{ "id": 4301883, "name": "1350 LAKE SHORE ASSOCIATES, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ARNOLD L. RANDALL, Commissioner, Department of Planning and Development of the City of Chicago, et al., Defendants-Appellees (Edward T. Joyce et al., Intervenors-Appellees)", "name_abbreviation": "1350 Lake Shore Associates v. Randall", "decision_date": "2010-04-20", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201409\u20141126", "first_page": "96", "last_page": "110", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "401 Ill. App. 3d 96" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "363 Ill. App. 3d 806", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5766133 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "823", "parenthetical": "Lake Shore III" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/363/0806-01" ] }, { "cite": "791 N.E.2d 60", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Lake Shore II" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "339 Ill. App. 3d 618", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2469092 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "640-41", "parenthetical": "Lake Shore II" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/339/0618-01" ] }, { "cite": "761 N.E.2d 760", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Lake Shore I" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "326 Ill. App. 3d 788", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1281451 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "798", "parenthetical": "Lake Shore I" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/326/0788-01" ] }, { "cite": "816 N.E.2d 675", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2004, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "352 Ill. App. 3d 1027", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5457682 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1048-49" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/352/1027-01" ] }, { "cite": "780 N.E.2d 316", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "finding an error which did not affect the outcome of the case to be harmless" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "335 Ill. App. 3d 347", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 637085 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "351-52", "parenthetical": "finding an error which did not affect the outcome of the case to be harmless" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/335/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "579 N.E.2d 1283", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "219 Ill. App. 3d 841", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5799928 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "850" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/219/0841-01" ] }, { "cite": "651 N.E.2d 555", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "272 Ill. App. 3d 764", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 251615 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "772" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/272/0764-01" ] }, { "cite": "893 N.E.2d 1016", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2008, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "384 Ill. App. 3d 878", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4278673 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "894" }, { "page": "883" }, { "page": "880, 894" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/384/0878-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 N.E.2d 173", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "$23,500 for the purchase of the property plus undisclosed permit fees" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "54 Ill. App. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5282567 ], "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "9-10", "parenthetical": "$23,500 for the purchase of the property plus undisclosed permit fees" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/54/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "411 N.E.2d 1002", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "demolition of home valued at $40,000 plus $4,100 in demolition and architectural fees" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "89 Ill. App. 3d 378", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5537139 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "381", "parenthetical": "demolition of home valued at $40,000 plus $4,100 in demolition and architectural fees" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/89/0378-01" ] }, { "cite": "425 N.E.2d 1339", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "$17,500 spent on architectural fees and tree removal service" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "99 Ill. App. 3d 1054", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3098124 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1061", "parenthetical": "$17,500 spent on architectural fees and tree removal service" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/99/1054-01" ] }, { "cite": "575 N.E.2d 1363", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "$70,100 purchase price of the property and $1,400 architect fee" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "217 Ill. App. 3d 4", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5282055 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "25", "parenthetical": "$70,100 purchase price of the property and $1,400 architect fee" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/217/0004-01" ] }, { "cite": "167 N.E.2d 216", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1960, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "$30,000 contract for work to be done, purchase of $5,000 in construction materials, and a $3,250 loan commission" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "19 Ill. 2d 462", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2744864 ], "year": 1960, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "465", "parenthetical": "$30,000 contract for