \u201cMedical Payments Coverage may be rejected or selected.\u201d One of the subsequent forms which YRC was to fill in specified:\n\u201c \u2014 Complete the Medical Payments Coverage option desired:\n_I REJECT Medical Payments Coverage.\n_I SELECT Medical Payments Coverage (circle one):\nBasic Limit $500; or Optional Limit $1,000 $2,000 $5,000.\u201d Similarly, with respect to UM insurance the first page of the Illinois tab indicated in relevant part:\n\u201cUninsured Motorists Bodily Injury Coverage \u2014Uninsured Motorists Bodily Injury Coverage provides for the protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles and hit-and-run motor vehicles because of bodily injury, sickness or disease, including death, resulting therefrom.\n\u2014Uninsured Motorists Bodily Injury Coverage must be provided for all vehicles designed for use on public highways and required to be registered or principally garaged in Illinois.\u201d\nOn the accompanying form, YRC was to choose from various limits of UM and UIM coverage, ranging from \u201cbasic\u201d limits as little as $20,000 per person/$40,000 per accident, up to seven different \u201coptional\u201d limits ranging from as low as $25,000/$50,000 to as high as $1 million/$l million. The form continued:\n\u201c \u2014 If Limit(s) selected are less than the policy\u2019s Liability Coverage Limit(s) complete the following confirmation:\n_I REJECT Uninsured Motorist Bodily Injury Coverage and\nUnderinsured Motorists Bodily Injury Coverage at Limit(s) equal to the policy\u2019s Bodily Injury Liability Coverage Limit(s).\n\u2014The Limit(s) selected apply separately to Uninsured Motorists Bodily Injury Coverage and Underinsured Motorists Bodily Injury Coverage.\u201d (Emphasis in original.)\nYRC completed this form by indicating it was rejecting medical payments coverage, circling the \u201cbasic\u201d (minimal) amount of UM and UIM coverages, and marking the section confirming that it was rejecting UM and UIM coverage equal to the policy\u2019s bodily injury liability coverage limits. After YRC filled in the forms for the various states, it removed the forms from the binder and gave them to Old Republic for processing. Old Republic subsequently returned photocopies of the completed forms to YRC for insertion into its tabbed binder.\nIn his appellate reply brief, Pajic contends the explanation of UM coverage which Old Republic gave to YRC was both \u201cvague and ambiguous\u201d and was so poorly worded \u201cit\u2019s as if no explanation was provided [at] all.\u201d He contends, for instance, that instead of using the word \u201cprotection\u201d in the description of UM coverage which we quoted above, the insurer should have used the phrase \u201cdamages for bodily injury\u201d so that the document stated: \u201cUninsured Motorist Bodily Injury Coverage provides for the damages for bodily injury of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages *** because of bodily injury ***.\u201d (Emphasis added.) We note that Old Republic\u2019s explanation of UM coverage tracked the language of the Illinois statute requiring such coverage. Section 143a of the Insurance Code stated in relevant part:\n\u201cUninsured and hit and run motor vehicle coverage. (1) No policy *** shall be renewed, delivered or issued for delivery in this State unless coverage is provided *** for the protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles and hit-and-run motor vehicles because of bodily injury, sickness or disease, including death, resulting therefrom.\u201d 215 ILCS 5/143a(l) (West 2002).\nPajic neglects to cite and we are unable to find any document or transcript in the record on appeal which indicates Pajic made this argument in the trial court. Therefore, it appears Pajic is asking this court of review to reverse the trial court\u2019s decision on grounds which the trial court was never asked to consider. Our adversarial system does not allow Pajic to introduce new arguments so late in the proceedings. Arguments which are raised for the first time on appeal are waived. In re Marriage of Holthaus, 387 Ill. App. 3d 367, 377, 899 N.E.2d 355, 364 (2008). Even if the argument was made in the trial court, by presenting it in his reply brief, rather than his initial brief on appeal, Pajic prevented Old Republic from responding to it and violated the supreme court rule that new arguments shall not be offered in a reply brief. Holthaus, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 379, 899 N.E.2d at 365, citing 210 Ill. 2d R 341(h)(7) (\u201cPoints not argued [in the opening brief] are waived and shall not be raised in the reply brief ***\u201d). Because the argument is untimely, we decline to decide whether it has any merit.\nThus, our de novo review of the law and record on appeal leads us to conclude that there was no issue as to any material fact and that Old Republic was entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.\nAffirmed.\nCAHILL, PJ., and R.E. GORDON, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE McBRIDE" } ], "attorneys": [ "James M. Roche, of Theisen & Roche, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellant.", "Timothy J. Reed, of Menges & Molzahn, LLC, of Chicago, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "ALEX PAJIC, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. OLD REPUBLIC INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.\nFirst District (6th Division)\nNo. 1\u201408\u20142782\nOpinion filed September 30, 2009.\nJames M. Roche, of Theisen & Roche, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellant.\nTimothy J. Reed, of Menges & Molzahn, LLC, of Chicago, for appellee." }, "file_name": "1040-01", "first_page_order": 1058, "last_page_order": 1070 }