{ "id": 5556790, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LARRY WADE COLLEY, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Colley", "decision_date": "1980-04-14", "docket_number": "No. 78-1637", "first_page": "834", "last_page": "842", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "83 Ill. App. 3d 834" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "230 N.E.2d 188", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "38 Ill. 2d 13", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2861989 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/38/0013-01" ] }, { "cite": "87 S. Ct. 1283", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "18 L. Ed. 2d 241", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "386 U.S. 18", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6168882 ], "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/386/0018-01" ] }, { "cite": "91 S. Ct. 1389", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "28 L. Ed. 2d 652", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "402 U.S. 911", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11741344, 11741291, 11741932, 11741867, 11741582, 11741711, 11741650, 11741395, 11742067, 11741526, 11742010, 11741791 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/402/0911-02", "/us/402/0911-01", "/us/402/0911-10", "/us/402/0911-09", "/us/402/0911-05", "/us/402/0911-07", "/us/402/0911-06", "/us/402/0911-03", "/us/402/0911-12", "/us/402/0911-04", "/us/402/0911-11", "/us/402/0911-08" ] }, { "cite": "257 N.E.2d 484", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "122 Ill. App. 2d 9", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1581511 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "24" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/122/0009-01" ] }, { "cite": "357 N.E.2d 1191", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "44 Ill. App. 3d 308", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2816928 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/44/0308-01" ] }, { "cite": "376 N.E.2d 730", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "60 Ill. App. 3d 271", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3353989 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/60/0271-01" ] }, { "cite": "391 N.E.2d 456", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "72 Ill. App. 3d 790", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5581060 ], "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/72/0790-01" ] }, { "cite": "97 S. Ct. 794", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "50 L. Ed. 2d 782", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "429 U.S. 1065", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6917, 6341, 6181, 5835, 6252, 7934, 7151, 7988, 6174, 5656, 7582, 6751 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/429/1065-02", "/us/429/1065-07", "/us/429/1065-12", "/us/429/1065-11", "/us/429/1065-05", "/us/429/1065-08", "/us/429/1065-04", "/us/429/1065-09", "/us/429/1065-06", "/us/429/1065-10", "/us/429/1065-03", "/us/429/1065-01" ] }, { "cite": "541 F.2d 932", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1034799 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "936-37" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/541/0932-01" ] }, { "cite": "425 F. Supp. 1166", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 7867656 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/425/1166-01" ] }, { "cite": "469 F. Supp. 490", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 4071965 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/469/0490-01" ] }, { "cite": "404 N.E.2d 181", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "79 Ill. 2d 508", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3070652 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/79/0508-01" ] }, { "cite": "361 N.E.2d 116", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "46 Ill. App. 3d 750", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2973901 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/46/0750-01" ] }, { "cite": "407 F. Supp. 204", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3848038 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/407/0204-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 N.E.2d 7", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "55 Ill. 2d 39", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2937410 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/55/0039-01" ] }, { "cite": "443 F. Supp. 1244", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3981261 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1253" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/443/1244-01" ] }, { "cite": "299 N.E.2d 20", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "12 Ill. App. 3d 221", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2852236 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "224" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/12/0221-01" ] }, { "cite": "371 N.E.2d 341", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "55 Ill. App. 3d 929", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3406574 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "935" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/55/0929-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 S. Ct. 1623", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "56 L. Ed. 