{ "id": 8499684, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PERCY BANKS, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Banks", "decision_date": "1981-07-28", "docket_number": "No. 80-1007", "first_page": "556", "last_page": "566", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "98 Ill. App. 3d 556" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "362 N.E.2d 1118", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "48 Ill. App. 3d 643", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3374030 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "650" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/48/0643-01" ] }, { "cite": "394 N.E.2d 1329", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "76 Ill. App. 3d 371", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3281381 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "380-81" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/76/0371-01" ] }, { "cite": "371 N.E.2d 135", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "55 Ill. App. 3d 215", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3408210 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "216" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/55/0215-01" ] }, { "cite": "261 N.E.2d 469", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "126 Ill. App. 2d 179", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1576563 ], "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/126/0179-01" ] }, { "cite": "368 N.E.2d 1091", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "54 Ill. App. 3d 550", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3398505 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "555" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/54/0550-01" ] }, { "cite": "387 N.E.2d 901", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "70 Ill. App. 3d 250", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5574513 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "257" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/70/0250-01" ] }, { "cite": "340 N.E.2d 226", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "34 Ill. App. 3d 311", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2964872 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "321" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/34/0311-01" ] }, { "cite": "407 N.E.2d 597", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "85 Ill. App. 3d 836", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3193739 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "843" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/85/0836-01" ] }, { "cite": "321 N.E.2d 362", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "24 Ill. App. 3d 692", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5307416 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "695-96" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/24/0692-01" ] }, { "cite": "225 N.E.2d 801", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "81 Ill. App. 2d 75", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2543269 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/81/0075-01" ] }, { "cite": "231 N.E.2d 650", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "87 Ill. App. 2d 376", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2547836 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/87/0376-01" ] }, { "cite": "323 N.E.2d 778", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "25 Ill. App. 3d 637", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2703292 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "640" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/25/0637-01" ] }, { "cite": "404 N.E.2d 233", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "79 Ill. 2d 564", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3069192 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "577" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/79/0564-01" ] }, { "cite": "422 N.E.2d 100", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "96 Ill. App. 3d 871", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 12143340 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "879" }, { "page": "879" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/96/0871-01" ] }, { "cite": "192 N.E.2d 370", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "28 Ill. 2d 355", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5361754 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "361" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/28/0355-01" ] }, { "cite": "308 N.E.2d 55", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "17 Ill. App. 3d 131", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2511821 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "133" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/17/0131-01" ] }, { "cite": "190 N.E.2d 819", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "28 Ill. 2d 77", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5362346 ], "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "82" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/28/0077-01" ] }, { "cite": "161 N.E.2d 311", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "17 Ill. 2d 321", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5333287 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "326" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/17/0321-01" ] }, { "cite": "290 