{ "id": 5532981, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SIMON PETER NELSON, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Nelson", "decision_date": "1980-12-26", "docket_number": "No. 79-254", "first_page": "35", "last_page": "53", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "92 Ill. App. 3d 35" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "82 Ill. 2d 268", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5476013 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/82/0268-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 Ill. 2d 149", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5809665 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/68/0149-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 Ill. 2d 564", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3069192 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "586" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/79/0564-01" ] }, { "cite": "391 U.S. 510", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1767501 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "517" }, { "page": "782" }, { "page": "1774-75" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/391/0510-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 Ill. App. 3d 162", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3188930 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/86/0162-01" ] }, { "cite": "87 Ill. App. 3d 563", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3180015 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "567" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/87/0563-01" ] }, { "cite": "42 Ill. 2d 425", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2846681 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "434" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/42/0425-01" ] }, { "cite": "90 Ill. App. 3d 299", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3159073 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/90/0299-01" ] }, { "cite": "76 Ill. 2d 365", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2983489 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "384" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/76/0365-01" ] }, { "cite": "80 Ill. App. 3d 346", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3232533 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "352" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/80/0346-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 Ill. App. 3d 922", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3187057 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "938" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/86/0922-01" ] }, { "cite": "43 Ill. App. 3d 283", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2725295 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "288" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/43/0283-01" ] }, { "cite": "82 Ill. App. 3d 922", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3226239 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "926" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/82/0922-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 Ill. 2d 317", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5465234 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "323" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/66/0317-01" ] }, { "cite": "55 Ill. 2d 443", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2938325 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "459" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/55/0443-01" ] }, { "cite": "388 U.S. 218", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6168076 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/388/0218-01" ] }, { "cite": "74 Ill. 2d 348", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2993937 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "353" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/74/0348-01" ] }, { "cite": "47 Ill. App. 3d 9", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3367375 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "22" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/47/0009-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 Ill. App. 2d 171", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1588956 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "180" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/114/0171-01" ] }, { "cite": "38 Ill. 2d 115", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2859650 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "121" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/38/0115-01" ] }, { "cite": "210 A.2d 763", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "45 N.J. 3", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J.", "case_ids": [ 1936335 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nj/45/0003-01" ] }, { "cite": "192 N.W.2d 215", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "year": 1965, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "225-26" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "386 Mich. 407", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich.", "case_ids": [ 1913561 ], "year": 1965, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "426-27" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mich/386/0407-01" ] }, { "cite": "40 L. Ed. 2d 499", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1895, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "160 U.S. 469", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5701546 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1895, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "486,488" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/160/0469-01" ] }, { "cite": "372 F.2d 710", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 2043621 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "720" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/372/0710-01" ] }, { "cite": "388 F.2d 719", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 2094126 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "724" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/388/0719-01" ] }, { "cite": "530 F.2d 43", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 621420 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "48" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/530/0043-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 757", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12047531 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "760-65" }, { "page": "914-17" }, { "page": "1830-33" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0757-01" ] }, { "cite": "519 F.2d 1036", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 435547 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1042" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/519/1036-01" ] }, { "cite": "418 F.2d 11", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 2166124 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/418/0011-01" ] }, { "cite": "409 F.2d 498", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 2199718 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "499" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/409/0498-01" ] }, { "cite": "407 F.2d 695", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 2112489, 3580613 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/407/0695-01" ] }, { "cite": "220 N.E.2d 600", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "75 Ill. App. 2d 163", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2578665 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/75/0163-01" ] }, { "cite": "361 