{ "id": 4292794, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BILLY L. HIRES, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Hires", "decision_date": "2009-12-08", "docket_number": "No. 4\u201408\u20140838", "first_page": "315", "last_page": "320", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "396 Ill. App. 3d 315" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "556 N.E.2d 778", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "779-80" }, { "page": "779" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "199 Ill. App. 3d 203", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2466045 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "206-07" }, { "page": "206" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/199/0203-01" ] }, { "cite": "609 N.E.2d 962", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "966" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "241 Ill. App. 3d 839", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2433912 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "843" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/241/0839-01" ] }, { "cite": "824 N.E.2d 239", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "247" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "214 Ill. 2d 187", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8450836 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "201-02" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/214/0187-01" ] }, { "cite": "893 N.E.2d 313", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "323" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "384 Ill. App. 3d 700", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4278946 ], "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "712" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/384/0700-01" ] }, { "cite": "878 N.E.2d 1211", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1216" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "377 Ill. App. 3d 339", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4274424 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "345" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/377/0339-01" ] }, { "cite": "537 N.E.2d 756", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "761" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "127 Ill. 2d 390", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5564096 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "401" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/127/0390-01" ] }, { "cite": "881 N.E.2d 563", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "567" }, { "page": "567" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "378 Ill. App. 3d 626", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4274925 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "631" }, { "page": "631" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/378/0626-01" ] }, { "cite": "824 N.E.2d 262", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "267" }, { "page": "267-68" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "214 Ill. 2d 206", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8450872 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "217" }, { "page": "217" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/214/0206-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 640, "char_count": 11638, "ocr_confidence": 0.761, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.03580807328026e-08, "percentile": 0.14439760773697616 }, "sha256": "a23bbf2149297743983e563fe06504efc544891179bd205e8d89f965537f91bd", "simhash": "1:1d0cf58eb803e125", "word_count": 1850 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:39:01.503812+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BILLY L. HIRES, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE STEIGMANN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nIn October 2007, the State charged defendant, Billy L. Hires, with one count of aggravated driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) (625 ILCS 5/11 \u2014 501(a)(2) (West 2006), as amended by Pub. Act 95\u2014 149, \u00a75, eff. August 14, 2007)) and one count of driving while license is revoked (DWR) (625 ILCS 5/6 \u2014 303(a) (West 2006)). A jury found him guilty, and the trial court later sentenced defendant to 24 years in prison.\nDefendant appeals, arguing that the State failed to prove him guilty of DUI beyond a reasonable doubt. We disagree and affirm.\nI. BACKGROUND\nIn October 2007, Westfield police chief Michael Duvall observed a maroon Ford minivan \u2014 which he later determined was driven by defendant \u2014 swerving from the southbound lane of Route 49 into the northbound lane. Duvall followed the van. While doing so, Duvall checked the van\u2019s license plate, which came back expired. Duvall then executed a traffic stop. After Duvall asked defendant for his driver\u2019s license, defendant stated his license was revoked.\nDuvall was the sole witness at defendant\u2019s June 2008 trial. Duvall testified that defendant produced an identification card in lieu of a driver\u2019s license. As defendant retrieved the card from his wallet, Duvall noticed that (1) defendant (a) \u201cfumbled\u201d for his paperwork and (b) had slurred speech and (2) \u201cthe odor of an alcoholic beverage\u201d emanated from the van. Duvall asked defendant if he had been drinking, and defendant admitted consuming \u201cfour or five beers.