N.E.2d 201", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "53 Ill. 2d 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2925046 ], "year": 1959, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "99" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/53/0095-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 N.E.2d 651", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "30 Ill. 2d 286", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2828575 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "290" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/30/0286-01" ] }, { "cite": "258 N.E.2d 313", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "45 Ill. 2d 158", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2896464 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "168" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/45/0158-01" ] }, { "cite": "244 N.E.2d 182", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "41 Ill. 2d 401", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2853933 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "412" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/41/0401-01" ] }, { "cite": "398 N.E.2d 351", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "79 Ill. App. 3d 230", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5610367 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "238" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/79/0230-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1157, "char_count": 26663, "ocr_confidence": 0.848, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.696169213626498e-08, "percentile": 0.4533947732087855 }, "sha256": "89b9d160f6eb74bcc2c66aab80d81f8931e46840084ff1a015380d41f0bf5ccd", "simhash": "1:103ec8a25227a0f7", "word_count": 4454 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:11:15.436815+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "HARTMAN, P. J., and DOWNING, J., concur." ], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PERCY BANKS, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE PERLIN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Percy Banks, was charged by indictment with murder and armed robbery. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, pars. 9 \u2014 1, 18 \u2014 2.) In a jury trial defendant was found guilty of murder and not guilty of armed robbery and was sentenced to serve 30 years in the Department of Corrections. On appeal defendant contends that he was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, that he was prejudiced by evidence of prior police contacts, and that the trial court erred in refusing to give the jury an instruction on the credibility of a narcotics addict. For the reasons which follow, we affirm defendant\u2019s conviction.\nShortly after midnight on February 23, 1979, Herman Mitchell was shot to death. The State\u2019s principal witness was Gladys Nash. Because of injuries Nash suffered in an automobile accident prior to trial, she was brought into court on, and testified from, a hospital bed.\nNash testified that on February 22, 1979, she went to the Apollo Lounge, located at 1659 South Pulaski. She arrived between 6 and 7 p.m. and stayed until midnight. Twice during the evening Nash left the bar to buy a pint of Richard\u2019s Wild Irish Rose wine at a liquor store across the street from the Apollo Lounge. Each time she brought the wine back to the lounge where she consumed it. She had at least one other drink which she purchased at the lounge. The owner of the Apollo Lounge, Bennie Williams, testified that Nash had three drinks of Harvey\u2019s Bristol Cream.\nBetween 11 and 11:30 p.m. Nash went to the washroom of the bar and injected herself with heroin. Nash testified that she had used heroin on and off for about five years and that at the time of the offense, February 23, 1979, she was taking heroin three or four times a week. She supported her habit in part through prostitution and admitted that she had been convicted of prostitution, theft, battery and unlawful use of weapons. She had been a prostitute for 15 years. At trial, however, Nash stated that she had not used any narcotics for four months.\nDuring the evening Nash was at the Apollo Lounge she spoke with a number of persons including the victim, Herman Mitchell, Michael Rogers and defendant. Nash had known Mitchell, who worked as a bartender and \u201cwaitress\u201d for the lounge, for seven or eight years, Rogers since grade school and defendant since kindergarten. Two other witnesses, Thel Young and Bennie Williams, testified that defendant was at the lounge on February 22, 1979. Young encountered defendant outside the lounge between 10 and 10:30 p.m. Defendant told Young that he was waiting for Herman Mitchell. Defendant also said that he felt uncomfortable waiting inside the bar because he did not have any money.\nWilliams testified that he had seen defendant in his establishment with \u201canother fellow\u201d twice on the night of February 22, first at 7:30 then later at 10 p.m. Defendant spoke with Mitchell several times that evening as he had on earlier occasions.\nNear midnight Nash stepped outside of the lounge, stood alone for a few moments and then met defendant and Rogers. The three of them waited for Mitchell who was assisting Williams in closing the bar. Williams paid Mitchell $18 per night for his work in the lounge. After Williams paid him on February 22, Mitchell gave Williams a $20 bill for safekeeping. Mitchell had never before asked Williams to hold money for him. Mitchell left the lounge at approximately 11:50 p.m.