2d 69", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "435 U.S. 975", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 2753, 2627, 2820, 3045, 2407, 2824, 2823, 2378, 2893, 2861, 3023, 2964, 2811 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/435/0975-02", "/us/435/0975-13", "/us/435/0975-04", "/us/435/0975-01", "/us/435/0975-11", "/us/435/0975-08", "/us/435/0975-09", "/us/435/0975-07", "/us/435/0975-10", "/us/435/0975-12", "/us/435/0975-05", "/us/435/0975-06", "/us/435/0975-03" ] }, { "cite": "370 N.E.2d 1040", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "69 Ill. 2d 145", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5456228 ], "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/69/0145-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 436", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12046400 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "473-74" }, { "page": "723" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0436-01" ] }, { "cite": "423 U.S. 96", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6175104 ], "weight": 12, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "102" }, { "page": "320" }, { "page": "326" }, { "page": "104" }, { "page": "321" }, { "page": "326" }, { "page": "105-06" }, { "page": "322" }, { "page": "327" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/423/0096-01" ] }, { "cite": "219 N.E.2d 468", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "35 Ill. 2d 55", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5378896 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/35/0055-01" ] }, { "cite": "379 N.E.2d 370", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "62 Ill. App. 3d 747", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5621912 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/62/0747-01" ] }, { "cite": "370 N.E.2d 145", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "54 Ill. App. 3d 824", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3401714 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/54/0824-01" ] }, { "cite": "298 N.E.2d 372", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "12 Ill. App. 3d 201", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2852592, 2851047 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/12/0201-02", "/ill-app-3d/12/0201-01" ] }, { "cite": "279 N.E.2d 519", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "3 Ill. App. 3d 884", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2841075 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/3/0884-01" ] }, { "cite": "326 N.E.2d 100", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "26 Ill. App. 3d 995", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2780899 ], "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/26/0995-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1092, "char_count": 22820, "ocr_confidence": 0.87, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.1731181846621256e-07, "percentile": 0.5868674196835414 }, "sha256": "953555a4bc73a074ff340319081ea13ef2f2d9899585b66d8fc00275118915b5", "simhash": "1:2171a990f934ea81", "word_count": 3709 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:00:47.613815+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LARRY WADE COLLEY, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE O\u2019CONNOR\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Larry Wade Colley, was charged with the offense of murder. Following a jury trial, he was convicted and sentenced to 14 to 16 years imprisonment. On appeal, defendant contends: (1) he was not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and (2) the trial court erred by not suppressing his post-arrest statements.\nThe following pertinent evidence was adduced by the State at trial:\nGilbert Nehmsow testified that he and defendant spent the evening of May 27, 1976, at the Los Hombres motorcycle \u201cclub\u201d near Gary, Indiana. Defendant carried a .38-caliber Colt revolver the entire night. Both men drank beer and talked at the club. At about midnight, they left and arrived at Nehmsow\u2019s apartment on the southeast side of Chicago at about 1 a.m. There, they drank beer until around 3 a.m., when they decided to go out and purchase more beer. Defendant and Nehmsow were unable to find an open tavern or liquor store. They also unsuccessfully attempted to awaken a friend in a nearby residence.\nAccording to Nehmsow, during the return trip to his apartment they reached the int\u00e9rsection of 100th and Commercial and stopped at the stop sign. Located on the southeast corner of the intersection was a tavern named Caesar\u2019s Palace. The time was about 4:30 a.m., the bar was closed to patrons at 4 a.m., and the outside lights were off.\nHowever, six people were inside the tavern. The owner, Radivoja Novovic, was cleaning the tavern with the help of his brother Drago and an employee named Radomir Radvonovich. Mr. Novo vic\u2019s wife, Mira Novovic, was standing behind the bar closing out the cash register. Drago\u2019s girlfriend sat on a stage waiting for the men to finish cleaning. Mr. Novo vic\u2019s friend, Mike Gallich, was just returning from a rear washroom.\nThe front door of the tavern was partially open. Inside the tavern, all the lights were turned on for cleaning, including three or four spotlights in each corner, three lights over the bar, and a large light behind the bar. The bar was located directly behind the front door. Light from inside the tavern emanated from the partially opened front door.