work to be done, purchase of $5,000 in construction materials, and a $3,250 loan commission" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/19/0462-01" ] }, { "cite": "779 N.E.2d 1115", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "202 Ill. 2d 228", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1442059 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "251" }, { "page": "251" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/202/0228-01" ] }, { "cite": "733 N.E.2d 1275", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "192 Ill. 2d 49", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 453258 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "57" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/192/0049-01" ] }, { "cite": "56 F. Supp. 2d 1027", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp. 2d", "case_ids": [ 11577398 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "\"The doctrine of 'substantial compliance' or 'substantial performance' dictates that 'when a party performs the essential, material parts of a contract in good faith,' even if literal compliance with the terms is lacking, the other party may be bound\" (emphasis added)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp-2d/56/1027-01" ] }, { "cite": "603 N.E.2d 449", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "\"Under the 'substantial factor' test, which has been adopted by the Restatement (Second) of Torts, the defendant's conduct is said to be a cause of an event if it was a material element and a substantial factor in bringing the event about\" (emphasis added)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "151 Ill. 2d 343", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3291660 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "354-55", "parenthetical": "\"Under the 'substantial factor' test, which has been adopted by the Restatement (Second) of Torts, the defendant's conduct is said to be a cause of an event if it was a material element and a substantial factor in bringing the event about\" (emphasis added)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/151/0343-01" ] }, { "cite": "157 N.E.2d 33", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "16 Ill. 2d 183", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2762683 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1959, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "191" }, { "page": "191" }, { "page": "191-92", "parenthetical": "$26,000 for the purchase of the property and $1,830 in permit fees and sidewalk deposit" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/16/0183-01" ] }, { "cite": "377 N.E.2d 21", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "71 Ill. 2d 510", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5449192 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "517" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/71/0510-01" ] }, { "cite": "818 N.E.2d 839", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2004, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "353 Ill. App. 3d 433", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3365171 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "438" }, { "page": "437" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/353/0433-01" ] }, { "cite": "842 N.E.2d 747", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "363 Ill. App. 3d 47", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5766636 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "51" }, { "page": "51" }, { "page": "52-53" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/363/0047-01" ] }, { "cite": "812 N.E.2d 1038", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2004, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "351 Ill. App. 3d 311", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1083866 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "314" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/351/0311-01" ] }, { "cite": "883 N.E.2d 68", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2007, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "378 Ill. App. 3d 797", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4274948 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "804" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/378/0797-01" ] }, { "cite": "852 N.E.2d 916", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2006, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "366 Ill. App. 3d 715", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4264420 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "719" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/366/0715-01" ] }, { "cite": "837 N.E.2d 69", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "216 Ill. 2d 358", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3828012 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "362" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/216/0358-01" ] }, { "cite": "861 N.E.2d 944", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Healey" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "223 Ill. 2d 607", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3605061 ], "weight": 16, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "622-23", "parenthetical": "Healey" }, { "page": "629-30" }, { "page": "626" }, { "page": "615, 623" }, { "page": "615, 629-30" }, { "page": "622-23" }, { "page": "627" }, { "page": "626-27" }, { "page": "627" }, { "page": "626-27" }, { "page": "626-27" }, { "page": "629-30" }, { "page": "629-30" }, { "page": "627" }, { "page": "627" }, { "page": "628" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/223/0607-01" ] }, { "cite": "842 N.E.2d 274", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Lake Shore III" } ], "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1260, "char_count": 34028, "ocr_confidence": 0.774, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.132669919494288e-08, "percentile": 0.38175719897183197 }, "sha256": "27662fb83ed67419d387b43ad2ef8e97d7231f7a6d0fcd5102c4955459620d89", "simhash": "1:ebbd849b7d05434d", "word_count": 