\nAfter Mitchell came out, Nash, defendant, Rogers and Mitchell entered Mitchell\u2019s 1968 Oldsmobile 98. According to Nash, defendant was driving, Mitchell was in the front passenger seat, Rogers was sitting behind defendant and Nash was sitting behind Mitchell. Ricky Johnson, who admitted to a prior criminal record, corroborated this testimony.\nNash testified that they went in search of drugs and made two stops before they were able to purchase some, but she denied that she used any. They then drove to an alley behind 1900 South Harding. There Mitchell offered defendant $20 for a sex act. Defendant accepted the $20 but asked for more. Mitchell refused saying that he had some bills to pay. At this point a struggle began between defendant and Mitchell, during which Michael Rogers \u201cwent to grab\u201d Mitchell. Defendant then pulled out a small handgun and shot Mitchell twice behind the back of his head at close range as Mitchell was trying to get out of the car. Nash jumped out of the car and ran. She said the shooting occurred at approximately 12:30 a.m.\nNash did not report the murder to the police because she was afraid. When she did talk to the police, she initially denied any knowledge of the incident because she knew that defendant had not yet been arrested.\nMitchell\u2019s body was discovered at 3 p.m. on February 23, 1979, by a city garbage collection crew. The body was found lying face down in the snow in a vacant lot 10 to 15 feet west of the alley behind 1859 South Harding. A beat officer at the scene observed two small holes near the victim\u2019s right ear.\nDr. Tae An, an assistant medical examiner, testified that Mitchell had been shot twice on the right side of the head. The bullet wounds were one-half inch apart and approximately one-half inch above the top of the right ear. One bullet was deflected by the right temporal bone and was not suitable for comparison. The other bullet traversed the brain from right to left and from the back of the head to the front. That bullet was recovered and was identified as a .22 long rifle bullet. Because of the large amount of powder residue found, Dr. An concluded that Mitchell had been shot at very close range.\nHomicide investigator Thomas Shine testified that he interviewed defendant about the Mitchell murder while defendant was in a police lock-up after February 22. Defendant told Shine that he had met Mitchell in November of 1978 and had visited him many times at Mitchell\u2019s home. Defendant said that he had had a homosexual relationship with Mitchell. Defendant told Shine that he had last seen Mitchell in late February 1979 but could not give an exact date. Defendant met Mitchell after Mitchell had left work. Mitchell loaned defendant some money and let him use his car. Mitchell\u2019s brother, McArthur Noel, testified, however, that Mitchell never loaned his car to anyone.\nDefendant also told Shine that a girl named Gladys had told him that Mitchell had been shot to death. Defendant did not know who had killed Mitchell. Finally, Shine testified that defendant\u2019s co-defendant, Michael Rogers, had been discharged following a finding of no probable cause at a preliminary hearing.\nHerman Mitchell\u2019s car was not found until April 1979. In the trunk of the car the police recovered a set of 1978 license plates registered to an automobile owned by defendant\u2019s father. The plates had been reregis-tered in the name of defendant\u2019s mother after her husband died in September 1977.\nIn defense, defendant\u2019s mother, Dorothy Banks, testified that the garage where the old plates had been kept was broken into in March 1979. She did not report the burglary to the police and did not know whether the plates were still in the garage in February 1979. She had last seen them in December 1978.\nDefendant was convicted of murder and acquitted of armed robbery. On the murder charge he was sentenced to serve 30 years.\nI\nDefendant contends that he was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crime of murder because the testimony of the sole witness, Gladys Nash, was not entitled to any credence.\nDefendant points out that Nash was a drug addict who supported her habit through prostitution. She had an extensive criminal record. Less than an hour and one-half before the murder Nash injected herself with heroin, which makes her \u201cnod\u201d and feel \u201chigh.\u201d By her own admission, Nash also consumed two pints of wine and at least one other drink at the lounge. The lounge owner testified that she had had three drinks of Harvey\u2019s Bristol Cream. And Nash initially lied to the police when they questioned her about the murder.\nIn the case at bar defendant has not confined his attack on Ms. Nash\u2019s credibility to what is evidenced in the record but has also hypothesized facts not of record in an effort to further discredit her testimony. Nash testified that she accompanied defendant, Mitchell and Rogers when they left the Apollo Lounge in Mitchell\u2019s car searching for more drugs. After one unsuccessful effort they were able to purchase some drugs and took them into their possession. Defendant comments that \u201cthe record does not indicate whether, at that point, Gladys Nash absorbed yet another quantity of drugs into her system.