{ "id": 2914759, "name": "Michael G. Callaizakis et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Astor Development Co. et al., Defendants-(Uptown Federal Savings & Loan Association of Chicago, Defendant-Appellee.)", "name_abbreviation": "Callaizakis v. Astor Development Co.", "decision_date": "1972-02-18", "docket_number": "No. 55251", "first_page": "163", "last_page": "171", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "4 Ill. App. 3d 163" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "272 F.Supp. 569", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 2702454 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/272/0569-01" ] }, { "cite": "187 N.E.2d 425", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "39 Ill.App.2d 73", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2456033 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/39/0073-01" ] }, { "cite": "199 N.E.2d 769", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "31 Ill.2d 69", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2832377 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/31/0069-01" ] }, { "cite": "212 So.2d 879", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "So. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9825537, 9825512, 9825387, 9825488, 9825424, 9825469 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/so2d/212/0879-06", "/so2d/212/0879-05", "/so2d/212/0879-01", "/so2d/212/0879-04", "/so2d/212/0879-02", "/so2d/212/0879-03" ] }, { "cite": "207 So.2d 22", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "So. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9752988 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/so2d/207/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 Cal. Rptr. 401", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "228 N.E.2d 269", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 Ill.App.2d 456", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2553528 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/84/0456-01" ] }, { "cite": "69 N.E.2d 341", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "395 Ill. 73", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2469081 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/395/0073-01" ] }, { "cite": "169 N.E.2d 747", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "20 Ill.2d 526", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2737615 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/20/0526-01" ] }, { "cite": "35 U. Chi. L. Rev. 739", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "U. Chi. L. Rev.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "744" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "241 N.E.2d 332", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "100 Ill.App.2d 212", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2821886 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/100/0212-01" ] }, { "cite": "236 N.E.2d 913", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "94 Ill. App.2d 403", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2478017, 2479163 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/94/0403-02", "/ill-app-2d/94/0403-01" ] }, { "cite": "61 Cal. Rptr. 333", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "447 P.2d 609", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "73 Cal. Rptr. 369", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 945, "char_count": 20370, "ocr_confidence": 0.744, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.680475240386776e-07, "percentile": 0.8266244479890527 }, "sha256": "c49a51f708976bb059e4d1bd9b2a66a64ff1034de78d9b14294e41bfe875161a", "simhash": "1:f689392dac74634e", "word_count": 3235 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:04:19.595106+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Michael G. Callaizakis et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Astor Development Co. et al., Defendants\u2014(Uptown Federal Savings & Loan Association of Chicago, Defendant-Appellee.)" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE DRUCKER\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiffs appeal from the dismissal of defendant, Uptown Federal Savings & Loan Association of Chicago, as a party defendant. The trial court certified that the dismissal was to be considered a final and appeal-able order.\nThis is a class action. The two classes of plaintiffs are (1) owners of condominium apartments located at 6101 North Sheridan Road East, Chicago, Illinois (hereinafter \u201cEast Point\u201d), and (2) owners of condo-minimum apartments at East Point who purchased their apartments from the builder and developer, Astor Development Company, a defendant in this action. Also joined as defendants were Morris Handler Company, Inc., (the general contractor), The Arpen Group, Inc., (the architect), Commonwealth Edison Company, (a sub-contractor), and the defendant-appellee, Uptown Federal Savings & Loan Association of Chicago (the financer of the project and hereinafter \u201cUptown\u201d).