5468 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:03:46.574655+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "1350 LAKE SHORE ASSOCIATES, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ARNOLD L. RANDALL, Commissioner, Department of Planning and Development of the City of Chicago, et al., Defendants-Appellees (Edward T. Joyce et al., Intervenors-Appellees)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE HOFFMAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFollowing a remand from the Illinois Supreme Court, the circuit court of Cook County entered an order finding that the plaintiff, 1350 Lake Shore Associates (LSA), failed to prove a clear right to a writ of mandamus, as its predevelopment expenditures were not sufficiently substantial to acquire a vested right in the continuation of a former zoning classification. LSA now appeals, raising a number of factual and legal challenges to the circuit court\u2019s decision. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.\nThe procedural history of this matter is long and complex, comprising over 11 years of litigation and numerous appeals. For the sake of brevity, we have attempted to limit our recitation of the facts to those necessary to resolve the issues presented in the instant appeal.\nIn 1952, LSA\u2019s predecessor in interest purchased the property located at 1320-30 Lake Shore Drive (the property) for $195,118.08. Twenty-six years later, on November 14, 1978, the Chicago city council approved LSA\u2019s application to change the property\u2019s zoning from an \u201cR8 General Residence District\u201d classification to \u201cResidential Planned Development 196\u201d (RPD 196). The RPD 196 classification permitted the construction of a 40-story, 196-unit apartment building on the property.\nAfter having secured the passage of RPD 196, LSA chose not to develop the property at that time. It was not until 1996 that LSA\u2019s agent, Draper and Kramer, Inc. (Draper), began investigating the possibility of developing the property in conformity with RPD 196. To that end, Draper hired Jack Guthman, an attorney specializing in zoning law, in early 1997. Draper also subsequently hired an architect, a surveyor, an urban planner, an elevator consultant, and an artist to create a rendering from the architect\u2019s conceptual drawings.\nIn April or May of 1997, Guthman and representatives of Draper met with Charles Bernardini, then alderman of the ward in which the property is located. At that meeting, Bernardini was shown the preliminary designs for a high-rise building. Though Bernardini acknowledged that he did not mention changing the property\u2019s zoning classification at this time, he did inform Guthman and the Draper representatives that, due to its size and density, the proposed development would be controversial and that, if they wanted his support, they should meet with neighborhood representatives and reach an agreement.\nShortly after the first meeting, Bernardini told Guthman that he had received complaints from neighbors regarding the project and that he was considering downzoning the property if LSA and the neighbors could not reach a compromise. No agreement was reached, and, on December 10, 1997, Bernardini introduced an ordinance before the Chicago city council to downzone the property to an \u201cR6 General Residence District.\u201d\nThe next day, the project\u2019s architect submitted plans for a highrise building to the City of Chicago\u2019s department of planning and development, seeking the issuance of a Part II approval letter. For a property located in a planned development, a Part II approval letter is a prerequisite to the issuance of a zoning certificate, which, in turn, is a prerequisite to the issuance of a building permit. See Chicago Zoning Ordinance \u00a711.5 (amended July 21, 2000), \u00a711.11 \u2014 3(b) (amended December 11, 1991).\nOn April 29, 1998, the Chicago city council approved the downzon-ing ordinance. LSA never received a response from the department of planning and development regarding its request for a Part II approval letter. Without a Part II approval letter, LSA was unable to obtain a zoning certificate or a building permit.\nOn August 25, 1998, LSA filed a complaint naming as defendants the City of Chicago (City) and the commissioner of the Department of Planning and Development. In relevant part, LSA\u2019s complaint sought a writ of mandamus directing the commissioner to issue a Part II approval letter. Thereafter, certain individuals who lived within 250 feet of the property at issue were allowed to intervene.\nFollowing a trial, the circuit court ruled in favor of the defendants and the intervenors, finding that a Part II approval letter need not be issued because a downzoning ordinance was pending before the city council. On appeal, we concluded that the circuit court erroneously relied upon the pending-ordinance doctrine and remanded the case with directions that a writ of mandamus be entered requiring that a Part II approval letter be issued. 1350 Lake Shore Associates v. Hill, 326 Ill. App. 3d 788, 798, 761 N.E.2d 760 (2001) (Lake Shore I).\nUpon remand, the interveners filed a motion seeking a declaration that LSA was not entitled to a zoning certificate or building permit for the development of its proposed high-rise building. LSA then amended its complaint, seeking orders requiring the City to issue it a zoning certificate and enjoining the City from interfering with its rights under RPD 196. Although the circuit court ordered that a Part II approval letter be issued, it held that LSA did not have a vested right to the issuance of a zoning certificate or building permit. The circuit court specifically found that the expenditures incurred by LSA were not made in good-faith reliance on the RPD 196 zoning classification, but were made in the hope of reaching a compromise with the neighborhood representatives.