N.E.2d 713", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "727" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "47 Ill. App. 3d 9", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3367375 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "28-29" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/47/0009-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1620, "char_count": 51204, "ocr_confidence": 0.904, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.5422413239142485e-07, "percentile": 0.8135468515731998 }, "sha256": "29fd453f2ef2151b5baa7a33a2e418c703628df8856475bdc139f314eb70ad0f", "simhash": "1:8b3cb478b304d4db", "word_count": 8426 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:16:53.928123+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SIMON PETER NELSON, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. PRESIDING JUSTICE SEIDENFELD\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nIn a jury trial, defendant, Simon Peter Nelson, was convicted of the murders of his six children. The jury was unable to reach a decision on whether to impose the death penalty. He was sentenced to 100 to 200 years\u2019 imprisonment on each of the six counts, the sentences to run concurrently.\nDefendant raises seven issues on appeal, five of which involve his defense of insanity at the time of the commission of the offenses. Such facts as are pertinent and necessary to the resolution of the case follow and additional facts are included in the discussion of certain issues.\nThe defendant and his wife, Ann, were the parents of six minor children. Defendant\u2019s lack of \u201cfamily orientation\u201d and Ann\u2019s involvement with another male precipitated marital problems which had been the subject of much discussion and concern during the latter part of December 1977 and the first week of January 1978. It was decided that Ann should \u201cget away\u201d for a few days; on January 5, 1978, defendant saw her off on her trip to Milwaukee; the next day defendant called her a couple of times, and later in the day Ann called one of defendant\u2019s attorney friends and told him she wanted a divorce; the attorney friend advised the defendant of this conversation and suggested a temporary separation as a possible solution. Defendant went home, packed his belongings and made numerous calls to relatives and to Ann. During the early morning hours of January 7, 1978, he killed all six of his children with a rubber mallet and a large hunting knife. He then drove to Milwaukee to the hotel where Ann was staying and told her he had killed the children. After he physically abused Ann, her male friend, who was present, called the police, who subdued and arrested the defendant; he was charged with murder; he waived extradition and was taken to the Winnebago County jail on the same day, namely, January 7,1978.\nOn January 9, 1978, counsel was appointed to represent the defendant, who was indicted by the grand jury. On the same day, officials of the county jail requested the State\u2019s attorney to have defendant examined in reference to \u201cpotential suicidal tendencies.\u201d An assistant State\u2019s attorney left directions for Dr. Carl Hamann, a psychiatrist, to go to the jail and examine defendant for this purpose. Later the same day, Dr. Hamann went to the jail and had been talking to defendant for 20 to 30 minutes when defendant\u2019s appointed counsel came to the jail to interview the defendant; counsel thereupon terminated Dr. Hamann\u2019s interview.\nOn January 20, 1978, the State filed a motion pursuant to section 115 \u2014 6 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 115 \u2014 6) to compel defendant to submit to an examination by Dr. Hamann, the same psychiatrist who talked to him on January 9, 1978, at the county jail. On January 27,1978, defendant filed a motion to prohibit the employment of Dr. Hamann by the State for the reason that he had interviewed defendant on January 9, 1978, in violation of defendant\u2019s right to remain silent and to have counsel present while being interrogated. The trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion, granted the State\u2019s motion, and appointed Dr. Hamann.\nFor nearly four months defendant stated that he had no memory of anything that occurred from midnight until about 6 a.m. on January 7, 1978 (the interval during which the six children were killed). After at least eight meetings with Dr. Lawrence Freedman, a psychiatrist retained by the defendant, defendant broke through his amnesia and he was able to recount the events and his activities on the night in question. At the trial, defendant took the stand; his counsel specifically directed him to repeat what he had already related to Dr. Freedman, Dr. Hamann and Dr. Cavanaugh; defendant related to the jury his account of the critical events which largely conformed to the testimony later given by the psychiatrists.\nAt the trial, Dr. Freedman testified in detail concerning defendant\u2019s relationship with his parents, his wife, and business associates; he considered that his wife\u2019s impending divorce suit was critical; that defendant was subjected to stress after stress during the 10 days prior to January 6, 1978, and that the telephone calls on the final night were more and more frantic and stressful, especially the last call to his wife when he was totally rejected; that it was his opinion that defendant at the time of the killings had a psychosis, reactive confusion \u2014 acute confusional state; and that this mental disease or defect deprived defendant of the substantial capacity to either appreciate the criminality of his conduct or conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. He based his opinion on 30 hours spent with defendant, his review of tapes on those sessions, on psychological tests given the defendant, on police reports and reports of defense attorneys of interviews with at least 60 persons who were able to detail various parts of defendant\u2019s history and background.\nDr. Hamann testified at the trial for the State; he had conducted 12 separate question and answer interviews with defendant, including the one on January 9,1978; he found no evidence of a major mental disease or defect which would result in defendant\u2019s lack of substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform to the law. In addition to the interviews, he based his opinion on investigative reports of the incident and psychological tests administered to the defendant. Finally, Dr. Hamann stated that one could not be legally insane unless he suffered from a major mental illness. On cross-examination he said that he had first concluded this after his interview of January 9; and the later interviews confirmed this.\nDr. James Cavanaugh was also appointed by the court to examine the defendant pursuant to the State\u2019s request and examined the defendant on May 5, 1978. His interview took some 2% hours. Dr. Cavanaugh also concluded that Nelson was not insane at the time of the incident. Cavanaugh believed this was a \u201crevenge murder.\u201d He believed that Nelson \u201cbecame enraged and wanted to strike out and wanted to get back at Ann in the most primitive and hurtful way he possibly could.\u201d Cavanaugh believed that Nelson decided that killing the children was the \u201cmost horrible way to do this.