\nThe relevant counts of the complaint sound in tort and allege that the defendants were all guilty of various negligent acts and omissions which caused East Point to be constructed with substantial structural defects. The sole issue on this appeal is whether the amended complaint states a cause of action against the defendant Uptown. We, therefore, set forth below the pertinent portions of the amended complaint.\nAfter stating that the premises \u201cwere not constructed in a good and workmanlike manner or in accordance with the representations and agreements made by defendant Astor\u201d (the builder and developer), and then specifying the various structural defects, plaintiffs alleged the following:\n\u201c(12). Defendant Uptown was aware of the purposes for which its construction loan to Astor was to be used and was aware of the fact that the condominium units in East Point were to be sold to the general public. Uptown was aware of the advertising done and used to promote the sale of units in East Point, and was aware of the form and contents of the purchase agreements entered into between Astor and plaintiffs.\n(13). Plaintiffs believe that defendant Uptown, through its duly authorized agents, inspected the East Point premises on several occasions during its construction and prior to the taking of possession by plaintiffs, for the purpose of determining whether said premises were being constructed in accordance with the plans and specifications and in a good and workmanlike manner fit for habitation and occupancy, and to determine whether said premises complied with the purchase agreements entered into by plaintiffs. Plaintiffs believe that Uptown employed its own architects and engineers to inspect and supervise the construction of East Point, and for the aforesaid purposes, and that said architect and engineer inspected the construction site on numerous occasions prior to completion. As a consequence of its inspection of the premises, Uptown assumed a duty to the plaintiffs to inspect the premises in a careful manner so as to detect defective workmanship and materials and to so inform plaintiffs prior to then-payment and taking of possession.\u201d\nPlaintiffs contend that the sole issue is whether a savings and loan institution which finances a residential construction project owes an independent duty to the original and subsequent owners of homes or apartments therein \u201c[t]o exercise reasonable care that the homes are constructed without defects, if the activities of the savings and loan association in connection with the construction project take on attributes beyond the domain of the usual lender of money.\u201d In their complaint plaintiffs not only alleged defendants\u2019 duty to detect defective workmanship and materials but a duty to inform plaintiffs of such defects. They claim this question is one of first impression in this state. Both parties rely extensively on Connor v. Great Western Savings and Loan Association (1968), 73 Cal. Rptr. 369, 447 P.2d 609, aff\u2019g. 61 Cal. Rptr. 333 (Dist.Ct.App. 1967), in which the California Supreme Court (Tray-nor) held that under the facts of that case the financial lending institution did owe a duty to the purchasers of residential homes to exercise reasonable care so that the homes were built free of construction defects. Each party interprets Connor as being supportive of its respective position.\nPlaintiffs urge that the allegations in the amended complaint place this case within the rule laid down in Connor. They then argue that the Illinois courts should adopt the Connor rationale.\nDefendant, on the other hand, contends that on its facts Connor is distinguishable from the allegations set forth in the amended complaint and that the Connor holding should not be expanded to meet the alleged facts. As a backup argument, defendant states that even if the amended complaint states a cause of action under Connor, the Connor decision should not be adopted in this state on policy grounds.\nA detailed discussion of Connor is necessary. The plaintiffs in Connor were purchasers of homes from Canejo Valley Development Company (hereinafter Canejo). Defendant, Great Western Savings and Loan Association (hereinafter Great Western), was a large California lending institution which financed the residential project. Great Western was approached by a land developer, David Goldberg, who was then president of South Gate Development Company. South Gate sought a loan in order to purchase a 100 acre tract of land in Ventura County, California, and to construct residential homes thereon. After coming to terms on the details of the project, Great Western loaned South Gate the funds to purchase the tract. Thereafter Canejo was substituted for South Gate as purchaser of the tract. Canejo had been incorporated several months earlier. Its net capital was $5000. Great Western knew that both Goldberg\u2019s and South Gate\u2019s financial conditions were weak and that Goldberg and his business associate had little experience in the construction industry. It required Canejo to submit plans and specifications for the various types of proposed homes. Great Western did not examine the foundation plans, as was its usual procedure when making a construction loan, nor did it make recommendations as to design or construction. As the court stated, \u201cIt was preoccupied with selling prices and sales.