\u201d Both on direct and cross-examination, however, Nash denied that she used any of these drugs.\nBased on Nash\u2019s testimony that heroin makes her \u201cnod\u201d and feel \u201chigh,\u201d defendant raises \u201cthe distinct possibility that Gladys Nash was \u2018nodding\u2019 if not, by now, almost completely unconscious at a point just moments before she said the killing occurred.\u201d There is no evidence to support this hypothesis. Moreover, Nash herself testified that heroin did not make her oblivious of her surroundings. That a witness was in fact using drugs at the time of the incident does not in and of itself necessarily destroy her credibility. People v. Cepolski (1979), 79 Ill. App. 3d 230, 238, 398 N.E.2d 351.\nDefendant complains that Nash was allowed to testify in court from a hospital bed and states that \u201cwe can only surmise that the jury believed portions of her testimony * * * because they were influenced to sympathize with her physical state at the time of the testifying.\u201d Again, in his reply brief, defendant suggests that \u201cany particularized scrutiny of her testimony because of her background may have been obviated by her clearly pitiable condition at the time of trial.\u201d This is mere conjecture. Although the trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion to have the jury and the court hear her testimony in the hospital, we do not perceive how the risk of the jury responding sympathetically to the witness\u2019 condition would have been any less in that environment. Moreover, transporting the witness to the courtroom was certainly less cumbersome than moving an entire courtroom to the hospitaL-We also note that defendant failed to ask the trial court for a continuance until the witness would be able to come into court on her own.\nDefendant asserts on appeal that the jury\u2019s task of assessing the demeanor of a witness is substantially inhibited when the witness testifies from a \u201cvirtually prone position.\u201d By the trial court\u2019s own remarks, however, it is evident that Nash\u2019s hospital bed was set at a 30\u00b0 angle and that the jurors were able to look directly at her face as she testified. In People v. Novotny (1968), 41 Ill. 2d 401, 412, 244 N.E.2d 182, our supreme court held that \u201c[i]t is neither the duty nor the privilege of a reviewing court to substitute its judgment as to the weight of disputed evidence or the credibility of witnesses for that of the trier of fact who heard the evidence presented and observed the demeanor of the witnesses * * \u00b0 We therefore decline defendant\u2019s invitation to \u201clook at the testimony of Gladys Nash just as the jury presumably did.\u201d\nDefendant states further that \u201cit is not altogether inconceivable that her condition permitted her to speak only in low or soft tones, perhaps even whispers.\u201d The record is devoid of any support for this speculation. At no time during Nash\u2019s testimony did either defense counsel or the prosecutors or the trial court find it necessary to ask her to speak more loudly.\nDefendant also conjectures that \u201cdefense counsel may certainly have been inhibited in using the tools of cross-examination, perhaps concluding that he was forced to exercise a certain amount of restraint and deference to the witness rather than risk the antagonism of the jury should he proceed with a customary aggressive examination.\u201d Again there is nothing in the record to support this speculation. To the contrary, the record shows that defense counsel conducted a vigorous and extensive cross-examination of the witness.\nDefendant questions why Michael Rogers was not called to testify since, according to Gladys Nash\u2019s testimony, he was present at the time of the murder. Rogers was originally charged with Herman Mitchell\u2019s death but was discharged following a finding of no probable cause at a preliminary hearing on May 25, 1979. The State subsequently indicted Rogers on June 4,1979. The charges against Rogers were nolle prossed on February 19, 1980, less than 10 days before defendant went on trial. Defendant now seeks to draw a negative inference from the State\u2019s failure to call Rogers.\nThe State is not obligated to call every witness to a crime (People v. Nowak (1970), 45 Ill. 2d 158, 168, 258 N.E.2d 313) and may accept the risk of negative inferences from the unexplained absence of a witness so long as the offense is otherwise proved (People v. McElroy (1964), 30 Ill. 2d 286, 290, 196 N.E.2d 651). No such inferences may be drawn, however, where the absent witness may, if called, assert a valid testimonial privilege. (Wigmore, Evidence \u00a7286 (Chadbourn rev. 1979).) It is apparent that if the State had tried to introduce the testimony of Michael Rogers, he could have invoked his fifth amendment right not to be compelled to incriminate himself and refused to testify.\nIn his reply brief, defendant has advanced an interpretation of the evidence which, if believed, would be consistent with defendant\u2019s innocence. The difficulty with his interpretation is that it is, as defendant concedes, a hypothetical scenario for which there is no evidence in the record. This, however, was not a case in which the State relied exclusively upon circumstantial evidence. There was an eyewitness to the murder and therefore the jury was not obligated to exclude every hypothesis consistent with defendant\u2019s innocence. The proper question on review is whether the evidence is so improbable as to raise a reasonable doubt of defendant\u2019s guilt. Novotny, at 412.