\nNehmsow testified that as he drove past Caesar\u2019s Palace, defendant took out his revolver, held it in both hands outside the passenger window and began firing at the tavern. Defendant fired five or six shots at the front door of the tavern. When Nehmsow shouted, \u201cWhat the hell are you doing?\u201d, defendant replied, \u201cFuck those people.\u201d\nSeveral people inside the tavern saw wood splintered from the front door. One of the bullets fired by defendant struck Mira Novovic, causing her death. Outside, Nehmsow and defendant drove off down 100th Street. When defendant got out of the car, he warned Nehmsow not to tell anyone what occurred.\nPolice ballistics tests revealed that the weapon recovered from defendant was the same weapon used to shoot and kill Mira Novovic. Four bullets recovered from the premises and the bullet found in decedent\u2019s body had been fired from defendant\u2019s gun. The bullets used were hollow-point, high-velocity bullets. According to the manufacturer, they were to be used only for law enforcement.\nDr. Eupil Choi conducted an autopsy on decedent. He determined that a bullet had entered the body through the outer side of the left arm. The bullet traversed the body piercing the left upper lung and puncturing the aorta and right upper lung. The bullet stopped only one centimeter from the surface of the right armpit. That bullet had a wooden fragment imbedded in its tip.\nNehmsow explained that he and defendant were familiar with Caesar\u2019s Palace. Nehmsow stopped in there every couple of weeks. Several weeks before the shooting, he had been there with defendant when a fight occurred. Several persons had been forced to leave, but Nehmsow was not sure whether defendant had to leave the tavern.\nOfficer Peter Dignan testified that he and his partner, Officer John Solecki, were present when defendant made certain post-arrest statements. In an oral statement, defendant indicated that he shot through the tavern door because he had been hassled there. He used 140 gram, spiro jacket, hollow-point bullets. In a subsequent written statement, defendant substantially corroborated his oral statement with two additions. Defendant stated he fired the shots because he was drunk and because he had been jumped in .the tavern.\nDefendant testified in his own behalf. He bought a Colt Detective Special .38-caliber revolver on May 15, 1976. On May 27, 1976, he went with Nehmsow to the Los Hombres Motorcycle Club. They stayed there about five hours. According to defendant, he consumed close to one case (24 cans) of beer and one-half pint of whiskey and became intoxicated. Defendant substantially corroborated Nehmsow\u2019s testimony concerning their return to Chicago and search for more beer. According to defendant, Nehmsow also carried a gun. When they were stopped at 100th and Commercial, Nehmsow said, \u201cHey, when I take off shoot\u2014 shoot a hole in the door at Caesar\u2019s Palace.\u201d Defendant looked around and didn\u2019t see anybody and said, \u201cOkay. Go ahead.\u201d He fired a shot and started to jerk his arm back in. Nehmsow urged the defendant to \u201cgo ahead\u201d and keep firing. Defendant then fired the five remaining shells.\nDefendant denied saying, \u201cFuck those people\u201d as he was firing his gun. He did not remember seeing light coming from the interior of the tavern and claimed the front door was closed. He admitted being a patron at Caesar\u2019s Palace, but denied ever being hassled there. Defendant admitted that during his post-arrest statements to the police he stated that he fired the shots because he had been hassled in the tavern. He explained that he said that because he was tired and hoped an explanation for the shooting would end police questioning. Defendant denied that he had known anyone was in the tavern or that he intended to kill anyone within.\nI.\nThe jury found defendant guilty of the murder of Mira Novovic. He appeals, contending he was not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Specifically, he asserts that the State failed to prove he acted with the requisite mental state for the offense of murder.\nIn order for defendant to be guilty of murder, one of two requisite mental states had to exist when defendant fired his revolver at the door of Caesar\u2019s Palace. Either defendant intended to kill or do great bodily harm or he knew that the act created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 38, pars. 9 \u2014 1(a)(1), 9 \u2014 1(a)(2); People v. Carlton (1975), 26 Ill. App. 3d 995, 326 N.E.2d 100; People v. French (1972), 3 Ill. App. 3d 884, 279 N.E.2d 519.) We believe that the latter mental state had been established by the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt because: (1) defendant knew the tavern was occupied and (2) defendant knew the destructive power of his weaponry.\nThere was overwhelming evidence indicating that the tavern was occupied. It was 4:30 a.m., the tavern was closed to patrons and the outside lights were off. However, all the inside lights were on in order to illuminate the tavern for cleaning. These lights included three lights over the bar, three or four spotlights in each comer of the tavern, and a large light behind the bar. The front door was partially open. Nehmsow testified that he could see light emanating through the open doorway as he drove by the tavern. Defendant did not decisively testify whether he did not see lights on in the tavern or whether he simply did not remember seeing lights on.