\nOn appeal, this court concluded that LSA\u2019s vested-rights claim required additional findings of fact. Accordingly, we remanded the matter to the circuit court with directions to make specific findings as to: (1) the date on which LSA knew or should have known that it was probable that Bernardini would introduce a downzoning ordinance; (2) the total amount of the expenses incurred by LSA in connection with the project as of that date; and (3) whether those expenses were substantial enough to give rise to a vested right to the issuance of a zoning certificate and building permit pursuant to RPD 196. 1350 Lake Shore Associates v. Mazur-Berg, 339 Ill. App. 3d 618, 640-41, 791 N.E.2d 60 (2003) (Lake Shore II).\nOn remand, the circuit court determined that: (1) LSA knew it was probable that Bernardini would introduce a downzoning ordinance on any date after the meeting in April or May of 1997 between Guth-man, the Draper representatives, and Bernardini; (2) as of that date, LSA had expended $18,900.16 in connection with the project; and (3) the expenditures were not sufficiently substantial to give LSA a vested right to the issuance of a zoning certificate and building permit under RPD 196. LSA appealed once again.\nWhile this court affirmed the circuit court\u2019s findings (1350 Lake Shore Associates v. Casalino, 363 Ill. App. 3d 806, 823, 842 N.E.2d 274 (2005) (Lake Shore III)), the Illinois Supreme Court reversed, concluding that LSA knew or should have known that it was not probable that its project would be approved only after Bernardini introduced the downzoning ordinance in the city council on December 10, 1997 (1350 Lake Shore Associates v. Healey, 223 Ill. 2d 607, 622-23, 861 N.E.2d 944 (2006) (Healey)). The supreme court remanded the matter to the circuit court for a determination of the amount of expenses incurred by LSA as of December 10, 1997, and whether those expenses were sufficiently substantial to give LSA a vested right to develop the property under the former RPD 196 zoning classification. Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 629-30.\nUpon remand from the supreme court, the circuit court allowed LSA to present the testimony of two additional witnesses, Frederick Ford and Matthew Medlin. Ford testified that he was the executive vice president and treasurer of D&K Insurance Agency, Inc., one of the general partners of LSA. Based on his experience in the real estate industry and his experience overseeing LSA\u2019s financial planning, Ford believed that LSA is a \u201cvery risk averse company.\u201d He testified that the partners of LSA \u201cwere for the most part wealthy people who didn\u2019t need you to speculate with their money.\u201d Ford also believed that LSA was a \u201cfrugal,\u201d \u201cpenny-pinching operation.\u201d\nOver the City\u2019s relevancy objections, Medlin, a certified public accountant, testified as an expert witness. Medlin reviewed LSA\u2019s financial statements and found that its predevelopment expenditures of $272,022 represented more than 12% of its net income in 1997, over 10% of LSA\u2019s cash flow from operations, more than 6% of its gross profits, over 2% of its total revenues, more than 1% of LSA\u2019s total depreciable assets, and more than 4% of its owners\u2019 equity. Based on these benchmarks, Medlin believed that LSA\u2019s expenditures were material from an accounting perspective. Medlin testified that materiality is determined by resolving the inquiry as to whether a reasonable person, such as a potential investor or banker considering a loan, would be adversely influenced if the expenditures were not included in LSA\u2019s financial statements.\nOn March 25, 2009, the circuit court issued a written memorandum order in which it determined that LSA incurred $272,022.18 in expenditures before the downzoning ordinance was introduced on December 10, 1997. In its decision, the circuit court rejected Medlin\u2019s testimony, finding it \u201cmarginally relevant\u201d but not persuasive to the matters before the court. It also rejected Ford\u2019s testimony that LSA was frugal and \u201cpenny pinching\u201d as \u201ctoo subjective and self-serving\u201d and, instead, found LSA to be a large entity with substantial profits and assets that could easily absorb the loss of $272,022.18. Noting that LSA\u2019s expenditures amounted to less than one-half of 1% of the $72 million to $76 million total projected cost of the development, the court found that these expenditures were not sufficiently substantial to give LSA a vested right in the former RPD 196 zoning classification. The circuit court concluded that LSA failed to prove a clear right to mandamus relief and entered judgment for the defendants. The instant appeal followed.\nIn urging reversal, LSA contends that the circuit court erred in finding that $272,022.18 in predevelopment expenditures was not sufficiently substantial to acquire a vested right to develop the property in accordance with the RPD 196 zoning classification. It asserts that the circuit court applied incorrect legal criteria and that the court\u2019s decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nBefore addressing the merits of LSA\u2019s arguments, we must first determine our standard of review. Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy traditionally used to compel a public officer\u2019s performance of an official duty that does not involve an exercise of discretion. People ex rel. Birkett v. Jorgensen, 216 Ill. 2d 358, 362, 837 N.E.2d 69 (2005). Typically, the decision to grant or deny a writ of mandamus will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Lombard Historical Comm\u2019n v. Village of Lombard, 366 Ill. App. 3d 715, 719, 852 N.E.2d 916 (2006). That is to say, only when the opposite conclusion is clearly evident or where the factual findings upon which it is based are unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence. IMC Global v. Continental Insurance Co., 378 Ill. App. 3d 797, 804, 883 N.E.2d 68 (2007). However, the question of whether the circuit court applied the correct legal standard is one of law, which we review de novo. NC Illinois Trust Co. v. Madigan, 351 Ill. App. 3d 311, 314, 812 N.E.2d 1038 (2004). With these standards of review in mind, we now turn to the issues raised on appeal.