\u201d Cavanaugh was impressed with the goal-directed and apparently methodical nature of Nelson\u2019s actions on the night in question. Dr. Cavanaugh considered the psychological tests, the police reports, his own interview with Ann Nelson, and Dr. Freedman\u2019s diagnosis in arriving at his conclusion. He believed that Dr. Freedman\u2019s diagnosis was \u201ctotally inconsistent\u201d with the facts in this case. Cavanaugh also stated that he found no major psychiatric illness syndrome in the facts of Nelson\u2019s background and that he did not believe that Nelson was in need of psychiatric treatment as of the day he interviewed him, May 5, 1978.\nDr. Roger Mick, a clinical psychologist, described the battery of psychological tests he administered to Nelson before trial. Also, over objection, Dr. Mick told the jury that in his opinion Nelson was not suffering from any mental illness or defect to any substantial degree which would impair his ability to conform his behavior to the law or to understand the law.\nOn appeal, defendant contends that:\n(1) The appointment of Dr. Hamann as an examining psychiatrist for the State enabled Dr. Hamann to give testimony at trial based upon the January 9, 1978, interview with defendant in violation of defendant\u2019s right to remain silent and to have counsel present.\n(2) The State violated the disclosure order of the court by failing to advise defendant\u2019s counsel that it had evidence that defendant had recently read the book Anatomy of a Murder; and that evidence admitted at trial that defendant had recently read the book Anatomy of a Murder was irrelevant and prejudicial.\n(3) A clinical psychologist was erroneously permitted to give an opinion as to defendant\u2019s sanity at the time of the offense.\n(4) The jury should have been instructed as to the consequences of a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity.\n(5) The court refused to permit the jury to hear tape recordings made at the time defendant broke through his amnesia as to critical events.\n(6) Jurors were excluded in the selection process resulting in his conviction by a conviction prone jury.\n(7) The sentence imposed was excessive.\nThe first error asserted by the defendant involves the appointment at the State\u2019s request of Dr. Hamann for the purpose of making a psychiatric examination of the defendant as provided in section 115 \u2014 6 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 115 \u2014 6). This appointment was made over defendant\u2019s objection that Dr. Hamann was, in effect, disqualified to make this examination by reason of the January 9, 1978, interview with defendant, which was allegedly in violation of the defendant\u2019s right to remain silent and to have counsel present. It is defendant\u2019s position that this error greatly prejudiced his defense because Dr. Hamann subsequently testified at the trial for the State and, in part, based his opinion as to defendant\u2019s sanity on the January 9 interview. In response, the State has argued that regardless of Dr. Hamann\u2019s earlier interview, the trial court had no discretion in appointing him to examine the defendant regarding his sanity, since the governing statute provides that \u201c\u00ae * \u00ae the Court shall, on motion of the State, order the defendant to submit to examination by at least one psychiatrist, to be named by the prosecuting attorney.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 115 \u2014 6.) While this language appears to make it mandatory that the court appoint the psychiatrist the State designates, we do not believe that the statute should be so construed as to preclude the court from rejecting the State\u2019s nominee after objection by defendant, provided that there is a showing that such an appointment would infringe on his constitutional rights. To do so would be to apply an unconstitutional interpretation to the statute.\nThe critical issue, in our view, is whether communications of an accused in the course of a mental examination which bear on the issue of sanity, but not on the question of whether the defendant committed the crime charged, are \u201ctestimonial\u201d evidence within the scope of the fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination. (See Schmerber v. State of California (1966), 384 U.S. 757, 760-65, 16 L. Ed. 2d 908, 914-17, 86 S. Ct. 1826,1830-33.) While we recognize that the authorities are divided on this issue, we conclude that the more persuasive view is that communications relating only to the insanity defense are not constitutionally protected.\nIn United States v. Cohen (5th Cir. 1976), 530 F.2d 43, the defendant contended, as this defendant does, that since insanity negates an element of the crime, a court-ordered psychiatric examination, although solely to determine the accused\u2019s mental condition at the time of the offense, violates the privilege against self-incrimination. The court rejected the argument, noting that the examination does not determine guilt but the capacity to be guilty (530 F.2d 43, 47 n. 10); and held that since any statement made about the offense itself could be suppressed, the remaining communications were analogous to the required furnishing of \u201chandwriting exemplars \u00b0 * * and similar procedures.\u201d (530 F. 2d 43, 48.) The court further concluded that rather than a per se rule which would \u201cprevent no threatened evil\u201d and would deprive the State of, usually, the only satisfactory method of meeting defendant\u2019s proof on the issue of sanity, the use of the testimony should be balanced against the total exclusion of the examination.\nCohen relied upon United States v. Albright (4th Cir. 1968), 388 F.2d 719, which reached a similar conclusion. In Albright the court noted:\n\u201cThe maintenance of a \u2018fair state-individual balance\u2019 clearly required that the government be permitted to have defendant examined. Once defendant offered some evidence that he was not sane, the burden of proving legal sanity was on the government. [Citation.] Where a defendant is indigent and claims reason to doubt his sanity, the government stands ready to supply him with the services of psychiatric experts necessary to his defense. It follows, also, that if the government is required \u2018to shoulder the entire load,\u2019 it cannot be denied access to the only reliable means of ascertaining the truth concerning a defendant\u2019s sanity.\u201d 388 F.2d 719, 724.\nIn Pope v. United States (8th Cir. 1967), 372 F.2d 710, 720, the court noted:\n\u201cCertainly, the criminal trial is still a search for truth subject, of course, to constitutional guaranties. It would be a strange situation, indeed, if, first, the government is to be compelled to afford the defense ample psychiatric service and evidence at government expense and, second, if the government is to have the burden of proof, as it does with the competency issue in the case, Davis v. United States, 160 U.S. 469,486,488,16 S. Ct. 353,40 L. Ed. 2d 499 (1895), and yet it is to be denied the opportunity to have its own corresponding and verifying examination, a step which perhaps is the most trustworthy means of attempting to meet that burden.\u201d\nSee also People v. Martin (1971), 386 Mich. 407, 426-27, 192 N.W.2d 215, 225-26; State v. Whitlow (1965), 45 N.J. 3, 210 A.2d 763.\nWhile we have not found an Illinois case directly in point, we believe that several of the decisions in this State imply a similar view. In People v. Williams (1967), 38 Ill. 2d 115, 121, the Illinois Supreme Court noted that trial testimony of psychiatrists, who have examined the accused in connection with pretrial competency hearing as to statements made by the accused relevant only to the sanity defense, did not involve \u201ctestimonial compulsion.\u201d Similarly, we have previously held that testimonial compulsion was not involved in statements made to a psychiatrist limited to sanity. People v. Ehrler (1969), 114 Ill. App. 2d 171,180. See also People v. Larsen (1977), 47 Ill. App. 3d 9, 22.