\nMoreover, defendant admitted that he was a patron of Caesar\u2019s Palace. The jury may have inferred defendant was familiar with the tavern\u2019s 4 a.m. closing time and knew people would be cleaning up inside at 4:30 a.m. According to Nehmsow, defendant aimed his gun at the wooden door and said, \u201cFuck those people\u201d as he fired. This evidence, if believed, indicates defendant knew the tavern was occupied.\nIt is also uncontroverted that the defendant understood the destructive capabilities of his weaponry. Defendant was a gun expert, who had been shooting guns since his youth. He had received gun training in the Marine Corps and had educated himself concerning the Colt Detective Special .38-caliber revolver used in the killing. Defendant also knew that his gun was loaded with high velocity ammunition designed only for law enforcement. Yet defendant strafed the tavern with six of these bullets. One of these bullets pierced the wooden front door of the tavern, entered Mira Novovic\u2019s left upper arm and then tore laterally through her entire chest cavity, stopping only one centimeter from the skin surface of her right armpit.\nIn short, defendant aimed and fired six shots at a simple wooden door \u2014 the only part of the tavern revealing signs of human occupancy, and the flimsiest barrier the tavern presented. Defendant fully understood the destructive impact of his weaponry. He knew that his actions created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm for the tavern\u2019s occupants.\nDefendant asserts that, at most, his conduct constitutes involuntary manslaughter, i.e., \u201ca gross deviation from the standard of care which a reasonable person would exercise in that situation.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 38, pars. 4\u20146, 9\u20143.) He relies on People v. Felton (1973), 12 Ill. App. 3d 201, 298 N.E.2d 372 (abstract). In Felton, defendant attempted to scare her boyfriend from coming after her by firing one shot from a .25-caliber revolver into his apartment door. She knew he was alone somewhere in the apartment. This shot hit and killed her boyfriend. The appellate court reduced defendant\u2019s conviction from murder to involuntary manslaughter because the evidence only showed defendant acted recklessly. Felton\u2019s single warning shot into an apartment door is distinguishable, however, from the instant case, where an experienced gunman took a high-caliber revolver loaded with high-velocity ammunition and strafed an occupied tavern with six shots. The mere fact that both defendants shot through a door does not mean that they shared similar mental states.\nAn individual\u2019s mental state may be inferred from the surrounding circumstances, including his actions. (People v. Varnell (1977), 54 Ill. App. 3d 824, 370 N.E.2d 145.) Unless inferences accepted by the jury are inherently impossible or unreasonable, a reviewing court will not substitute its judgment. (People v. Trump (1978), 62 Ill. App. 3d 747, 379 N.E.2d 370.) When, as here, the evidence is merely conflicting as to whether to impose a murder or manslaughter conviction, a reviewing court will not overturn the jury\u2019s determination. (People v. Davis (1966), 35 Ill. 2d 55, 219 N.E.2d 468.) Applying these principles to the circumstances of this case, we find the jury\u2019s determination as to defendant\u2019s mental state was amply supported by the evidence.\nMotion to Suppress II.\nDefendant also contends that the trial court erred by not suppressing his post-arrest statements. The following facts were adduced at the suppression hearing: During the evening of July 16, 1976, Officer John Solecki picked up Gilbert Nehmsow for questioning regarding the shooting of Mira Novovic. At headquarters, in the presence of Solecki and his partner, Officer Peter Dignan, Nehmsow gave a statement. At about 4:15 a.m. on May 28, he was in his car with his friend, the defendant. Near 100th and Commercial, defendant produced a revolver and fired five or six shots at the door of Caesar\u2019s Palace Tavern. At about 1:30 a.m. on July 17, 1976, Solecki and Dignan arrested defendant. Solecki informed defendant he was under arrest for murder and advised him of his Miranda rights. When asked if he wanted to make a statement, defendant replied, \u201cI have nothing to say.\u201d\nThe police then transported defendant to headquarters, arriving at about 2 a.m. Thereupon, defendant was taken to an interrogation room and handcuffed. Solecki again informed defendant of his Miranda rights. Defendant was apprised of the specifics of the alleged offense, when and where it occurred, and the identity of the deceased. Defendant was also informed that Gilbert Nehmsow had given a statement and was told the contents of that statement. At this point, approximately 2:10 or 2:15 a.m., defendant was asked if he would make a statement. He replied affirmatively.