\nA municipality has the right to amend its zoning ordinances (Ropiy v. Hernandez, 363 Ill. App. 3d 47, 51, 842 N.E.2d 747 (2005)), and one who purchases land is charged with the understanding that its zoning classification may be changed in the future (Furniture L.L.C. v. City of Chicago, 353 Ill. App. 3d 433, 438, 818 N.E.2d 839 (2004)). Accordingly, the general rule is that a property owner has no vested right in the continuation of a zoning classification. Pioneer Trust & Savings Bank v. County of Cook, 71 Ill. 2d 510, 517, 377 N.E.2d 21 (1978). Illinois courts, however, have recognized an exception to this rule.\nUnder the vested-right doctrine, a property owner may acquire a vested right in a prior zoning classification where the owner sustained a significant change of position, by either making substantial expenditures or incurring substantial obligations, in good-faith reliance upon the probability of the issuance of a building permit. People ex rel. Skokie Town House Builders, Inc. v. Village of Morton Grove, 16 Ill. 2d 183, 191, 157 N.E.2d 33 (1959); Furniture L.L.C., 353 Ill. App. 3d at 437. The purpose of this exception is to mitigate the unfairness caused by a zoning change after a property owner has undergone a substantial change of position in good-faith reliance on the prior zoning classification. Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 626.\nThe determination of whether a property owner has obtained a vested right in a former zoning classification by reason of making substantial expenditures or incurring substantial obligations requires the resolution of two questions. First, it must be determined which of the expenditures made or obligations incurred by the property owner were done in good-faith reliance on the probability that it would obtain the necessary approvals to develop the property pursuant to the prior zoning classification. Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 615, 623. Second, it must be determined whether those expenditures or obligations were substantial. Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 615, 629-30.\nAs noted above, the supreme court previously determined that as of December 10, 1997, the date on which the downzoning ordinance was introduced to the city council, LSA knew or should have known that it was improbable that it would receive the necessary approvals to complete its project in accordance with RPD 196. See Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 622-23. Following a remand, the circuit court concluded that, as of that date, LSA\u2019s expenditures totaled $272,022.18. On appeal, the parties have raised no argument addressing the circuit court\u2019s calculation of LSA\u2019s expenditures. Consequently, we focus our consideration on whether the expenditure of $272,022.18 by LSA was substantial enough to give rise to a vested right to develop the property under the RPD 196 zoning classification.\nIn determining whether expenditures are substantial, courts evaluate the totality of the circumstances, including: (1) a comparison of the expenses incurred to the total projected cost of the development; (2) the purchase price of the land; (3) the nature or character of the person or entity seeking to develop the property; and (4) any other factor that may be deemed relevant. Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 627. No single factor is controlling, and each case presents a unique factual situation which must be assessed when determining substantiality. Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 626-27.\nInitially, LSA argues that the circuit court erred in discounting Medlin\u2019s testimony regarding the materiality of its predevelopment expenditures. It asserts that courts applying Illinois law have often used the concepts of \u201cmaterial\u201d and \u201csubstantial\u201d interchangeably. See, e.g., Thacker v. UNR Industries, Inc., 151 Ill. 2d 343, 354-55, 603 N.E.2d 449 (1992) (\u201cUnder the \u2018substantial factor\u2019 test, which has been adopted by the Restatement (Second) of Torts, the defendant\u2019s conduct is said to be a cause of an event if it was a material element and a substantial factor in bringing the event about\u201d (emphasis added)); Opp v. Wheaton Van Lines, Inc., 56 F. Supp. 2d 1027, 1035 n.5 (N.D. Ill. 1999) (\u201cThe doctrine of \u2018substantial compliance\u2019 or \u2018substantial performance\u2019 dictates that \u2018when a party performs the essential, material parts of a contract in good faith,\u2019 even if literal compliance with the terms is lacking, the other party may be bound\u201d (emphasis added)). According to LSA, Medlin\u2019s opinion that its expenditures were material from an accounting perspective should, likewise, be considered relevant to the question of whether its predevelopment expenditures were substantial for the purposes of acquiring a vested right. We disagree.\nIn this case, Medlin reviewed LSA\u2019s financial statements and found that its expenditures of $272,022 represented more than 12% of its net income in 1997, over 10% of LSA\u2019s cash flow from operations, more than 6% of its gross profits, over 2% of its total revenues, more than 1% of LSA\u2019s total depreciable assets, and more than 4% of its owners\u2019 equity. Based on these benchmarks, Medlin opined that LSA\u2019s predevelopment expenditures were material from an accounting perspective. Although LSA seeks to equate materiality from an accounting perspective with substantiality in the context of a vested-rights case, the two concepts do not utilize the same determinative criteria and are not interchangeable.\nMateriality from an accounting standpoint compares expenditures to a number of financial benchmarks to determine whether they must be included in the financial statements; whereas, substantiality in the vested-rights context compares expenditures to the total projected cost of the development in order to determine whether a property owner has acquired a vested right in a prior zoning classification. See People ex rel. Skokie Town House Builders, Inc., 16 Ill. 2d at 191. Furthermore, substantiality employs a broader test, taking into account additional factors, such as the nature or character of the property owners. See Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 627.