\nThe defendant, prior to trial, filed a motion to prohibit the State from employing Dr. Hamann as a psychiatrist on behalf of the State because to do so would \u201callow him to use material which was obtained in violation of Defendant\u2019s constitutional rights to remain silent and have counsel represent him while being interrogated.\u201d For the reasons given we do not agree that defendant\u2019s constitutional right to remain silent was violated. We also do not agree that defendant had a sixth amendment right to have counsel present. The Illinois Supreme Court has held that a pretrial psychiatric examination is not a \u201ccritical stage\u201d of prosecutorial proceedings which would give rise to a constitutional right to presence of counsel. People v. Larsen (1979), 74 Ill. 2d 348, 353.\nIn his trial testimony Dr. Hamann stated that he first saw the defendant on January 9 for about 20 minutes, that he had \u201cover a dozen\u201d interviews with him in total, and essentially did not discriminate between statements and observations made in any particular visit. He did, however, state his impressions of defendant at the first interview were that \u201che was quite \u2014 he seemed depressed and tense and generally quite cheerful, * On cross-examination he said he saw no evidence from his first interview that defendant was suffering from a major mental illness. He admitted he relied on the interviews in reaching his ultimate opinion as to defendant\u2019s sanity. Also, defendant related essentially the same facts in all further interviews with all other psychiatrists, including his own.\nThe fact that the initial visit by Dr. Hamann was not under the court\u2019s direction, in our view, does not distinguish the cases which we have cited, inasmuch as this would not bear on the issue of whether testimonial compulsion is involved contrary to the constitutional safeguard.\nWe are mindful of the fact that Dr. Hamann\u2019s initial visit was not under the direction of the court contrary to a statutory provision, however. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 115 \u2014 6.) While the defendant has not raised this specific objection, we consider whether there is plain error in the circumstances. We conclude that there is not.\nThe obvious purpose of the statute is to afford notice to protect the defendant\u2019s right not to incriminate himself as to the crime charged. The statute should be followed, and a deliberate subterfuge by the State might well call for a new trial on basic principles of fairness. We find no egregious action by the State in the circumstances of this case which calls for reversal, although there was no notice. There is no showing that the examination of the defendant shortly after after the crimes were committed was a part of the State\u2019s plan to secure an advantage in meeting a possible insanity defense. The initial visit was a result of a jailer\u2019s concern that defendant might commit suicide and the subsequent call by an assistant State\u2019s attorney to the doctor in that connection. It is noteworthy that defense counsel also had defendant examined by a different psychiatrist on January 14 due to similar concerns. While there may be cases in which the lack of notice may be a ground for reversal, we conclude that this is not such a case.\nThere are two additional reasons why reversible error did not occur here. First, the only specific mention made by Dr. Hamann on the January 9 interview concerned defendant\u2019s demeanor, which is not within the fifth amendment privilege. (United States v. Wade (1967), 388 U.S. 218, 87 S. Ct. 1926.) Second, even if evid\u00e9nce was unconstitutionally obtained on January 9, the record indicates that the same evidence was properly obtained later and testified to by both State and defense witnesses, making any error harmless.\nDefendant next asserts error when the State was permitted to cross-examine the defendant by establishing that he had read the book Anatomy of a Murder; that this cross-examination sought to impeach defendant\u2019s testimony relative to his state of mind because he knew the book was a fictional account of the murder of a tavern owner by the husband of a woman the owner had battered and raped; and that the defense asserted by the husband was a state of \u201cdissociative reaction.\u201d Although defendant\u2019s recollection of the book was initially not very good, after the prosecutor read a brief passage from a copy of the book, defendant specifically remembered that the psychiatric description of the condition was \u201cdissociative reaction.\u201d\nDefendant first claims that this evidence had no relevance to the issues in this case, especially when the fictional facts in the book are compared to the situation presented here. Defendant\u2019s objection is chiefly a challenge to the weight to be accorded to the evidence; this is for the jury. Any circumstances may be placed in evidence which tend to make a point in issue more or less probable. (People v. Peter (1973), 55 Ill. 2d 443, 459.) The testimony here would logically tend to show a possibility that defendant had fabricated his insanity defense, especially in light of the initial diagnosis by defendant\u2019s psychiatrist that defendant was suffering from what had at one time been called \u201cdissociative reaction.\u201d We accordingly hold that this testimony regarding Anatomy of a Murder was relevant. We also do not find that the possible prejudice to defendant arising from the book\u2019s title outweighed its probative value. People v. Monroe (1977), 66 Ill. 2d 317, 323.\nSecondly, defendant asserts that the State deliberately failed to disclose evidence that was prejudical to the defendant and that said nondisclosure violated the court\u2019s discovery order. The evidence involved in this assertion was the use of the book in the cross-examination of defendant; the rebuttal testimony given by Ann Nelson that she had observed the defendant reading Anatomy of a Murder on December 26 or 27, 1977, at which time he was about two-thirds through the book; and that after New Year\u2019s Day, 1978, she again observed defendant reading the same book and he was about one-fourth the way into the book, thereby implying a second reading. This evidence was presented by the State for the purpose of impeaching the defendant\u2019s testimony as to when he read Anatomy of a Murder.\nThe background for defendant\u2019s charge of deliberate nondisclosure of the above testimony of Ann Nelson is as follows: On January 20,1978, defendant presented a motion for discovery; on January 27, 1978, defendant presented a \u201cmotion for additional discovery\u201d calling for the names and statements of rebuttal witnesses and an opportunity to examine tangible evidence including books intended for use in rebuttal. In response, the State delivered four different statements of Ann Nelson taken by various police officers at various times; also, the State responded to the motion for rebuttal information that identities of witnesses were \u201cpresently unknown\u201d; defendant\u2019s attorney examined the State\u2019s physical evidence, which did not include the book, on March 29,1978. On May 4, 1978, a week before trial, defendant\u2019s counsel at a pretrial conference advised the court that Ann Nelson had refused to talk to him, and the court advised the State to furnish any oral statements of witnesses that they were aware of.