\u201d Duvall asked defendant to exit the van to perform field-sobriety tests. As he rose from the driver\u2019s seat, defendant stumbled and nearly fell to the ground.\nOnce defendant moved to the back of his van, Duvall administered two field-sobriety tests. First, Duvall instructed defendant to perform the one-legged stand. After reading instructions to defendant, Duvall asked defendant if any disabilities would impair defendant\u2019s performance of the test. Defendant informed Duvall he had a \u201cbad hip\u201d but that his condition would not prevent him from performing either test. Bad hip notwithstanding, defendant attempted the test. However, defendant was unable to perform the one-legged stand, losing his balance as soon as he lifted his foot. Duvall terminated the test, read defendant instructions on how to perform the next test \u2014 the \u201cwalk and turn\u201d \u2014 and then demonstrated the test. Although Duvall allowed defendant two opportunities to complete the walk and turn, defendant was unable to complete it. Duvall terminated the test and arrested defendant for DUI and DWR. After Duvall handcuffed defendant and placed him in the back of the squad car, defendant became \u201cbelligerent,\u201d refused to cooperate, and swore repeatedly. (We note that defendant refused to submit to a Breathalyzer at the police station.)\nBased on the above evidence, the jury found defendant guilty of one count of DUI (625 ILCS 5/11 \u2014 501(a)(2) (West 2006), as amended by Pub. Act 95 \u2014 149, \u00a75, eff. August 14, 2007) and one count of DWR (625 ILCS 5/6 \u2014 303(a) (West 2006)). Due to defendant\u2019s eight prior DUI convictions and seven prior DWR convictions, the trial court determined defendant was eligible for Class X sentencing on the DUI count (see 625 ILCS 5/11 \u2014 501(d)(2)(E) (West 2008), as amended by Pub. Act 95 \u2014 149, \u00a75, eff. August 14, 2007 (2007) and Class 4 sentencing on the DWR count (see 625 ILCS 5/6 \u2014 303(d\u20143) (West 2006)). Therefore, the court sentenced defendant to concurrent terms of 24 years in prison on the DUI count and 3 years in prison on the DWR count.\nThis appeal followed.\nII. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE\nOn appeal, defendant argues that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of DUI. Specifically, defendant contends that (1) Officer Duvall\u2019s observations of defendant\u2019s behavior the night of the arrest do not show defendant was intoxicated and (2) the field-sobriety tests Duvall administered are unreliable. We address defendant\u2019s contentions in turn.\nA. Standard of Review\nThe standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is \u201c \u2018 \u201cwhether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\u201d \u2019 (Emphasis omitted.) [Citation.]\u201d People v. Collins, 214 Ill. 2d 206, 217, 824 N.E.2d 262, 267 (2005). A reviewing court will not retry a defendant and \u201cwill not reverse a conviction unless the evidence is so improbable, unsatisfactory, or inconclusive that it creates a reasonable doubt of [the] defendant\u2019s guilt.\u201d Collins, 214 Ill. 2d at 217, 824 N.E.2d at 267-68.\nB. The Crime of DUI\nSection 11 \u2014 501(a)(2) of the Illinois Vehicle Code prohibits individuals from \u201cdriv[ing] or be[ing] in actual physical control of any vehicle *** while *** under the influence of alcohol.\u201d 625 ILCS 5/11\u2014 501(a)(2) (West 2006), as amended by Pub. Act 95 \u2014 149, \u00a75, eff. August 14, 2007). A defendant is under the influence when, as a result of consuming alcohol or any other intoxicating substance, \u201c \u2018his mental or physical faculties are so impaired as to reduce his ability to think and act with ordinary care.\u2019 \u201d People v. Gordon, 378 Ill. App. 3d 626, 631, 881 N.E.2d 563, 567 (2007), quoting Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 23.29 at 203 (4th ed. 2000). Intoxication is a question of fact, which is the trier of fact\u2019s responsibility to resolve, as well as assessing the credibility of the witnesses and determining the sufficiency of the evidence. People v. Janik, 127 Ill. 2d 390, 401, 537 N.E.2d 756, 761 (1989).\nTo prove that a defendant committed the crime of DUI, the State may rely on circumstantial evidence. People v. Diaz, 377 Ill. App. 3d 339, 345, 878 N.E.2d 1211, 1216 (2007). The testimony of the arresting officer by itself may be sufficient to sustain a DUI conviction. People v. Hostetter, 384 Ill. App. 3d 700, 712, 893 N.E.2d 313, 323 (2008). Moreover, \u201ca defendant\u2019s refusal to submit to *** testing has \u2018some tendency to indicate a consciousness of guilt\u2019 and is thus relevant and admissible in a DUI prosecution.\u201d People v. Jones, 214 Ill. 2d 187, 201-02, 824 N.E.2d 239, 247 (2005), quoting People v. Edwards, 241 Ill. App. 3d 839, 843, 609 N.E.2d 962, 966 (1993).\nC. Defendant\u2019s Challenge to the Sufficiency of the Evidence in This Case\n1.\nDefendant\u2019s Claim That Duvall\u2019s Observations Do Not Show That Defendant Was Intoxicated\nIn this case, defendant first contends that Duvall\u2019s testimony does not support the conclusion that defendant was intoxicated. Instead, defendant asserts that Duvall\u2019s testimony merely supports the conclusion that defendant consumed \u201csome alcohol.