\nDefendant correctly states that the testimony of a narcotics addict or one who has used narcotics must be viewed with great suspicion. (People v. Strother (1972), 53 Ill. 2d 95, 99, 290 N.E.2d 201; People v. Boyd (1959), 17 Ill. 2d 321, 326, 161 N.E.2d 311.) However, the testimony of an addict may be sufficient to sustain a conviction if credible under the surrounding circumstances. People v. Norman (1963), 28 Ill. 2d 77, 82, 190 N.E.2d 819; People v. Gilford (1974), 17 Ill. App. 3d 131, 133, 308 N.E.2d 55.\nAlthough Gladys Nash was the only eyewitness to the murder of Herman Mitchell, her testimony regarding the circumstances of the murder was clear and unimpeached. Moreover, her account was corroborated in many respects. There was eyewitness corroboration of defendant\u2019s presence in the Apollo Lounge the night of the murder and that defendant was waiting for the victim. There was eyewitness corroboration of the number, identity and seating position of the persons in Mitchell\u2019s Oldsmobile less than one-half hour before the crime. Expert testimony corroborated the number, range, location and caliber of shots fired at the victim, whose body was found only two or three doors away from where Nash said the shooting had occurred.\nInvestigator Shine testified that defendant told him he had last seen Mitchell .in late February 1979 at which time he had borrowed some money from Mitchell and his car. When the victim\u2019s car was recovered, the police found in the trunk old license plates registered to defendant\u2019s father who had died in September 1977. Uncontroverted testimony from the victim\u2019s brother established that Herman Mitchell never loaned his car to anyone. Finally, there was no explanation of how defendant would have learned of Mitchell\u2019s death through Gladys Nash when it is apparent, by her own testimony, that she feared defendant and had at first refused to tell the police that defendant had killed Mitchell.\nIn our judgment the evidence in this case was sufficient to sustain the finding of the jury that the defendant was proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of murder.\nII\nDefendant argues that reversible error was committed when the prosecutor asked investigator Shine the following questions on direct examination:\n\u201cQ. Had you ever spoken with Percy Banks before that time during the course of your career?\nA. Yes, sir.\nQ. Approximately how many times?\nA. Hard to estimate, maybe 20, 30.\u201d\nAt this point defense counsel objected and moved for a mistrial. The objection was sustained, and the jury was instructed to disregard the answer. The motion for mistrial was denied. On cross-examination defense counsel asked Shine whether it was correct that defendant had had a beard whenever Shine had spoken to him or had seen him. Shine answered, \u201cThe past ten years or so.\u201d\nDefendant now asserts that these answers were severely prejudicial because they revealed that defendant had prior contacts with the police and tended to show that he had committed crimes unrelated to the ones for which he was being tried. We cannot agree.\nInitially we note that the second answer to which defendant objects was given in response to a question on cross-examination by defense counsel. Counsel was trying to impeach the testimony of certain other State witnesses who had said that defendant was not bearded. Since investigator Shine apparently had known defendant for many years, defense counsel inquired whether it was correct that whenever Shine spoke to or saw defendant he had a beard. We do not believe Shine\u2019s answer, \u201cThe past ten years or so\u201d was unresponsive, and defendant will not be heard to complain of evidence he himself has elicited regarding an inference of prior police contacts. See People v. Galloway (1963), 28 Ill. 2d 355, 361, 192 N.E.2d 370.\nEven if Shine\u2019s answer is considered nonresponsive, it was virtually indistinguishable from one held to be nonprejudicial in People v. Allen (1981), 96 Ill. App. 3d 871, 422 N.E.2d 100. There the prosecutor asked an officer how long he had known the defendant. The officer answered, \u201cApproximately ten years.\u201d The trial court sustained defense counsel\u2019s objection and instructed the jury to disregard the answer. The prosecutor then asked if the officer had known the defendant before. The officer responded, \u201cyes,\u201d and again defense counsel\u2019s objection was sustained. In closing argument the prosecutor told the jury that the officer had known the defendant for 10 years. The court found that the remarks fell far short of what has been considered prejudicial and reversible error. 96 III. App. 3d 871, 879-80.