\nOn May 9, 1978, defense counsel orally advised the court and the State that insanity would be the defense and that the preliminary diagnosis of the psychiatrist was that defendant was suffering from hysterical neurosis, dissociative type. After the court appearance on May 4, the only response received by the defendant from the State was a photocopy of three sheets of notes made during an interview with Ann Nelson; there was no mention of Anatomy of a Murder.\nThe defendant contends that the State had a continuing obligation under Supreme Court Rule 412(a) to provide the names of rebuttal witnesses and the substance of their testimony; that the disclosure by the defendant of his insanity defense immediately triggered a duty on the State to respond again to the previous discovery motions of the defendant; that the State failed to disclose its intent to use the testimony of Ann Nelson about Anatomy of a Murder in rebuttal.\nThe State\u2019s reply to the defendant\u2019s position is that it was not \u201cformally\u201d advised of the insanity defense until May 9,1978, and that the particular information of Ann Nelson here in question was never reduced to writing and hence there was no duty to disclose it. Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 412(a), there is a continuing obligation to provide discovery in reference to rebuttal evidence. Here, the State was aware of the likelihood of an insanity defense when it requested the court to appoint Dr. Hamann to examine defendant in January 1978; the refusal of Ann Nelson to talk to defense counsel should have alerted the State to take extra precautions to disclose any testimony of Ann Nelson that might be used, particularly after the court\u2019s pronouncement at the May 4 pretrial conference. Thus, the State should have disclosed its intention to use the book on cross-examination of defendant and to call Ann Nelson as a rebuttal witness, together with a specific summary of her testimony. The failure to comply with discovery, however, did not prevent a fair trial on this record.\nThe inquiry as to Anatomy of a Murder first surfaced in the cross-examination of the defendant. Defendant stated that he had read many books during the Christmas-New Year\u2019s period. The defendant acknowledged that they owned Anatomy of a Murder but did not think he had read it during that time. At this point defense counsel first objected, and on the ground of relevance, which was overruled. When the prosecutor began to read from the book, defense counsel objected to its use on discovery grounds for the first time. The court overruled the objection, and the prosecutor made several references to the temporary insanity defense referred to in the book including the use of the term \u201cdissociative reaction\u201d before asking defendant whether he had thought about what his defense would be when he killed his children, to which defendant answered \u201cNo.\u201d The answer apparently came at the same time defense counsel objected to the prosecutor\u2019s \u201ctheatrics.\u201d The court sustained the objection.\nThe State later put the defendant\u2019s wife on the stand in rebuttal. She testified, without objection, that she had seen her husband reading Anatomy of a Murder shortly after Christmas, that he was two-thirds through it, and that he had asked her to read it.\nThe goal of discovery, of course, is to eliminate surprise and unfairness and afford opportunity to investigate; and sanctions in aid of that purpose are to compel compliance with discovery orders. (See, e.g., People v. Miles (1980), 82 Ill. App. 3d 922, 926.) Exclusion of evidence, however, is a last resort, demanded only where a recess or a continuance woud be ineffective. (People v. Rayford (1976), 43 Ill. App. 3d 283, 288.) Here, the defense did not first claim surprise but objected only on relevancy grounds. When later reference was made to the violation of discovery, the defense made no request for a continuance.\nGenerally, the failure to seek a continuance waives a claim of error based upon surprise. (People v. Lee (1980), 86 Ill. App. 3d 922, 938.) While the evidence that defendant had read the book may have had a definite bearing on the jury\u2019s response to the insanity defense, the prejudice was not because of the discovery violation. A continuance would have conceivably afforded defense counsel additional information from a reading of the book to pose further questions on grounds of the relevancy of the temporary insanity defense apparently related in the book, which may have lessened its weight. But it was the nature of the testimony which we have found to be relevant which disadvantaged the defendant. (See People v. Cowherd (1980), 80 Ill. App. 3d 346, 352.) By failing to seek the lesser sanction of a continuance and insisting on exclusion of the undisclosed evidence, defendant did not preserve his contention that he could have materially mitigated the harmful effect of the evidence had he been prepared to meet it. Defendant\u2019s contention on appeal as to how he would have rebutted the evidence demonstrates that a brief continuance would have sufficed and that a \u201ccomplete reorganization of the defendant\u2019s case\u201d was not made necessary. People v. Foster (1979), 76 Ill. 2d 365, 384.\nOur recent opinion in People v. Weaver (1980), 90 Ill. App. 3d 299, has been called to our attention in this connection. In Weaver we found the failure to follow discovery orders a ground for reversal among others. Here, the case was not close and the error, in context, not critical.\nDefendant next contends that it was error to allow Dr. Mick, a clinical psychologist who administered various psychological tests to defendant, to give his opinion, based on his examination and testing, of whether defendant was sane as provided by statute. The Illinois Supreme Court has noted the definite trend to accept the opinion of properly qualified psychologists as to the existence and nature of mental diseases. (People v. Noble (1969), 42 Ill. 2d 425, 434.) We conclude that Dr. Mick, as a qualified psychologist, was competent to testify as to his opinion of defendant\u2019s sanity. (People v. Whitaker (1980), 87 Ill. App. 3d 563, 567.) We note that the statute presently in effect confirms this result and believe that it has not changed the previous law. See Ill. Rev. Stat., 1979 Supp., ch. 38, par. 1005 \u2014 2\u20145.\nDefendant next contends that it was error not to instruct the jury on the consequences of a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity. Although some Federal cases have allowed such an instruction, there are no Illinois cases which do. The instruction which defendant tendered was the following:\n\u201cA person found not guilty by reason of insanity will be the subject of a commitment proceeding, which commitment will continue until it is established that the defendant is mentally able to return to society and not be dangerous to himself or other persons.\u201d\nBy its own terms, the defendant\u2019s proposed instruction infers by its language that defendant will be committed as a result of a commitment hearing. Inasmuch as this misstates the law, and as it would mislead the jury, the instruction was properly refused. We do not reach the question whether an instruction which accurately states the consequences of a not guilty by reason of insanity verdict should be given as a general rule. We note that People v. Meeker (1980), 86 Ill. App. 3d 162, decided that such an instruction should not be given.