{ "id": 3338073, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CEDELL MOSLEY, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Mosley", "decision_date": "1978-07-13", "docket_number": "No. 77-217", "first_page": "437", "last_page": "445", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "63 Ill. App. 3d 437" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "365 U.S. 265", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6165142 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "280" }, { "page": "561" }, { "page": "542" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/365/0265-01" ] }, { "cite": "371 U.S. 471", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 450611 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "487-88" }, { "page": "445" }, { "page": "417" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/371/0471-01" ] }, { "cite": "216 N.E.2d 669", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "34 Ill. 2d 456", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2877863 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "464" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/34/0456-01" ] }, { "cite": "350 N.E.2d 215", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "39 Ill. App. 3d 177", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5381298 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/39/0177-01" ] }, { "cite": "323 N.E.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "4" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "25 Ill. App. 3d 145", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2703974 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "149" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/25/0145-01" ] }, { "cite": "373 U.S. 427", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11718713 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "439" }, { "page": "470" }, { "page": "1388" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/373/0427-01" ] }, { "cite": "401 U.S. 745", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11714876 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/401/0745-01" ] }, { "cite": "328 N.E.2d 260", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "264" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "60 Ill. 2d 189", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5415884 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "192-93" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/60/0189-01" ] }, { "cite": "339 N.E.2d 456", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "460-61" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "34 Ill. App. 3d 705", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2963417 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "710" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/34/0705-01" ] }, { "cite": "327 N.E.2d 518", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "28 Ill. App. 3d 232", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5406544 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/28/0232-01" ] }, { "cite": "216 N.E.2d 154", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "34 Ill. 2d 387", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2880924 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/34/0387-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 819, "char_count": 20130, "ocr_confidence": 0.893, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.265601171773515e-07, "percentile": 0.6135014049081626 }, "sha256": "1132c5461d19f08557f29c16bb0262f5aaf9ad0f6c6484a53ab0c4a6c01576c5", "simhash": "1:b81b74dc0ed376f0", "word_count": 3258 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:24:25.660634+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CEDELL MOSLEY, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE JONES\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe State appeals from an order of the trial court suppressing two tape recordings and the testimony of any person concerning either of the conversations contained therein. The principal issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in finding that the State had not complied with the relevant portions of article 14 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (eavesdropping statute) in recording certain conversations involving defendant Cedell Mosley (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 38, par. 14 \u2014 1 etseq.).\nIn March and April of 1976, the Belleville office of the Illinois Bureau of Investigation was engaged in the investigation of alleged payoffs from tavern owners to East St. Louis city officials. As a result of conversations on March 29 and April 12, 1976, between IBI agent George Murray and defendant Mosley, Director of Public Safety of the city of East St. Louis, the defendant was charged with bribery, intimidation, official misconduct and conspiracy to permit gambling. Tape recordings of these conversations were made with the consent of the agent. These tapes are the subject of the instant suppression order.