\nFor evidence to be relevant, it must have the tendency to make a fact of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable. Voykin v. Estate of DeBoer, 192 Ill. 2d 49, 57, 733 N.E.2d 1275 (2000). Given the dissimilarities between materiality and substantiality, Medlin\u2019s testimony regarding the material nature of LSA\u2019s expenditures from an accounting perspective provided little, if any, assistance to the circuit court in its determination as to whether those same expenditures were substantial for purposes of applying the vested-rights doctrine. It was the function of the circuit court, as the trier of fact, to determine the weight to be afforded the evidence, and the court\u2019s decisions in this regard will not be overturned on appeal unless they are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Eychaner v. Gross, 202 Ill. 2d 228, 251, 779 N.E.2d 1115 (2002). Under the facts of this case, we conclude that the circuit court\u2019s findings that Medlin\u2019s testimony was \u201cmarginally relevant\u201d and unpersuasive are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nNext, LSA argues that the circuit court\u2019s finding that its predevelopment expenditures were insubstantial is contrary to the long history and precedents of Illinois vested-rights jurisprudence. In its briefs before this court, LSA cites to a litany of cases in which expenditures less than $272,022.18 have been considered substantial. See, e.g., Illinois Mason Contractors, Inc. v. City of Wheaton, 19 Ill. 2d 462, 465, 167 N.E.2d 216 (1960) ($30,000 contract for work to be done, purchase of $5,000 in construction materials, and a $3,250 loan commission); People ex rel. Skokie Town House Builders, Inc., 16 Ill. 2d at 191-92 ($26,000 for the purchase of the property and $1,830 in permit fees and sidewalk deposit); Constantine v. Village of Glen Ellyn, 217 Ill. App. 3d 4, 25, 575 N.E.2d 1363 (1991) ($70,100 purchase price of the property and $1,400 architect fee); O\u2019Connell Home Builders, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 99 Ill. App. 3d 1054, 1061, 425 N.E.2d 1339 (1981) ($17,500 spent on architectural fees and tree removal service); Mattson v. City of Chicago, 89 Ill. App. 3d 378, 381, 411 N.E.2d 1002 (1980) (demolition of home valued at $40,000 plus $4,100 in demolition and architectural fees); Sgro v. Howarth, 54 Ill. App. 2d 1, 9-10, 203 N.E.2d 173 (1964) ($23,500 for the purchase of the property plus undisclosed permit fees). The difficulty with these cases, however, is that they only reference the amount of expenditures incurred and do not identify the total projected costs of the developments or provide a comparison of the expenditures to the projected development costs.\nIn Healey, the Illinois Supreme Court acknowledged for the first time that the proportionality between the expenditures incurred and the total projected cost of the development was a factor to be considered in determining substantiality. See Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 626-27. In adopting proportionality as a factor, the supreme court held that the determination as to whether a property owner has made a substantial change of position in good-faith reliance on the probability of obtaining a building permit could not be decided \u201cby considering only the objective amount of expenditures in a vacuum.\u201d Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 626-27. In light of the supreme court\u2019s holding in Healey, the precedential value of the prior vested-rights cases cited by LSA is limited, at best.\nOur own research has reveled a single Illinois vested-rights case that clearly contains both the expenditures and the total projected cost of the development, Cribbin v. City of Chicago, 384 Ill. App. 3d 878, 893 N.E.2d 1016 (2008). In Cribbin, this court concluded that the property owners\u2019 predevelopment expenditure of $260,000 was substantial. Cribbin, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 894. The facts of that case further demonstrate that the owners intended to construct three buildings on the property at a total cost of $950,000. Cribbin, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 883. Accordingly, the $260,000 in expenditures found to be substantial in Cribbin represented more than 27% of the total projected cost of the development.\nIn this case, however, the $272,022.18 in expenditures incurred by LSA prior to December 10, 1997, amounted to less than one-half of 1% of the estimated $72 million to $76 million total projected cost of the development. We believe that LSA\u2019s expenditures, when viewed in relation to the ultimate cost of the development, cannot be considered substantial.\nIn reaching this conclusion, we reject LSA\u2019s assertion that reliance on a strict mathematical comparison of the expenditures to the projected development costs would \u201ceffectively end\u201d vested-rights claims for developers, as any predevelopment expenditures incurred by a property owner before receiving a building permit will necessarily be a small fraction of the total costs of the project, particularly when the development is a large structure. The vested-rights doctrine is the exception, not the rule. Until the property owner has made a substantial change of position, the municipality has an ongoing right to amend its zoning ordinances. See Ropiy, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 51. In the event that an existing zoning ordinance changes prior to the accrual of a vested right in that zoning classification, the property owner has no cause to object to a rezoning. See Shepard v. Pollution Control Board, 272 Ill. App. 3d 764, 772, 651 N.E.2d 555 (1995); County of Kendall v. Aurora National Bank Trust No. 1107, 219 Ill. App. 3d 841, 850, 579 N.E.2d 1283 (1991). Moreover, LSA\u2019s argument is belied by the facts of Cribbin, where the predevelopment expenditures equaled more than 27% of the total cost of the project even though no construction permit had issued. See Cribbin, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 880, 894. Consequently, we believe it is unlikely that our decision will \u201ceffectively end\u201d vested-rights claims for developers.