\nDefendant next contends that because it was necessary for counsel to control defendant\u2019s demeanor while testifying so as to avoid an emotional outburst, it was error to refuse to permit the playing of either of two tape recordings made out of court of defendant describing the same events as in his testimony and which purported to portray his true emotional state. Inasmuch as counsel elected to proceed with a very controlled examination by his own choice, it is unknown whether defendant would have otherwise displayed the same emotions as are displayed on the out-of-court recordings, or whether such a display would have proved disruptive of the trial. Such a decision is simply a trial tactic which counsel should not later be allowed to disavow.\nDefendant next contends that the seating of a \u201cdeath qualified\u201d jury (see Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968), 391 U.S. 510,20 L. Ed. 2d 776, 88 S. Ct. 1770) is improper because it produces a jury biased in favor of a guilty finding. Defendant contends that when Witherspoon was decided, studies on this question were, as stated in the opinion, \u201ctoo tentative and fragmentary to establish that jurors not opposed to the death penalty tend to favor the prosecution in the determination of guilt.\u201d (Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968), 391 U.S. 510, 517, 20 L. Ed. 2d 776, 782, 88 S. Ct. 1770, 1774-75.) He urges that recent research provides support for his position. However, the Illinois Supreme Court has refused to consider the validity of the same studies cited by the defendant here and has held that the studies are not applicable in a case in which the issue is not guilt but whether the defendant was insane at the time of the commission of the offense. (People v. Carlson (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 564, 586.) We find no error here.\nFinally, the defendant urges that his sentence is excessive. We disagree. The record fully supports the sentence within the court\u2019s proper exercise of discretion. People v. Perruquet (1977), 68 Ill. 2d 149; People v. Cox (1980), 82 Ill. 2d 268.\nDefendant\u2019s conviction and sentences are affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nUNVERZAGT, J., concurs.\nDefendant also contends that he is entitled to a psychiatrist-patient privilege as provided in section 5.2 of \u201cAn Act in regard to evidence and depositions\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 51, par. 5.2) as to any communications with Dr. Hamann on January 9, 1978. The State points out that defendant\u2019s failure to raise this issue in the trial court waives this issue on appeal and also resulted in a waiver of the privilege. We agree that the issue was not properly raised in the trial court, and do not consider it.\nDefendant maintains that there are significant factual differences between the insanity defense asserted in the book and his own situation, in that (1) the character in the book used an \u201cirresistible impulse\u201d defense, which is not available in Illinois, (2) the fictional character\u2019s dissociative reaction was brought on in part by his experience as a soldier in combat, unlike defendant, and (3) the fictional character was motivated by the victim\u2019s beating and rape of his wife, very unlike the facts in the instant case. Defendant also avers, contrary to the implication of the State, that the book is clearly not a manual on how to fabricate the insanity defense of dissociative reaction.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. PRESIDING JUSTICE SEIDENFELD" }, { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE WOODWARD,\ndissenting.\nI must respectfully dissent from the holding of my esteemed colleagues in this case. The critical issue is whether or not a defendant\u2019s fifth amendment right against self-incrimination is protected as to communications to a psychiatrist designated by the State to visit him while incarcerated in the county jail, without having been appointed by court order and without notice to the attorney who had just been appointed to defend him. Such communications are so protected; defendant\u2019s right against self-incrimination was violated; and defendant accordingly should be granted a new trial.\nTo reiterate the essential facts, the defendant was charged with the murder of each of his six children on January 7, 1978; on the morning of January 9, he was arrested in Milwaukee, returned to Rockford and placed in the Winnebago County jail; he was indicted and counsel was appointed to represent him; on the same day the personnel at the jail became concerned about defendant\u2019s suicidal tendencies and notified the State\u2019s Attorney of this fact; the State\u2019s Attorney sent Dr. Carl Hamann, a psychiatrist, to the county jail to visit the defendant; Dr. Hamann visited the defendant in the jail and talked to him for at least 20 minutes, at which time the defendant\u2019s attorney arrived and terminated the interview.\nOn January 20,1978, when it appeared to the State that the defense in this case would be insanity at the time of commission of the acts charged, the State insisted that the court appoint Dr. Hamann as its examining psychiatrist as provided by section 115 \u2014 6 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 115 \u2014 6). The defendant objected to the appointment of Dr. Hamann for the reason that he had interviewed and observed the defendant on January 9 in violation of the defendant\u2019s fifth amendment rights. The court appointed Dr. Hamann as the State\u2019s psychiatrist over defendant\u2019s objection; thereafter, he had several additional interviews with the defendant. At defendant\u2019s trial, Dr. Hamann testified that, in his opinion, defendant was sane at the time of commission of the acts charged; he based this opinion in part on the January 9 interview that took place in the county jail as evidenced by the following cross-examination:\n\u201cQ: In fact, after seeing him on January 9th for, I believe, about 20 minutes, you formed your opinion at that time that he was not suffering from a major mental illness, did you not?\nA. I did. I saw no evidence from that interview.\u201d\nDr. Hamann made the January 9 visit as an agent of the State\u2019s Attorney for the purpose of making an evaluation of the defendant\u2019s mental condition and suicidal tendencies. At that time, the defendant had the absolute right to refuse to submit to any examination as to his mental state by the State\u2019s psychiatrist as there had been no court order for the examination as prescribed by section 115 \u2014 6. Nothing in the record discloses that defendant was advised that Dr. Hamann came there at the request of the State, nor was he advised that he had the right to remain silent or that he voluntarily and intelligently waived that right. At that time, by reference solely to the fifth amendment, defendant could refuse to incriminate himself as to his mental state or any other element of the crime charged.\nA defendant gives up his fifth amendment rights during a psychiatric examination only when the examination is made according to the terms and conditions provided in section 115 \u2014 6. In People v. Larsen (1977), 47 Ill. App. 3d 9, 361 N.E.2d 713, a court order was entered pursuant to section 115 \u2014 6 for an examination of defendant\u2019s competency to stand trial, and his sanity at the time of the offense; the court held that the defendant\u2019s fifth amendment right was removed as to the State\u2019s psychiatrist. By reason of the January 9 interview and visit, Dr. Hamann obtained information which, together with other information and interviews with the defendant, culminated in his ultimate trial testimony, namely, that defendant was sane at the time he killed his children.