\nA hearing on the defendant\u2019s motion to suppress was conducted on February 25, 1977. The only witness examined during the hearing was Ronald Grimming, Special Agent Squad Leader of the IBI office mentioned above. Prior to that examination, counsel stipulated that in both instances the request for authorization to record was made orally by agent Grimming, and that the written authorizations for such were prepared by the IBI and signed by State\u2019s Attorney Robert Rice prior to the time of each recording.\nTwo exhibits were admitted at the hearing. Defendant\u2019s Exhibit 1 consisted of three pages of IBI interagency memoranda relating to the March 29 recording and a one-page written authorization for that taping addressed to agent Grimming and signed by the State\u2019s Attorney. The authorization was dated March 25, 1976. Exhibit 2 was substantially the same as exhibit 1, referring, however, to the April 12 recording.\nIt was established that the State\u2019s Attorney did not see the interagency memoranda or any writing other than the letters of authorization which he signed prior to the recording of either of the two conversations. However, as noted above, he did have oral conversations with agent Grimm in g before he signed the authorizations. According to Grimming, the IBI\u2019s investigation had focused specifically on defendant prior to March 25. In the oral conversations seeking eavesdropping authority for both conversations, agent Grimming told the State\u2019s Attorney that he was seeking authority to record defendant Mosley. In fact, he only sought authorization as to the defendant for the March 29 date. The State\u2019s Attorney gave separate oral consent for the taping of both conversations with Mosley in addition to signing the written authorization forms.\nEach of the written authorizations was identical except for the date and time of surveillance. The following excerpt from the authorization of March 25 is sufficient to reveal the substance of both authorizations:\n\u201cThis letter is to confirm the oral request made by St. Clair County State\u2019s Attorney Robert H. Rice on March 25, 1976 for an Agent or Agents of the Illinois Bureau of Investigation to use an electronic eavesdropping device to hear or record all or any part of any conversation with the consent of any one party to such conversation with the following limitations:\nThat said eavesdropping shall occur only between the hours of 6:00 a.m. on March 29, 1976 and 6:00 p.m. on March 29, 1976, unless further notification is received from this office; and that the eavesdropping shall occur within the boundaries of St. Clair County in Illinois.\nAny information or evidence obtained through the use of said eavesdropping device, with the above limitations, shall be used or divulged only in a criminal proceeding.\u201d\nThe trial court granted defendant\u2019s motion to suppress the tape recordings and further ordered the suppression of \u201cthe testimony of any person concerning either such conversation.\u201d The court determined that the requests for surveillance were made by agents of the Illinois Bureau of Investigation and not the State\u2019s Attorney as required by the eavesdropping statute. The court\u2019s primary objection to the surveillance, however, was that the authorization was too broad in that it failed to identify the persons who were to be placed under surveillance. The court also emphasized the lack of any written evidence that Grimming had sought to use electronic surveillance on the defendant.\nAt the time the surveillance in this case took place, section 14 \u2014 2 of the eavesdropping statute provided in pertinent part that:\n\u201cA person commits eavesdropping when he:\n(a) Uses an eavesdropping device to hear or record all or any part of any conversation unless he does so with the consent of any one party to such conversation and at the request of a State\u2019s Attorney # \u00b0 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 38, par. 14 \u2014 2(a).)\nSection 14 \u2014 5 of the statute provided in pertinent part that:\n\u201cAny evidence obtained in violation of this article is not admissible in any civil or criminal trial * # Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 38, par. 14 \u2014 5.\nThe State contends on appeal that neither the fourth amendment to the United States Constitution nor article 1, section 6 of the Illinois Constitution of 1970 compels this court to hold that section 14 \u2014 2 of the eavesdropping statute requires a State\u2019s Attorney to issue a specific, written authorization for the use of eavesdropping devices. They assert that the \u201crequest\u201d may be completely oral and that it need not have the type of specificity required by the federal constitution for eavesdropping to which no party has consented. The State also contends that the statute does not require that a State\u2019s Attorney initiate a request for the use of eavesdropping devices but only that such requests be subject to the authorization or consent of a State\u2019s Attorney. Finally, the State argues that even if the tape recordings were properly suppressed, the trial court erred in suppressing the testimony of the IBI agent as to the conversations.