\u201d The State responds that Duvall\u2019s testimony \u201coverwhelmingly supported the jury\u2019s verdict.\u201d We agree with the State.\nHere, Duvall\u2019s observations \u2014 which he related to the jury\u2014 demonstrated that defendant was intoxicated. Duvall observed defendant repeatedly swerving his van over the centerline of the highway. Once he initiated a traffic stop, Duvall said he smelled alcohol and noticed that defendant was slurring his speech and had difficulty pulling his identification card out of his wallet. Duvall also watched as defendant stumbled out of the driver\u2019s seat, nearly falling to the ground. Duvall explained that once out of the vehicle, defendant was incapable of performing two separate field-sobriety tests. Though defendant claimed to have a bad hip, he told Duvall that his condition would not prevent him from performing either test. Further, defendant refused to submit to Breathalyzer testing. Based on this evidence, a rational jury could reasonably have inferred that defendant\u2019s erratic driving, slurred speech, and poor coordination stemmed from intoxication.\n2. Defendant\u2019s Claim That the Field-Sobriety Tests Were Unreliable\nDefendant also contends the field-sobriety tests administered by Duvall \u201ccannot be considered to have proved intoxication.\u201d Defendant cites the National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing Manual for the proposition that field-sobriety tests must be performed under standardized conditions. Because the State presented no evidence as to the conditions under which Duvall performed the one-legged-stand and walk-and-turn tests, defendant contends his \u201cperformance is not probative evidence of impairment.\u201d Defendant additionally cites numerous scientific studies in support of his claim that field-sobriety tests are unreliable. Implicit in defendant\u2019s contentions are the following: (1) when \u2014 as in this case \u2014 field-sobriety tests are not performed under standardized conditions (whatever they might be), the results of such tests should be deemed inadmissible; and (2) even if such tests are admissible, they are insufficient, standing alone, to justify an intoxication finding. What defendant is really saying is that as laypersons, jurors are ill-equipped to evaluate this type of evidence. We reject all of defendant\u2019s contentions in this regard.\nIn People v. Sides, 199 Ill. App. 3d 203, 206-07, 556 N.E.2d 778, 779-80 (1990), this court held that \u201c[n]o expert testimony is needed nor is a showing of scientific principles required before a jury can be permitted to conclude that a person who performs badly on the field-sobriety tests may have his mental or physical faculties \u2018so impaired as to reduce his ability to think and act with ordinary care.\u2019 \u201d Instead, when determining whether a defendant committed the crime of DUI, jurors may use their \u201ccommon observations and experiences in life[, which] would include not only the driving of an automobile [ ] but [also] a familiarity with the degree of physical and mental acuity required to do so.\u201d Sides, 199 Ill. App. 3d at 206, 556 N.E.2d at 779. We reaffirm our holding in Sides.\nHere, Duvall testified that defendant\u2019s poor balance rendered him unable to complete either field-sobriety test. Thus, the jury\u2019s inference is entirely justified that defendant\u2019s difficulty in performing some of the tasks necessary for the tests revealed a similarly impaired ability to think and act with ordinary care when operating his vehicle.\nWe also note that defendant appears to be suggesting that expert testimony is required (1) to gauge the reliability of field-sobriety tests and (2) to confirm that such tests were administered properly. We emphatically disagree. Based upon our analysis in Sides (which we now reaffirm), we reiterate that the trier of fact needs no expert assistance to explain the significance of behavior like defendant\u2019s when deciding whether a driver\u2019s \u201c \u2018mental or physical faculties are so impaired as to reduce his ability to think and act with ordinary care.\u2019 \u201d Gordon, 378 Ill. App. 3d at 631, 881 N.E.2d at 567, quoting Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 23.29 (4th ed. 2000).\nIII. CONCLUSION\nFor the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court\u2019s judgment. As part of our judgment, we grant the State its $50 statutory assessment against defendant as costs of this appeal.\nAffirmed.\nMYERSCOUGH, PJ., and APPLETON, J\u201e concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE STEIGMANN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael J. Pelletier, Gary R. Peterson, and Nancy L. Vincent, all of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.", "Dennis E. Simonton, State\u2019s Attorney, of Marshall (Patrick Delfino, Robert J. Biderman, and Anastacia R. Brooks, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BILLY L. HIRES, Defendant-Appellant.\nFourth District\nNo. 4\u201408\u20140838\nOpinion filed December 8, 2009.\nMichael J. Pelletier, Gary R. Peterson, and Nancy L. Vincent, all of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.\nDennis E. Simonton, State\u2019s Attorney, of Marshall (Patrick Delfino, Robert J. Biderman, and Anastacia R. Brooks, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0315-01", "first_page_order": 331, "last_page_order": 336 }