{
  "id": 3226590,
  "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. DONALD W. DUDA et al., Defendants-Appellants",
  "name_abbreviation": "People v. Duda",
  "decision_date": "1980-03-20",
  "docket_number": "No. 15644",
  "first_page": "525",
  "last_page": "529",
  "citations": [
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      "cite": "82 Ill. App. 3d 525"
    }
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  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.",
    "id": 8837,
    "name": "Illinois Appellate Court"
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  "jurisdiction": {
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    "name_long": "Illinois",
    "name": "Ill."
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    {
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      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "N.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
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    {
      "cite": "10 Ill. App. 3d 528",
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        "/ill-app-3d/10/0528-01"
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:27:47.517302+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. DONALD W. DUDA et al., Defendants-Appellants."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Mr. PRESIDING JUSTICE MILLS\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nA demonstration and \u201csmoke-in\u201d on the Illinois Capitol grounds.\nCharge: Interference with another\u2019s use of State land.\nGuilty \u2014 2 days in jail.\nWe reverse: Insufficient evidence.\nDuda and his co-defendants (Norris, Kiser, Haynes, and Callahan) were convicted of criminal trespass to State-supported land following a bench trial. The charges arose from an incident which occurred on September 3, 1978, on the grounds of the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, at what has commonly been referred to as \u201cSpringfield\u2019s First Annual Fall Harvest Festival and Smoke-in.\u201d\nComplaints were filed which charged defendants with violating section 21 \u2014 5(a) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 21 \u2014 5(a)), in that they:\n\u201c\u00b0 * * entered upon land, the grounds of the State House of the State of Illinois, located in Springfield, Sangamon County, Illinois, and remained upon the land after receiving notice from Lance Charlson, a representative of the Secretary of State of the State of Illinois, and thereby interfered with the Illinois Secretary of State\u2019s lawful use of such land, to-wit: His legal duty to take charge of and preserve from waste and keep in repair such land, which land is supported in part with State of Illinois funds.\u201d\nAt trial, Gene Graves, director of physical services for the Office of the Secretary of State, detailed the attempts by defendant Duda to obtain permission to hold a demonstration on the cap\u00edtol grounds. But permission was denied.\nGraves then told of the events which occurred several days later, on September 3, 1978. The crowd began assembling at approximately 11:30 a.m. on the cap\u00edtol grounds and the demonstration remained orderly until 1 p.m., at which time Graves noted a marked change in the crowd\u2019s demeanor. Members of the crowd sat in trees, broke tree branches, and put up signs. At 2 p.m., Graves determined that the demonstration should end at 3 p.m. Graves also stated that regulations concerning demonstrations outside of the Capitol Building were determined on an ad hoc basis, not by prior defined policy.\nSteve Morehead, a lieutenant with the investigation division of the Secretary of State\u2019s office, testified regarding two incidents of a male beating on a replica of the liberty bell with wood and metal objects. At approximately 2:40 to 2:45 p.m., he informed defendant Duda and the others that the protest was to end at 3 p.m. At Morehead\u2019s request, defendant Duda, relayed the message to the crowd. The crowd became boisterous after the announcement. Morehead also noted that the grounds were littered with beer bottles and cans, paper sacks, and other debris.\nAt approximately 3:30 p.m., a crowd control team of 150 officers in riot gear moved in to disperse the demonstrators. (There were 250-300 persons attending the demonstration.) Defendants Duda, Norris, Callahan, and Kiser were arrested after refusing to depart, and the grounds were cleared.\nSteadfast in their desire to protest, and undaunted by the actions of the law enforcement personnel, a crowd of 75 to 100 demonstrators returned to the cap\u00edtol grounds. Again the crowd was dispersed. Defendant Haynes was arrested in the second sweep of the grounds after he refused to depart. Tranquility was finally restored at approximately 5:30 p.m. on this hot September afternoon.\nAt sentencing, each defendant got two days in the county jail.\nDefendants initially claim that the State has not shown guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. After carefully examining all of the evidence presented, we must agree. (And for this reason, we need not address the constitutional questions which have been raised.)\nThe criminal trespass statute states:\n\u201c(a) Whoever enters upon land supported in whole or in part with State funds, or Federal funds administered or granted through State agencies or any building oh such land, after receiving, immediately prior to such entry, notice from the State or its representative that such entry is forbidden, or remains upon such land or in such building after receiving notice from the State or its representative to depart, and who thereby interferes with another persons lawful use or enjoyment of such building or land, commits a Class A misdemeanor.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 21 \u2014 5(a).