\nSince 1961, Illinois has had several variations of section 14 \u2014 2(a) providing for exceptions to the general ban on eavesdropping. (See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1961, 1969, 1977, ch. 38, par. 14\u20142.) The 1961 version (effective January 1, 1962) was interpreted by our supreme court to preclude admission of evidence obtained by eavesdropping devices unless the person against whom the evidence was being offered had consented to its recording. (People v. Kurth, 34 Ill. 2d 387, 216 N.E.2d 154.) In response to that holding, the general assembly amended section 14\u2014(a) in 1969 (P.A. 76-1110) to read as quoted above. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 38, par. 14\u20142(a).\nSince the instant recordings were made prior to the July 1, 1976, effective date of the current version of section 14 \u2014 2 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 14\u20142), the determination of the admissibility of the recordings must be judged on the basis of the provision enacted in 1969.\nThat section simply provides that one does not commit the offense of eavesdropping if he records a conversation \u201cwith the consent of any one party to such conversation and at the request of a State\u2019s Attorney.\u201d By operation of section 14 \u2014 5, a recording obtained in such a manner is admissible in a criminal trial.\nIt is apparent that the statute \"does not provide \u00e1ny specific limitations as to the content or form of a State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s request for the overhearing or recording of any conversation with the consent of any one party thereto. We find that the lack of enumeration was intended and that proof of the two stated requirements is all that is necessary to make a particular recording admissible. (People v. Knight, 28 Ill. App. 3d 232, 327 N.E.2d 518; People v. Klingenberg, 34 Ill. App. 3d 705, 339 N.E.2d 456; see also People v. Richardson, 60 Ill. 2d 189, 328 N.E.2d 260.) Neither the Federal nor the State constitution dictates a different interpretation of this clear and unambiguous statute.\nThe trial court\u2019s apparent holding that the instant recordings must be suppressed because defendant was not named in the written \u201crequest\u201d is in error. The statute does not provide for a written request specifically naming the defendant. It merely states that the recording must be made at the request of the State\u2019s Attorney. It is our belief that a request by the State\u2019s Attorney to record conversations to which one of the parties has consented, without naming any particular person who will be the subject of the surveillance is a sufficient request under section 14 \u2014 2(a) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 38, par. 14 \u2014 2(a)). So long as the evidence establishes that such a request was made and that one of the parties to the conversation consented to the taping, the exception of section 14 \u2014 2(a) is established, and the recording should be admitted. It is abundantly clear that both of these requirements were met in the instant case.\nAny other interpretation would be impractical and unwarranted. In criminal investigations it is undoubtedly often the case that law enforcement officers have reasonable cause for believing that a serious crime has been or soon will be committed and that the officers will be involved in conversations revealing such without knowing precisely who will be making incriminating statements concerning the crime. Our interpretation of the statute should not be so strained as to prevent the admission of highly reliable evidence of crimes obtained under these circumstances. Even the current, more explicit eavesdropping statute (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 14 \u2014 1 et seq.; par. 108A \u2014 1 et seq.) contemplates the issuance of eavesdropping orders that do not state the persons to be surveilled. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 108A \u2014 5(a)(2).\nThe statute as we have interpreted it does not violate either the Federal or State constitutions.\nAs our supreme court noted in People v. Richardson, the Supreme Court decision of United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745, 28 L. Ed. 2d 453, 91 S. Ct. 1122, stands for the proposition that warrantless, one-party consent eavesdropping is not a violation of the fourth amendment. In fact, the present technique may involve no \u201ceavesdropping\u201d in any proper sense of the term since the State did not use an electronic device to listen in on a conversation it could not have otherwise heard. Lopez v. United States, 373 U.S. 427, 439, 10 L. Ed. 2d 462, 470, 83 S. Ct. 1381, 1388.\nSince under the White decision, one-party consent conversations could be recorded solely upon the decision of the police department, it is clear that our statute, which contains the added requirement of a request by a State\u2019s Attorney, cannot violate one\u2019s fourth amendment rights. Richardson, 60 Ill. 2d 189, 192-93, 328 N.E.2d 260, 264.