\u201d\nGreat Western\u2019s financial interests in the project were substantial. It received the following: (1) 6.6% interest on the construction loan of $3,000,000 to Canejo; (2) a 5% construction loan fee; (3) the right of first refusal to supply mortgage funds to the eventual purchasers of homes; if a purchaser approved by Great Western wished to obtain long term financing elsewhere, Great Western had 10 days to meet the terms of the proposed financing; if it met the terms but the buyer still financed elsewhere, South Gate Development Company, Goldberg and his business associate were liable to Great Western for the fees and interest obtained by the other lender; (4) a 1.0 to 1.5% loan fee from Canejo for every purchaser who obtained mortgage funds from Great Western; (5) a 20% capital gain on its land investment resulting from a financial technique called \u201cland warehousing\u201d whereby Great Western financed the original purchase of the 100 acre tract and held title to it until the developer (Canejo) was ready to use it; at that time Canejo would repurchase the land from Great Western at a price 20% above Great Westerns cost.\nGreat Western had agreed to make the necessary construction loans to Canejo only \u201cafter assuring itself that the homes could be successfully built and sold.\u201d During the course of construction Great Westerns inspectors visited the property weekly to verify that the plans were being followed and that money was being disbursed only for work completed.\nThe court found that Great Western and Canejo were not participants in a joint venture so as to render Great Western vicariously liable for Ganejo\u2019s negligent acts but that Great Western owed an independent duty to exercise reasonable care to prevent construction defects and the sale of seriously defective homes to purchasers.\nAfter noting that Great Western surely owed its own shareholders the duty to use reasonable care so that the homes were free of defects since the homes were the collateral Great Western would be given to secure the mortgage loans, the court went on to discuss the reasons for its holding, the pertinent ones being:\nGreat Western\u2019s transactions were intended to affect the plaintiffs significantly. [Here the court noted the extensive financial involvement of Great Western at all levels of the construction project],\nGreat Western could reasonably have foreseen the risk of harm to plaintiffs. [Here the court noted that Great Western knew or should have known of the developer\u2019s lack of experience in the construction field and of Canejo\u2019s thin capitalization.] * * *\nThe injury suffered by plaintiffs was closely connected with Great Western\u2019s conduct.\nGreat Western not only financed the development of the tract but controlled the course it would take.\nSubstantial moral blame attaches to Great Western\u2019s conduct. [Here the court noted that Great Western had breached a duty to its own shareholders and that home owners are ill-equipped to discern structural defects.]\nThe admonitory policy of the law of torts calls for the imposition of liability on Great Western for its conduct in this case. Rules that tend to discourage misconduct are particularly appropriate when applied to an established industry.\u201d\nWe now address ourselves to whether the facts alleged in plaintiffs\u2019 amended complaint state a cause of action under the Connor holding. Plaintiffs note that we must consider all allegations and reasonable inferences therefrom as true (Windsor Lake, Inc. v. Wrok, 94 Ill. App.2d 403, 236 N.E.2d 913) and that a dismissal is proper only where under no set of circumstances could the aHegations support a cause of action. Johnson v. North American Life & Casualty Co., 100 Ill.App.2d 212, 241 N.E.2d 332.\nApplying the foregoing standards we nevertheless beHeve that the allegations stated in plaintiffs\u2019 amended complaint fa\u00fc to state a cause of action under the theory of tort Hability asserted in Connor.-\nThe only factors alleged in plaintiffs\u2019 amended complaint which were present in Connor are that defendant made a construction loan to the developer, had its agents inspect the premises on several occasions, and employed its own architect and engineers to inspect and supervise the construction of East Point. Missing from the complaint were the foHowing factors which were present in Connor and on which that court relied heavily: (1) that the lending institution received large financial rewards for its overaH role in the construction project; i.e., in addition to earning interest on the construction loan, Great Western extracted a 5.5% construction loan fee, a right of first refusal on supplying mortgage funds to purchasers with penalties accruing to the developer if the purchasers financed elsewhere on the same terms as offered by Great Western, a 1.0 to 1.5% fee for each mortgage loan, and a 20% capital gain on its investment in the land tract; and (2) that the developer was inadequately equipped to properly handle the construction of the project; i.e., Great Western knew or should have known that the developer was inexperienced in the construction field and that it was grossly undercapitalized \u201ccreating a readily forseeable risk that it would be driven to cutting corners in construction.