\nDefendants concede that they entered upon State-supported land and that they remained upon the land after being given notice to depart. They claim, however, that the State failed to establish an essential element of the offense \u2014 interference with another persons lawful use and enjoyment. The only examination of this requirement is this court\u2019s decision in People v. Holtzman (1973), 10 Ill. App. 3d 528, 294 N.E.2d 708. There, the defendant was convicted for refusing to discontinue soliciting signatures on a petition outside of a snack bar at the University of Illinois after being asked to leave by University police officers. This court reversed the conviction, declaring that the State failed to establish any interference with the use and enjoyment of the premises. In so doing, interference was defined as the type of conduct which by its nature tends to hinder, disrupt, or obstruct the orderly function of the official enterprise being carried on in the building or on the land.\nThe Illinois State Capitol serves a variety of functions, directly and indirectly. It is the seat of State government, the home of the legislature, and houses the offices of the Governor and other assorted State officials. It is also a tourist attraction, a place where citizens can observe their government in action and become instilled with a sense of civic pride and understanding. Finally, it affords a forum and setting for the expression of ideas, either officially or unofficially.\nWhile it would be easy to fathom how a crowd of 250 to 300 demonstrators could hinder, disrupt or obstruct these functions, our review of this record reflects that the State has failed to establish any interference in this case. There was no evidence of robust legislators scurrying through cap\u00edtol halls or congregating in hearing rooms. There was no evidence of classes of wide-eyed 10-year-olds craning their necks to catch a glimpse of the furious activity. There was no evidence of the young married couple, with toddler in hand, attempting to properly introduce him to the concrete, marble and bronze halls of government.\nExactly what does the evidence tell us? The evidence establishes that a group of protestors held a demonstration outside the State Capitol on September 3, 1978 \u2014 a Sunday \u2014 the Sunday, in fact, of the Labor Day weekend. And the testimony at trial further established that the building was locked due to the holiday.\nDid the evidence establish any permanent destruction to the beauty and magnificence of the cap\u00edtol complex? We hardly think so. Certainly there was litter, but at most this was a temporary eyesore. There was also the striking of the liberty bell. The record is devoid, however, of any evidence as to any adverse effect from the striking on the bell.\nFinally, there were broken tree branches. But was the hurt mortal to the trees? Were future generations to be deprived of the shade and beauty of century-old oaks? Again, no. There was no evidence whatever concerning any permanent damage to the trees.\nBut even if some permanent type of damage were shown, we would still be compelled to the same result for the complaint simply did not sufficiently allege this type of interference. As we have noted, the complaint alleged an interference with the Secretary of State\u2019s duty to maintain and preserve the State property. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 124, par. 5(7).\nThe State asserted in the trial court \u2014 and also asserts in this court\u2014 that any obstruction of the Secretary of State\u2019s duty is sufficient to establish interference with \u201canother person\u2019s lawful use or enjoyment * e e >> yye cannot agree. Simply stated, we do not feel that this is the type of interference that the legislature had in mind when it drafted the statute. The words \u201clawful use or enjoyment,\u201d given their plain meaning, are clearly not broad enough to encompass the duty to maintain.\nIt is quite possible that these protestors did in fact violate the statute in question by interfering with another\u2019s lawful use or enjoyment. A court of review is, however, limited by the record which is made in the trial court and presented to it. We cannot conjure up facts to fill the void in the evidence presented by the State and consequently we are forced to reverse.\nOur final caveat. This reversal should in no way be taken as a condonation of the disobedience of orders by law enforcement officials or the violation of marijuana laws. It is conceivable that the State, with the evidence available to it, might have successfully prosecuted these defendants for violating other criminal statutes, such as obstructing a police officer, disorderly conduct, littering, etc. Those were not, however, charged by the prosecution in this case.\nReversed.\nGREEN and WEBBER, JJ., concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Mr. PRESIDING JUSTICE MILLS"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Michael B. Metnick, of Springfield, and David Goldberger and Howard M. Richard, of Katten, Muchin, Cities, Zavis, Pearl & Caller, both of Chicago, for appellants.",
      "C. Joseph Cavanagh, State\u2019s Attorney, of Springfield (Gary J. Anderson and Larry Wechter, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. DONALD W. DUDA et al., Defendants-Appellants.\nFourth District\nNo. 15644\nOpinion filed March 20, 1980.\nMichael B. Metnick, of Springfield, and David Goldberger and Howard M. Richard, of Katten, Muchin, Cities, Zavis, Pearl & Caller, both of Chicago, for appellants.\nC. Joseph Cavanagh, State\u2019s Attorney, of Springfield (Gary J. Anderson and Larry Wechter, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People."
  },
  "file_name": "0525-01",
  "first_page_order": 547,
  "last_page_order": 551
}