\nMoreover, it was established in Richardson that the framers of our new State Constitution did not intend to render eavesdropping with one-party consent or section 14 \u2014 2(a) unconstitutional. Article 1, section 6 of the Illinois Constitution of 1970 merely prohibits \u201cunreasonable # \u00b0 \u00b0 interceptions of communications by eavesdropping devices or other means.\u201d This is a minimum guarantee against interceptions of communications (6 Record of Proceedings, Sixth Constitutional Convention 30) (hereinafter Proceedings) which was primarily directed at recording of conversations without the consent of any party; one-party consent recordings were accepted by the framers as reasonable and beyond the scope of the section\u2019s sweep. See 6 Proceedings 1523-45.\nOur view that a specific reference to the defendant is not necessary in order to make valid a State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s request for use of eavesdropping devices is supported by the case of People v. Knight, 28 Ill. App. 3d 232, 327 N.E.2d 518, and dicta in People v. Klingenberg, 34 Ill. App. 3d 705, 339 N.E.2d 456. But see People v. Porcelli, 25 Ill. App. 3d 145, 323 N.E.2d 1.\nIn People v. Knight the Fourth District Appellate Court held that a State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s request to use audio-visual recording equipment whenever anyone was questioned or tested at the county jail concerning a charge of driving while intoxicated was a valid request under section 14\u2014 2 of the eavesdropping statute (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 38, par. 14 \u2014 2). The request by its very nature could not avert to the particular defendant involved, nevertheless, the court found it sufficient under the statute, holding that the kind of requirements, similar to those necessary in a search warrant, which the First District Appellate Court in People v. Porcelli held necessary for a valid authorization, were not mandated by the eavesdropping statute.\nA similar factual situation was presented to the Second District Appellate Court in People v. Klingenberg. Although the court found that the trial court\u2019s suppression of the video portion of an audio-visual surveillance of a suspect arrested for driving while intoxicated was error because there had been no \u201ceavesdropping\u201d within the meaning of the statute, the court went on to find that the general surveillance request of the State\u2019s Attorney was sufficient under the statute and that the request need not have the specificity required by the Federal Constitution for eavesdropping to which no party consented. Klingenberg, 34 Ill. App. 3d 705, 710, 339 N.E.2d 456, 460-61.\nIn People v. Porcelli, the First District Appellate Court found that under certain unenumerated \u201cstandards required by Illinois law,\u201d a written authorization letter that did not state the persons to be surveilled or the operators of the eavesdropping equipment and allowed surveillance during one week\u2019s time was too broad. The court felt that such finding was required because the statutory, restraints on electronic eavesdropping and the mandate of our State Constitution \u201cdemand the strict construction of the statute and coordinately, the equally strict scrutiny of all purported consents and requests. * * *\u201d 25 Ill. App. 3d 145, 149, 323 N.E.2d 1, 4.\nThe Porcelli interpretation was rejected by the courts in Knight and Klingenberg, and rightfully so. Its rationale was undercut by Richardsons pointed remarks concerning our constitutional provision, and, although eavesdropping is indeed a criminal offense, the statute provides for an exception which was clearly present both in Porcelli and here. Moreover, even though the First District still pays lip service to Porcelli, it since has approved a request that mentioned only one of two co-defendants and did not specify who would operate the eavesdropping device. People v. Marlow, 39 Ill. App. 3d 177, 350 N.E.2d 215.\nEven if we were to read into the revision of section 14 \u2014 2 applicable here the requirement that eavesdropping be strictly limited to those persons and times specified in the request, the instant recordings would still be admissible since the record clearly establishes that the requests were directed at the defendant and the recordings were obtained within the limited hours specified in the written requests. Agent Grimming specifically sought permission to tape defendant prior to both dates in his conversations with the State\u2019s Attorney. The State\u2019s Attorney in turn orally authorized such tapings and executed the written authorizations to confirm his oral requests.\nThe trial court was misguided in placing primary emphasis on the IBI memoranda which the State\u2019s Attorney never saw. Although it is true that only the memoranda as to the April 12 taping mentioned defendant, such fact cannot serve to negate the clear testimony of Grimming concerning the oral exchanges that occurred prior to the taping. Moreover, as we have already stated, whether defendant was singled out in a request is irrelevant under the statute.