\nAssistant State\u2019s Attorney Kevin Sweeney was called into the room. He identified himself and explained to defendant that he was not his attorney. He also read defendant his Miranda rights. Defendant indicated that he understood each right and opted to waive them. At about 2:15 a.m., defendant made an oral statement. At the end of this oral statement, Sweeney asked defendant if he would give a statement to be transcribed by a court reporter. Defendant agreed to provide a written statement. Because of the delay in the arrival of a court reporter, defendant did not give his written statement until 4:17 a.m. Sweeney once again read defendant his rights and determined that defendant understood and waived his rights before his statement.\nAt the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion to suppress, finding that defendant\u2019s statements were voluntary and that the State committed no Miranda violation.\nOn appeal, defendant contends that his statements should have been suppressed because they were taken after defendant had initially expressed his desire to remain silent. The State asserts that the defendant made the statements voluntarily after the police scrupulously honored his right to remain silent.\nThe principles set forth in Michigan v. Mosley (1975), 423 U.S. 96, 46 L. Ed. 2d 313, 96 S. Ct. 321, are central to our resolution of this issue. In Mosley, defendant was arrested for robbery and transported to the police station. There, he was given Miranda warnings and questioned. When defendant invoked his right of silence, interrogation stopped. Two hours later, another officer questioned defendant about a separate robbery-murder and deceived defendant into making an inculpatory statement about the murder. The trial court allowed the statement into evidence and defendant was convicted of murder. Ultimately, the Supreme Court affirmed the conviction.\nThe Mosley court dealt almost entirely with the interpretation of a single passage of Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 U.S. 436, 473-74, 16 L.Ed.2d 694, 723, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 1628:\n\u201cOnce warnings have been given, the subsequent procedure is clear. If the individual indicates in any manner, at any time prior to or during questioning, that he wishes to remain silent, the interrogation must cease. At this point he has shown that he intends to exercise his Fifth Amendment privilege; any statement taken after the person invokes his privilege cannot be other than the product of compulsion, subtle or otherwise.\u201d\nInterpreting the passage literally, said the court, \u201cwould lead to absurd and unintended results.\u201d (423 U.S. 96, 102, 46 L. Ed. 2d 313, 320, 96 S. Ct. 321, 326.) On the one hand, to allow continued interrogation after a momentary cessation would frustrate the purposes of Miranda by allowing repeated rounds of questioning to undermine the suspect\u2019s will. At the other extreme, a \u201cblanket prohibition\u201d from further interrogation, regardless of circumstances, would unduly impede police investigatory activity. The court concluded \u201cthat the admissibility of statements obtained after the person in custody has decided to remain silent depends under Miranda on whether his \u2018right to cut off questioning\u2019 was \u2018scrupulously honored.\u2019 \u201d 423 U.S. 96, 104, 46 L. Ed. 2d 313, 321, 96 S. Ct. 321, 326.\nThe Mosley court emphasized three circumstances which indicated that defendant\u2019s right to silence was scrupulously honored: (1) the passage of a significant time between questioning (there, two hours); (2) provision of a fresh set of Miranda warnings; and (3) renewed questioning by a different officer, involving a completely different offense.\nIn the instant case, defendant expressly invoked his right to remain silent upon arrest. Nonetheless, within 40-45 minutes both the police and Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Sweeney questioned defendant to determine if he would waive the right to silence he had so recently invoked.\nInitially, we note that it was proper police procedure to apprise defendant of the charges against him and of Nehmsow\u2019s statement. It is not a Miranda violation to reveal incriminating evidence against a defendant. (People v. McKinley (1977), 69 Ill. 2d 145, 370 N.E.2d 1040, cert, denied (1978), 435 U.S. 975, 56 L. Ed. 2d 69, 98 S. Ct. 1623.) If defendant had volunteered to speak without questioning upon being apprised of this information, his statement clearly would be admissible.\nMoreover, \u201c[t]he fact that a defendant has exercised his right to remain silent by declining a request that he make a statement does not permanently preclude all future inquiries by officers to determine whether he has changed his mind. [Citations.]\u201d (People v. Gibson (1977), 55 Ill. App. 3d 929, 935, 371 N.E.2d 341.) There is a clear distinction between the. continuation of \u201cinterrogation\u201d and a subsequent request upon fresh Miranda warnings, for reconsideration of an earlier decision to make no statement. (People v. Brookshaw (1973), 12 Ill. App. 3d 221, 224,299 N.E.2d 20. Accord, United States v. Mearas (D. Del. 1978), 443 F. Supp. 1244, 1253.) In our view, police efforts to determine whether a suspect has changed his mind are not as offensive as repeated and persistent efforts to wear down his resistance and cause him to change his mind. See Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 105-06,46 L. Ed. 2d 313, 322, 96 S. Ct. 321, 327; People v. Pittman (1973), 55 Ill. 2d 39, 302 N.E.2d 7.