\nLSA also alleges that a strict mathematical comparison of the expenditures to the projected development costs would be \u201csubject to manipulation by encouraging developers to build with cheaper materials or to refuse to agree to changes requested by the community that could raise development costs.\u201d However, as LSA\u2019s musings in this regard are unanchored and undeveloped, we find them to be lacking in merit with no need for further discussion.\nWe, likewise, reject LSA\u2019s contention that the circuit court\u2019s decision erroneously suggested that expenditures less than 2% of the total projected cost of the development could not be considered substantial. In its March 25, 2009, order, the circuit court stated that \u201c[i]t is worth noting\u201d that this court had used a $20,000 expenditure toward a $1 million project, or an expenditure equal to 2% of the projected development cost, as an example of an insubstantial expenditure. See Lake Shore III, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 822, rev\u2019d on other grounds, Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 629-30. Despite LSA\u2019s assertions to the contrary, neither we nor the circuit court held that 2% is the minimum threshold that must be reached for an expenditure to be considered substantial. Our reference in Lake Shore III, to \u201c[a] developer who spends $20,000 on a project estimated to cost $40,000 is in a quite different position than a developer who spends $20,000 on a project estimated to cost $1 million,\u201d was merely an explanation of the rationale for comparing the amount spent on a proposed development to the total cost of the project, not a minimum threshold. See Lake Shore III, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 822, rev\u2019d on other grounds, Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 629-30.\nLSA next argues that the circuit court erred in determining its nature or character and improperly concluded that the nature or character of a property owner, for the purposes of the vested-rights doctrine, turns on whether the owner was an individual homeowner or a large developer.\nContrary to LSA\u2019s contention, the circuit court did not base its determination of LSA\u2019s nature or character on its status as either an individual homeowner or large developer. Rather, the court\u2019s decision in this regard was based on the fact that LSA had substantial profits and assets and, therefore, could easily absorb the loss of $272,022.18. Specifically, the circuit court noted that LSA\u2019s assets included: (1) the property at issue, valued at $6 million in 1997; (2) two, 22-story highrise buildings with 740 units located at 1350-60 North Lake Shore Drive; (3) a 27% interest in Second Prairie Shores Apartments; (4) a 9% interest in Third Prairie Shores Apartments; and (5) a 10% interest in Astor Lane Associates, which owns high-rise residential and industrial buildings throughout Chicago. The court also noted that LSA\u2019s depreciable assets totaled more than $25 million in 1996 and more than $26 million in 1997; that LSA\u2019s net income was almost $1.9 million in 1996 and almost $2.2 million in 1997; that executives at Draper testified that LSA had \u201csignificant assets\u201d and, as such, financing the construction project would not have been difficult; that LSA has 4 general partners and more than 100 limited partners, who are considered \u201cwealthy\u201d individuals; and that distributions of $46 million were made to the partners in 2000 and 2001.\nIn Lake Shore III, we held that courts should consider the character of the entity incurring the cost of the development, noting that what might be considered a large investment for an individual homeowner could be considered minimal for a large land developer. Lake Shore III, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 822. The supreme court subsequently adopted the nature or character of the person or entity seeking to develop the property as a factor to be taken into account in making a substantiality determination. Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 627. Although LSA sought to establish that it was a \u201cfrugal\u201d and \u201cpenny-pinching organization\u201d through the testimony of Ford, we do not believe that the circuit court erred in rejecting Ford\u2019s subjective views of the nature or character of LSA. Instead, the court relied on objective evidence, such as LSA\u2019s assets and profits, in making this determination.\nAlternatively, LSA takes issue with some of the circuit court\u2019s factual findings regarding its nature or character. In particular, LSA contends that the circuit court ruled that evidence concerning the distributions made to partners after 1997 was inadmissible. Our review of the record, however, reveals that, while the circuit court found that LSA\u2019s financial statements from the years 2000 to 2006 were not \u201cindependently relevant\u201d for the purposes of evaluating Medlin\u2019s expert testimony, the court had previously admitted LSA\u2019s 2000 and 2001 financial statements into evidence. As the circuit court\u2019s decision only referenced distributions made in 2000 and 2001, we cannot say that the court considered evidence that was not before it.\nAdditionally, LSA asserts that the circuit court erroneously looked past the entity that actually incurred the expenses and considered the wealth of its individual partners. However, even assuming that it was improper for the circuit court to consider the wealth of LSA\u2019s partners, any such error would be harmless. When considered in light of the remaining evidence cited by the circuit court, we do not believe that the brief and passing reference to the \u201cwealthy\u201d individual partners could have affected the outcome of the court\u2019s decision. See Hadley v. Snyder, 335 Ill. App. 3d 347, 351-52, 780 N.E.2d 316 (2002) (finding an error which did not affect the outcome of the case to be harmless).