\nAs is suggested by our interchangeable use of the terms \u201crequest,\u201d \u201cauthorization\u201d and \u201cconsent,\u201d we disagree with the trial court\u2019s conclusion that section 14 \u2014 2 requires the initial request for eavesdropping originate with the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office. We do not believe the legislature intended the language of section 14 \u2014 2 to have such a literal interpretation. Criminal investigations are the province of law enforcement agencies, and it is those agencies which will ordinarily be possessed of the information that will indicate the efficacy of eavesdropping. Consequently, the State\u2019s Attorney will in most instances be acting upon recommendations from such agencies. We can only believe that the legislature merely intended that eavesdropping be conducted with the authorization or approval of the State\u2019s Attorney. Any other interpretation would be senseless and ignore the practical realities of criminal investigations.\nSince the tape recordings were improperly suppressed, it undoubtedly follows that the suppression of \u201cthe testimony of any person concerning either such conversation\u201d was error. We note, however, that under the doctrine of the \u201cfruit of the poisonous tree,\u201d which our supreme court has expressly held applicable to evidence obtained as a result of a violation of the eavesdropping statute (People v. Maslowsky, 34 Ill. 2d 456, 464, 216 N.E.2d 669), the testimony of agent Murray about the conversations would have been admissible even if the tape recordings were properly suppressed. The clearest and certainly most famous statement of this doctrine appears in Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441, 83 S. Ct. 407:\n\u201cWe need not hold that all evidence is \u2018fruit of the poisonous tree\u2019 simply because it would not have come to light but for the illegal actions of the police. Rather, the more apt question in such a case is \u2018whether, granting establishment of the primary illegality, the evidence to which instant objection is made has been come at by exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.\u2019 \u201d 371 U.S. 471, 487-88, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441, 445, 83 S. Ct. 407, 417.\nThe concern of this doctrine is to prevent the admission of evidence \u201cobtained from or as a consequence of lawless official acts, not evidence obtained from an \u2018independent source.\u2019 \u201d Costello v. United States, 365 U.S. 265, 280, 5 L. Ed. 2d 551, 561, 81 S. Ct. 534, 542; 31A C.J.S. Evidence \u00a7187, at 501 (1964).\nIn the instant case, the conversations between defendant and agent Murray occurred as a result of Murray\u2019s investigation of the alleged payoffs. They would have occurred even if he had not received approval to carry a recorder on his person, and consequently, his testimony was derived from a source completely independent of the recordings and was admissible without regard to the legality of the tapings. The evidence at the suppression hearing clearly established that Murray had numerous conversations with tavern owners during the course of his investigation and that one owner, prior to March 25, arranged for the 29th a meeting between Murray and defendant \u201cso that Murray could become known to influential people.\u201d It was only subsequent to this that authorization to tape was obtained. Similarly, the second conversation could not be realistically viewed as being a consequence of the eavesdropping rather than the contact made pursuant to Murray\u2019s investigation.\nFor the stated reasons, we reverse the suppression order of the circuit court of St. Clair County and remand this cause for further proceedings.\nReversed and remanded.\nWINELAND, J., concurs.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE JONES" }, { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE GEORGE J. MORAN,\ndissenting:\nI dissent on the basis of the opinion of this court in People v. Kezerian, No. 77-260, filed July 13, 1978.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE GEORGE J. MORAN," } ], "attorneys": [ "Clyde L. Kuehn, State\u2019s Attorney, of Belleville (Bruce D. Irish and Raymond F. Buckley, Jr., both of Illinois State\u2019s Attorneys Association, of counsel), for the People.", "Edward Neville, of East St. Louis, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CEDELL MOSLEY, Defendant-Appellee.\nFifth District\nNo. 77-217\nOpinion filed July 13, 1978.\nG. MORAN, J., dissenting.\nClyde L. Kuehn, State\u2019s Attorney, of Belleville (Bruce D. Irish and Raymond F. Buckley, Jr., both of Illinois State\u2019s Attorneys Association, of counsel), for the People.\nEdward Neville, of East St. Louis, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0437-01", "first_page_order": 459, "last_page_order": 467 }