\u201d Connor, supra, at 617.\nPlaintiffs in an effort to support their- position that \u201cvirtuaHy every aspect held to be important by the California Supreme Court (in holding Great Western liable) * * * was either actuaHy present or probably present in Uptown\u2019s participation in the East Point Development,\u201d asks us to \u201csafely assume\u201d that defendant received substantial service fees for providing the construction loan. Further, plaintiffs urge that after pursuing discovery procedures it might be revealed that Uptown actuaHy had a right of first refusal on mortgage loans to condominium purchasers with a penalty fee to Uptown in case financing was found elsewhere. Plaintiffs cite a comment in the University of Chicago Law Review to support its statement that these factors \u201cwere probably present\u201d in the instant case. See Comment, Liability of the Institutional Lender for Structural Defects in New Housing, 35 U. Chi. L. Rev. 739, 744.\nWe must determine whether these facts may be reasonably inferred from the facts actuaHy alleged in the complaint so as to be of relevance in determining whether the complaint states a cause of action. Even construing the complaint HberaHy we cannot assume that defendant received a construction loan fee nor that discovery would disclose a right of first refusal with a penalty if other financing was utilized. These assumed facts simply do not follow from any specific facts alleged in the complaint. See Pierce v. Carpentier, 20 Ill.2d 526, 169 N.E.2d 747; Kurtzon v. Kurtzon, 395 Ill. 73, 69 N.E.2d 341; In Re Application of County Treasurer, 84 Ill.App.2d 456, 228 N.E.2d 269.\nWe do not believe that the rationale of Connor should be expanded to meet the facts alleged in the amended complaint. To do so would possibly effect \u201ca drastic restructuring of traditional economic relationships\u201d as Justice Mosk stated in his dissent in Connor at page 622.\nThe California legislature has taken a similar view. The majority opinion in Connor characterized Great Western\u2019s activities as taking on \u201cramifications beyond the domain of the usual money lender.\u201d Connor v. Great Western Savings and Loan Assc., supra, at 616.\nA statute passed by the California legislature (West\u2019s Ann. Civ. Code \u00a7 3434) after the Connor decision incorporates the above phraseology:\n\u201cA lender who makes a loan of money, the proceeds of which are used or may be used by the borrower to finance the design, manufacture, construction, repair, modification or improvement of real or personal property for sale or lease to others, shall not be held liable to third persons for any loss or damage occasioned by any defect in the real or personal property so designed, manufactured, constructed, repaired, modified or improved or for any loss or damage resulting from the failure of the borrower to use due care in the design, manufacture, construction, repair, modification or improvement of such real or personal property, unless such loss or damage is a result of an act of the lender outside the scope of the activities of a lender of money * *\nThe subsequent California case of Bradler v. Craig (Cal.App. 1969), 79 Cal. Rptr. 401, also indicated that Connor was to be applied only where the lending institution became an \u201cactive participant\u201d in the construction enterprise. The complaint in Bradler alleged that the defendant lending institution financed the construction of five homes (of which plaintiff\u2019s was one), approved the plans and supervised and inspected the construction in a negligent manner. In holding that no cause of action had been alleged, the court stated at page 407:\n\"[Defendant\u2019s] alleged participation was that of the usual and ordinary construction and purchase money lender, content to lend money at interest on the security of real property. Approval of plans and specifications, and periodic inspection of houses during the construction is normal procedure for any construction money lender.\u201d\nSee also Rice v. First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Lake County (Fla.App. 1968), 207 So.2d 22; cert, denied, 212 So.2d 879.