\nOn January 20,1978, at the time the State sought the appointment of Dr. Hamann as its psychiatrist, it was aware of his January 9 interview with the defendant. It is only reasonable to assume that at that time the State was aware that Dr. Hamann was then of the opinion that the defendant did not suffer from a mental disease or defect (an essential ingredient in arriving at an opinion that the defendant was insane at the time of commission of the crimes). By seeking Dr. Hamann\u2019s appointment, the State sought to exploit the advantage of the January 9 interview. Since Rockford is the second largest city in the State of Illinois, it is fair to assume that there were other psychiatrists available to the State to conduct the necessary psychiatric examinations of the defendant. In fact, the State also had Dr. James Cavanaugh appointed pursuant to section 115 \u2014 6; he also testified for the State. Dr. Lawrence Freedman testified that in his opinion defendant was insane at the time he killed his children.\nIn the trial of this case, the sole defense was insanity. This issue was sharply contested; expert witnesses with impressive credentials had differing opinions. The advantage gained by the State and the corresponding prejudice to the defendant by the subsequent appointment of Dr. Hamann and the importance of his January 9 interview is highlighted by the following portion of the State\u2019s closing argument to the jury:\n* \u00b0 [W]hen you judge the insanity defense, ladies and gentlemen, you don\u2019t have to simply take what the psychiatrists say, as the psychiatrists sometimes make their examination sometimes months afterwards.\nNow, the defense psychiatrist didn\u2019t see the guy until three months after this occurred. He is trying to look back three months and determine how his mental state was for two hours three months ago.\nThe prosecution psychiatrist was in a little better shape. Dr. Hamann saw him a couple days after he committed the crime.\u201d Later, the State\u2019s Attorney again emphasized:\n\u201cIt is important that Dr. Freedman, I think, didn\u2019t see the defendant until some three months after the crime. Dr. Hamann, the prosecutor\u2019s psychiatrist who testified last, saw him right after the crime, I think, two days later.\u201d\nUnder the circumstances of this case, this argument afforded great weight and credibility to Dr. Hamann\u2019s opinion; on this basis, the prejudice to the defense in this case can hardly be questioned.\nAs previously stated, the issue here is whether a psychiatrist designated by the State may interview an incarcerated defendant, without Miranda warnings and without a court order, and use the information so obtained in testifying at trial as to the defendant\u2019s mental state at the time of the offense charged. In my view the majority completely ignore the necessity of Miranda warnings and sidestep the requirements prescribed by statute for a mental examination by a State-designated psychiatrist. In all Federal cases cited by the majority, namely Cohen, Albright and Pope, the court ordered the psychiatric examination of the defendant after it was disclosed that insanity was the defense. In People v. Williams and People v. Ehrler, the psychiatric examination of the defendant was ordered by the court for the purpose of determining the defendant\u2019s competence to stand trial (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1967, ch. 38, par. 104 \u2014 2(d)), and the psychiatrist making the examination was thereafter permitted to testify at the criminal trial. In People v. Larsen, the defendant disclosed his insanity defense; the court required the defendant to undergo a psychiatric examination by a State-designated psychiatrist. The defendant contended he was entitled to the presence of counsel at the examination in order to protect his fifth amendment right against self-incrimination. The psychiatrist testifying for the State examined the defendant first for the purpose of ascertaining his fitness to stand trial; later, he examined defendant to ascertain his sanity on the date of the crime charged. In a scholarly opinion, Justice Downing examined most of the cases dealing with the relationship of compelled psychiatric examinations and the privilege against self-incrimination. He discussed the cases cited above and concluded that most State and Federal courts, while holding either explicitly or implicitly that the fifth amendment right does attach, have nevertheless required the defendant to submit to a State psychiatric examination on the principle of estoppel or waiver after raising the' defense of insanity. Applying this rationale to the facts of the instant case, there could have been no waiver or estoppel on January 9 when Dr. Hamann interviewed the defendant as he had not been arraigned on the charge of murder; the State in its brief concedes that the defendant\u2019s right against self-incrimination was in full force and effect when Dr. Hamann visited him at the jail; accordingly, he could refuse to incriminate himself as to his mental state as well as any other element of the crime charged.\nThe majority also reasons that a psychiatric examination does not violate the right against self-incrimination on the theory that it does not determine guilt but only the capacity to be guilty. This is difficult to accept, as the intent or knowledge of the defendant is an essential ingredient to be proved when the charge is murder; the defendant\u2019s mental state is a necessary element of the crime. (See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 9 \u2014 1; IPI Criminal No. 7.02.) Furthermore, defendant\u2019s words and acts on January 9, which led to Dr. Hamann\u2019s opinion that defendant was sane at the time he killed his children, certainly were inculpatory, as that opinion negated his only defense and resulted in a sentence of 100 to 200 years\u2019 imprisonment.\nAnother rationale used to avoid the recognition of the fifth amendment right is the so-called lack of \u201ctestimonial compulsion\u201d in statements made to a State-designated psychiatrist attempting to ascertain defendant\u2019s sanity. The facts in the case of People v. Wax (1966), 75 Ill. App. 2d 163, 220 N.E.2d 600, shed some light on what might be considered \u201ctestimonial compulsion.\u201d There, a psychiatrist at the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s request went to the jail to examine the defendant; he saw the defendant and asked his name; he identified himself as the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s examiner; they looked at each other; there was no conversation for 20 minutes; the doctor asked the defendant if he had been in Army, Navy or Marine Corps; defendant shook his head to signify no; there was another interval of silence and then defendant asked the sheriff to get his attorney; the attorney arrived and there was no further examination. On appeal, the court stated that the presence or absence of the element of self-incrimination was a key factor; it concluded that the mutual observation by the doctor and defendant was, in fact, not testimonial compulsion as to inculpating matters. When the facts of People v. Wax are compared to Dr. Hamann\u2019s 20-minute visit with defendant on January 9, purportedly to render assistance and solace, it becomes apparent that the words and actions of the defendant were inculpatory, as Dr. Hamann then formed an opinion that defendant was not suffering from a major mental illness.