\nNonetheless, the efforts of the police and Sweeney do constitute questioning, and there is merit to defendant\u2019s position that a 40-45 minute delay in questioning does not represent the significant passage of time envisioned by Mosley. (See United States v. Mearns (D. Del. 1978), 443 F. Supp. 1244; United States v. Clayton (E. D. Wis. 1976), 407 F. Supp. 204.) A significant passage of time between questioning enables the suspect to have an opportunity to make an informed and intelligent assessment of his interests. Michigan v. Mosley.\nIt is not necessary, however, that we resolve the issue of the 40-45 minute delay and the admissibility of defendant\u2019s resultant oral inculpatory statement. Assuming, arguendo, that his oral statements should have been suppressed, we find that defendant\u2019s subsequent written statement was admissible.\nThe fact that an earlier statement is inadmissible does not necessarily make a subsequent statement which has been voluntarily reduced to writing inadmissible. (People v. Roberson (1977), 46 Ill. App. 3d 750, 361 N.E.2d 116; see also People v. Brownell (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 508, 404 N.E.2d 181.) Where defendant received fresh warnings and a significant period of time elapsed since illegal questioning (affording him the opportunity to reconsider his decision not to talk to the officers), defendant\u2019s responses may be voluntary and not tainted by the illegal questioning. (United States v. Thems (D. Conn. 1979), 469 F. Supp. 490; United States v. Lewis (D. Conn. 1977), 425 F. Supp. 1166.) The court must measure the voluntariness of the later statement considering the totality of the circumstances, including the fact that defendant has been subjected to illegal questioning. Tanner v. Vincent (2d Cir. 1976), 541 F.2d 932,936-37, cert, denied (1977), 429 U.S. 1065, 50 L. Ed. 2d 782, 97 S. Ct. 794.\nIn the instant case, defendant provided a written statement at 4:17 a.m., two hours after his oral statement and about three hours after his only invocation of his fifth amendment privilege. Moreover, defendant was again advised of the Miranda warnings before his written statement, stated that he understood the warnings and voluntarily waived his privilege. We find that defendant had sufficient time to reassess his decision to remain silent. Decisional law supports this conclusion. See, e.g., Mosley (two-hour gap sufficient); People v. Perez (1979), 72 Ill. App. 3d 790, 391 N.E.2d 456; and People v. Lakes (1978), 60 Ill. App. 3d 271, 376 N.E.2d 730 (three-hour gap sufficient).\nFurthermore, with respect to the written statement, Mosley\u2019s requirement that officers scrupulously honor defendant\u2019s right to silence was also met. Defendant received fresh warnings and knowingly and intelligently waived his rights. There was a significant delay in questioning. Although defendant was questioned about the same offense, this factor has not been deemed pivotal. (See People v. Lakes (1978), 60 Ill. App. 3d 271, 376 N.E.2d 730; People v. Eason (1976), 44 Ill. App. 3d 308, 357 N.E.2d 1191.) Since defendant\u2019s written statement substantially corroborated his earlier oral statement, any error in the admission of that first statement is harmless.\nEven assuming the trial court erred in admitting defendant\u2019s written statement, there are circumstances where failure to comply with Miranda can be harmless. (People v. Landgham (1970), 122 Ill. App. 2d 9, 24, 257 N.E.2d 484, cert, denied (1971), 402 U.S. 911, 28 L. Ed. 2d 652, 91 S. Ct. 1389.) Constitutional errors can be regarded as harmless if beyond a reasonable doubt the error did not contribute to the finding of guilt. (Chapman v. California (1967), 386 U.S. 18, 18 L. Ed. 2d 241, 87 S. Ct. 1283; People v. Smith (1967), 38 Ill. 2d 13,230 N.E.2d 188.) Error does not contribute to the finding of guilt where the alleged erroneously admitted evidence did not prove an element of the crime not established by other properly admitted evidence. Landgham.\nAlthough defendant contended he was not proved guilty of the offense of murder beyond a reasonable doubt, he only contested the evidence concerning his mental state at the time of the offense. Defendant conceded the act of firing the fatal shots. The testimony of the defendant and Nehmsow and the physical evidence establish the elements of the offense apart from defendant\u2019s post-arrest statements. We believe the evidence of guilt was overwhelming and that any error was harmless.\nFor the aforementioned reasons the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nGOLDBERG, P. J., and CAMPBELL, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE O\u2019CONNOR" } ], "attorneys": [ "James J. Doherty, Public Defender, of Chicago (Michael Mclnerney and Ira Churgin, Assistant Public Defenders, of counsel), for appellant.", "Bernard Carey, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Marcia B. Orr, Iris E. Sholder, and Gerald E. Nora, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LARRY WADE COLLEY, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (1st Division)\nNo. 78-1637\nOpinion filed April 14, 1980.\nJames J. Doherty, Public Defender, of Chicago (Michael Mclnerney and Ira Churgin, Assistant Public Defenders, of counsel), for appellant.\nBernard Carey, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Marcia B. Orr, Iris E. Sholder, and Gerald E. Nora, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0834-01", "first_page_order": 856, "last_page_order": 864 }