\nPlaintiffs press an analogy in an effort to uphold the amended complaint. They point to the general rule of tort law that one who voluntarily undertakes to do a gratuitous act must do so in a reasonably careful manner. In support, they cite Nelson v. Union Wire Rope Corp., 31 Ill.2d 69, 199 N.E.2d 769, rev\u2019g 39 Ill.App.2d 73, 187 N.E.2d 425. In Nelson, a four to three decision, the Illinois Supreme Court, interpreting Florida law, held that the defendant insurance company was liable to a group of construction workers for injuries and deaths suffered when a materials hoist on which they were riding collapsed. The defendant insurance company insured the general contractor of the project. There was no privity of contract between the defendant and the injured workers. The court stated as follows at page 83:\n\u201c* * * [D]efendant did gratuitously undertake to make safety inspections and to render safety engineering services on the courthouse project, and that such inspections were planned, periodic and directed to the safety of the employees on the project. Under these circumstances, * * \u00b0, it is our opinion that duty devolved upon defendant, owed to the plaintiffs, to make its inspections with due care.\u201d (Emphasis supplied.)\nThe strength of Nelson is now dubious. The Illinois legislature abrogated any effect it might have had on Illinois law. See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 48, par. 138.5. A Federal district court in Florida (Hill v. U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. (M.D.Fla. 1967), 272 F.Supp. 569) expressly adopted the opinion in Nelson v. Union Wire Rope Corp., 39 Ill.App.2d 73, 187 N.E.2d 425, where the appellate court held that said insurance company could not be held liable absent proof of reliance on its inspection measures by the injured workers.\nBut at any rate Nelson is distinguishable on its facts. There, as noted in the above quotation, the defendant\u2019s inspection activities were \u201cdirected to the safety of the employees on the project.\u201d Furthermore, the defendant insurance company stressed its inspection program for preventing injuries when selling its policies to building contractors. As the court stated at page 80:\n\u201c[I]t appears beyond a show of a doubt that the services gratuitously given by [defendant\u2019s] * * * engineers were not solely for defendant\u2019s own purposes.\u201d\nThere are no allegations in the amended complaint which would show that defendant\u2019s alleged inspection activities were made for the benefit of the plaintiff condominium purchasers and owners, or that they were made for other purposes than those of a usual money lender. For these reasons we deem the general language of Nelson to be inapposite.\nIn conclusion, plaintiff\u2019s amended complaint failed to state a cause of action. The circuit court\u2019s dismissal of defendant Uptown from the suit was proper. The judgment is affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed.\nLORENZ, P. J., and ENGLISH, J., concur.\nPlaintiffs attached the purchase contract between Astor Development Company and the condominium purchasers to the amended complaint. It provided in relevant part as follows:\n\u201cPurchasers shall apply within one week herefrom for a - year mortgage loan in the amount of $-from Uptown Federal Savings and Loan Association. If such approval is not obtained within sixty (60) days after receipt by Uptown * * * of said application, or if a mortgage loan in the same amount and on the same terms from another lender is not tendered to Purchasers by Seller within said sixty (60) day period, then either Purchasers or Seller may cancel this contract by written notice to the other, and upon such notice, Purchasers\u2019 payment shall be returned.\u201d\n\u201c(a) No common law or statutory right to recover damages from the employer, his insurer, his broker, any service organization retained by the employer, his insurer or his broker to provide safety service, advice or recommendations for the employer or the agents or employees or any of them for injury or death sustained by any employee while engaged in the line of his duty as such employee, other than the compensation herein provided, is available to any employee who is covered by the provisions of this Act, to any one wholly or partially dependent upon him, the legal representatives of his estate, or any one otherwise entitled to recover damages for such injury.\u201d", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE DRUCKER" } ], "attorneys": [ "Wildman, Harrold, Allen & Dixon, of Chicago, (Max E. Wildman, Thomas D. Allen, and Jerald P. Esrick, of counsel,) for appellants.", "Baker & McKenzie, of Chicago, (Kurt M. Penn and Francis D. Morrissey, of counsel,) for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Michael G. Callaizakis et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Astor Development Co. et al., Defendants\u2014(Uptown Federal Savings & Loan Association of Chicago, Defendant-Appellee.)\n(No. 55251;\nFirst District\nFebruary 18, 1972.\nWildman, Harrold, Allen & Dixon, of Chicago, (Max E. Wildman, Thomas D. Allen, and Jerald P. Esrick, of counsel,) for appellants.\nBaker & McKenzie, of Chicago, (Kurt M. Penn and Francis D. Morrissey, of counsel,) for appellee." }, "file_name": "0163-01", "first_page_order": 183, "last_page_order": 191 }