\nThe majority indicates that the January 9 visit of Dr. Hamann is not reversible error because demeanor is not within the fifth amendment right, and further, because the defendant told essentially the same facts in later interviews which were properly authorized. This approach ignores the very nature of a psychiatric examination, which concerns the subject\u2019s words, expressions, tone of voice, nervousness and many other observable features. As stated in Thornton v. Corcoran (D.C. Cir. 1969), 407 F.2d 695, 699:\n\u201cUnlike the realm of fingerprints and blood samples, there is at best small agreement among experts concerning either the theory or technique appropriate to the diagnosis of mental illness. The \u2018variable factors\u2019 are legion.\u201d\nThe necessity for a court order prior to a psychiatric examination pursuant to section 115 \u2014 6 is inherent in the holding of People v. Larsen. In that case the order provided for a State-designated psychiatric examination and in addition thereto the defendant was given an electroencephalogram test which was not included in the court order. On appeal, the court stated that the results of the electroencephalogram test were improper and stated at page 28 as follows:\n\u201cThe electroencephalogram test conducted by Miss Twiggs and Dr. Gibbs was beyond the scope of the order. Thus, the statute regulating appointment of an electroencephalographer (Ill. Rev. Stat., 1971, ch. 38, par. 115 \u2014 6) was not complied with.\u201d\nAs stated in the majority opinion, the Illinois Supreme Court has held that the defendant has no right to the presence of his attorney at a pretrial psychiatric examination. However, it is interesting to note that the defendant in People v. Larsen contended that his constitutional rights were violated because of the failure to give his attorney notice of the psychiatric examination; the court concluded that adequate notice had been given and therefore the examination was proper. In discussing the notice question, the court made the following observation:\n\u201cSeveral courts have held that an accused and his counsel are entitled to adequate notice, either on the basis of the sixth amendment or principles of basic fairness. [Citations.] We agree. Notice gives a defendant an opportunity to consult with his lawyer before the examination, and thereafter intelligently and informedly respond to a psychiatrist\u2019s questions. At the very least, a prior consultation with counsel will help ease the fears of an understandably apprehensive defendant. Also, counsel may be able to advise defendant of certain procedural alternatives. For example, in Illinois a defendant who intends to raise the affirmative defense of insanity may refuse to cooperate in a court-ordered psychiatric examination. However, he is then precluded from offering expert evidence or testimony tending to support the insanity defense if the expert\u2019s evidence or testimony is based upon the expert\u2019s examination of the defendant. Ill. Rev. Stat., 1971, ch. 38, par. 115 \u2014 6.\u201d (47 Ill. App. 3d 9, 28-29, 361 N.E.2d 713, 727.)\n-The foregoing statement would appear to be particularly applicable to the defendant\u2019s situation in this case as an attorney had been appointed to represent the defendant shortly before Dr. Hamann made his visit. In United States ex rel. Wax v. Pate (7th Cir. 1969), 409 F.2d 498, 499, the court stated:\n\u201c[I]t is better practice to give notice to counsel. Absent a showing of actual prejudice which is missing here, we conclude that failure to give notice did not render the trial constitutionally defective.\u201d\nIn this case the defendant has not claimed error for failure to give notice to his attorney of Dr. Hamann\u2019s proposed visit. As pointed out in the above quote from People v. Larsen, the importance of adequate notice to defendant\u2019s counsel, particularly in a case where the defendant is charged with six murders, must be considered mandatory on principles of basic fairness; as previously pointed out, it is believed that there is no question that defendant was prejudiced by the failure to give notice to counsel. Accordingly, this omission and the violation of the defendant\u2019s right against self-incriminati\u00f3n combined to create reversible error in this case.\nIt is my belief that if this court approves the appointment of Dr. Hamann as the State-designated psychiatrist on the issue of defendant\u2019s sanity, it will approve a practice with an unlimited potential for abuse. (See Schantz v. Eyman (9th Cir. 1969), 418 F.2d 11 (facts different but an example of the type of action that might be encouraged).) On the theory that a person charged with a serious felony has suicidal tendencies or other mental difficulties, the State will be encouraged to seek an immediate psychiatric examination of the defendant without notice to his attorney; this expert will be more creditable because of the proximity of this examination to the crime charged. The weight given this argument is conceded by the State in this case as they state in their brief:\n\u201cThe People submit that closeness of the examination to the time of the crime was a legitimate factor to be considered by the jury and a proper subject for comment by the State.\u201d\nThe majority also find that the State should have disclosed to defense counsel its intent to use in rebuttal the testimony given by Ann Nelson about the defendant reading Anatomy of a Murder. The record reveals that defendant was cross-examined regarding Anatomy of a Murder as part of the defense\u2019s case in chief. Thereafter, three additional witnesses testified for the defendant, and then the State called in rebuttal its two psychiatric doctors and a psychologist before calling Ann Nelson to impeach the defendant\u2019s testimony regarding his reading of Anatomy of a Murder. The majority conclude that this failure of disclosure was error, but that it was not reversible error in that the defendant failed to seek a continuance and thereby waived any claim of surprise. At the time Ann Nelson was called in rebuttal, there was no indication as to what her testimony would be as there had been no disclosure to the defendant. To object after the question was asked would only have highlighted the importance of the book to the defendant\u2019s further disadvantage. For this reason a request by the defendant for a continuance would have been useless.\nThe majority finally dispose of the point relating to the failure to make the disclosure by stating: \u201cThe case was not close and the error, in context, not critical.\u201d As previously stated the insanity defense was sharply contested; this admitted error together with the issues previously discussed in this dissent are valid grounds for a new trial. The defendant in this case, who has admittedly committed the most heinous acts imaginable, is still entitled to the fundamental rights guaranteed by the laws of our State and the United States Constitution. I would reverse and remand for a new trial.\nNot all Federal courts agree. Contra, United States v. Alvarez (3rd Cir. 1975), 519 F.2d 1036.\nUnited States v. Alvarez (3d Cir. 1975), 519 F.2d 1036, 1042.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE WOODWARD," } ], "attorneys": [ "Mary Robinson and Mark Schuster, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.", "Daniel D. Doyle, State\u2019s Attorney, of Rockford (Phyllis J. Perko and Barbara A. Preiner, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SIMON PETER NELSON, Defendant-Appellant.\nSecond District\nNo. 79-254\nOpinion filed December 26, 1980.\n\u2014 Rehearingdenied January 28, 1981.\nWOODWARD, J., dissenting.\nMary Robinson and Mark Schuster, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.\nDaniel D. Doyle, State\u2019s Attorney, of Rockford (Phyllis J. Perko and Barbara A. Preiner, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0035-01", "first_page_order": 57, "last_page_order": 75 }