\nIn a related argument, LSA maintains that the circuit court erred in considering Draper\u2019s assets in determining its nature or character. Although the circuit court initially noted that LSA and \u201cits closely tied affiliate [Draper] are large entities with substantial assets,\u201d all of the specific assets listed in the circuit court\u2019s decision related to LSA, not Draper. Accordingly, it does not appear that the circuit court actually considered any of Draper\u2019s assets in making its decision regarding LSA\u2019s nature or character.\nLSA also asserts that, in determining its nature or character, the circuit court: (1) \u201cpurported to rely\u201d on the fact that its net income was almost $1.9 million in 1996 and almost $2.2 million in 1997, \u201cwithout explaining why expenditures of 14% and 12% respectively\u201d are not substantial; (2) referenced the two large buildings it owned, \u201cbut failed to draw the obvious conclusion that spending hundreds of thousands of dollars in cash is even more significant to landowners with limited cash because most of their assets [are] tied up in non-liquid holdings\u201d; and (3) \u201ccited to the $6 million value of the subject property \u2014 but did not explain why spending nearly 5% of that value (and over 22% of the purchase price when adjusted for inflation) is not substantial.\u201d Though LSA has labeled these assertions as \u201ccontrived and erroneous conclusions\u201d of the circuit court, LSA is, in fact, merely asking us to reweigh the evidence presented in this case. As previously discussed, the circuit court was required to weigh the evidence, and its inferences and conclusions drawn therefrom will be disturbed on review only if they are contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. Eychaner, 202 Ill. 2d at 251.\nBased on the record before us, we are unable to conclude that the circuit court\u2019s characterization of LSA as a large entity with substantial profits and assets, which allowed it to easily absorb the loss of $272,022.18, is against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nFinally, LSA contends that the circuit court erred in failing to take into account the cost of the property when determining whether its expenditures were substantial. While the purchase price of the property is a factor that may be considered in determining substantiality (see Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 627), only those expenditures made in good-faith reliance on the prior zoning classification are included in the substantiality determination (see Ropiy, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 52-53). In this case, the property at issue was purchased 26 years before RPD 196 was enacted. Because it is clear that the property was not purchased in reliance on the RPD 196 zoning classification, the purchase price was properly excluded from consideration in this case.\nBased on the totality of the circumstances, we cannot say that the circuit court\u2019s finding that LSA\u2019s $272,022.18 in predevelopment expenditures was not sufficiently substantial to give rise to vested right to develop the property in accordance with the RPD 196 zoning classification is contrary to the law or against the manifest weight of the evidence. Absent proof of a vested right, LSA was not entitled to a zoning certificate or building permit under RPD 196. See Healey, 223 Ill. 2d at 628. Accordingly, the circuit court properly denied LSA\u2019s request for a writ of mandamus.\nFor the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.\nAffirmed.\nTHEIS and KARNEZIS, JJ., concur.\nLSA\u2019s complaint also contained a count seeking a declaration that the downzoning ordinance did not affect its right to develop the property in conformity with RPD 196 and an injunction barring the City of Chicago from enforcing the downzoning ordinance. This count, however, was later voluntarily dismissed on LSA\u2019s own motion. In addition, the complaint sought a declaration that the downzoning ordinance was void. Following a trial on this issue, the circuit court found that the challenged ordinance was constitutionally valid as applied to the property, and we previously affirmed the court\u2019s findings in this regard. 1350 Lake Shore Associates v. Casalino, 352 Ill. App. 3d 1027, 1048-49, 816 N.E.2d 675 (2004).", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE HOFFMAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "DIA Piper LLP (US), of Chicago (Thomas F. Geselbracht and Kenneth L. Schmetterer, of counsel), for appellant.", "Mara S. Georges, Corporation Counsel (Benna Ruth Solomon, Myriam Zreczny Kasper, and Kerrie Maloney Laytin, Assistant Corporation Counsel, of counsel), Edward Joyce and Rowena T. Parma, both of Edward T. Joyce & Associates, and Reuben L. Hedlund, of McGuire Woods LLP, all of Chicago, for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "1350 LAKE SHORE ASSOCIATES, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ARNOLD L. RANDALL, Commissioner, Department of Planning and Development of the City of Chicago, et al., Defendants-Appellees (Edward T. Joyce et al., Intervenors-Appellees).\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 1\u201409\u20141126\nOpinion filed April 20, 2010.\nDIA Piper LLP (US), of Chicago (Thomas F. Geselbracht and Kenneth L. Schmetterer, of counsel), for appellant.\nMara S. Georges, Corporation Counsel (Benna Ruth Solomon, Myriam Zreczny Kasper, and Kerrie Maloney Laytin, Assistant Corporation Counsel, of counsel), Edward Joyce and Rowena T. Parma, both of Edward T. Joyce & Associates, and Reuben L. Hedlund, of McGuire Woods LLP, all of Chicago, for appellees." }, "file_name": "0096-01", "first_page_order": 112, "last_page_order": 126 }