\nWith reference to the question asked by the prosecutor in the case at bar, we observe that the trial court sustained defendant\u2019s objection and instructed the jury to disregard it. This prompt action by the trial court will normally suffice to cure any error. (People v. Carlson (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 564, 577, 404 N.E.2d 233.) Evidence that tends to show that an accused has committed crimes or acts of misconduct which are distinct and entirely unrelated to the ones for which he is being tried generally is both incompetent and prejudicial. (People v. Curry (1975), 25 Ill. App. 3d 637, 640, 323 N.E.2d 778.) When the evidence of prior criminality is not direct, but merely inferential, the determinative issue is the probative and prejudicial effect of the nexus between the admitted and prior criminality. Allen, 96 Ill. App. 3d 871, 879.\nHere there was no evidence before the jury that defendant had been arrested and charged with any crimes other than the ones for which he was being tried. The jury was informed only that investigator Shine had spoken with defendant 20 or 30 times in the 10 years that he. had known him and that defendant was always bearded. Nothing in this testimony suggested that defendant had committed other crimes. There was no direct evidence of actual prior criminality \u2014 only speculation. (Allen, at 879.) This serves to distinguish the cases on which defendant relies, People v. Harges (1967), 87 Ill. App. 2d 376, 231 N.E.2d 650 (where the prosecutor asked defendant whether he had ever before seen the police station to which he was taken subsequent to his arrest) and People v. Colston (1967), 81 Ill. App. 2d 75, 225 N.E.2d 801 (where a police officer testified that he had obtained defendant\u2019s address from the Illinois State Parole Office).\nAs in Allen, the references in the instant case, \u201cwhich provide no details as to whether a criminal activity was involved, what offenses they may have been, or on what bases defendant was suspected of committing them, were not substantially prejudicial.\u201d (96 Ill. App. 3d 871, 879.) We are unable to conclude that investigator Shine\u2019s testimony influenced the result in this case or that the verdict would have been otherwise had the answers now objected to not been given.\nIII\nDefendant contends that the trial court erred in refusing to give the jury either of his two instructions on the credibility of the testimony of a narcotics addict. The State responds that the instructions were properly refused since both referred to a witness who is addicted to narcotics at the time of trial. On the basis of Gladys Nash\u2019s testimony that she' had not used any narcotics for four months before trial, the State concludes that she was not an addict and that instructions implying that she was were erroneous. The State argues further that the general credibility instruction (Illinois Pattern Instructions, Criminal, No. 1.02 (1968) (hereinafter cited as IPI Criminal) \u201cwas sufficient to apprise the jury as to the caution that was necessary in weighing Ms. Nash\u2019s testimony.\u201d\nAt the conference on instructions defendant offered two instructions (13A and 13B) that dealt with the credibility of the testimony of a narcotics addict. The first instruction, 13A, contained two paragraphs. The first set forth the IPI instruction on impeachment by evidence of conviction of a crime. (IPI Criminal No. 3.12.) The second paragraph, which is not from IPI, stated: \u201cWhen determining the evidentiary worth of the testimony of a narcotic addict, the jury must not judge the testimony as it would that of another type of witness. The jury must look upon the testimony of a narcotic addict with great suspicion, and act upon it with great caution.\u201d The second instruction, 13B, restated the second paragraph of 13A without repeating IPI Criminal No. 3.12. The trial court refused both instructions commenting that the question of Ms. Nash\u2019s drug addiction was \u201cbetter left to argument and the general credibility instruction [IPI Criminal No. 1.02, which was given].\u201d\nIn our opinion the instruction was properly refused. The language of the proposed instruction clearly implies that the witness was addicted to narcotics at the time of trial. Gladys Nash testified without contradiction, however, that she had not taken any narcotics for four months before trial. Whether her prior use of narcotics made her an \u201caddict\u201dat the time of the murder (see People v. McKibben (1974), 24 Ill. App. 3d 692, 695-96, 321 N.E.2d 362) does not establish the propriety of the instruction offered here.\nAn instruction that refers to the present tense does not focus upon drug addiction at the time of the observation. (People v. Bryant (1980), 85 Ill. App. 3d 836, 843, 407 N.E.2d 597.) An instruction must be supported by evidence introduced at trial. (People v. Mitchell (1975), 34 Ill. App. 3d 311, 321, 340 N.E.2d 226.) Since there was no evidence that Nash was addicted to narcotics at the time of trial, an instruction suggesting otherwise was erroneous and was properly refused. People v. Smith (1979), 70 Ill. App. 3d 250, 257, 387 N.E.2d 901; People v. Franz (1977), 54 Ill. App. 3d 550, 555, 368 N.E.2d 1091.\nDefendant\u2019s reliance on People v. Phillips (1970), 126 Ill. App. 2d 179, 261 N.E.2d 469, and People v. Boyd (1959), 17 Ill. 2d 321, 161 N.E.2d 311, is misplaced. In Phillips the court approved an instruction given by the trial court that specifically referred to the use of narcotics \u201cat about the time of the alleged offense.\u201d Boyd did not involve an instruction issue. Although the court characterized as an addict a witness who claimed not to have used narcotics in the six months preceding trial, the witness admitted on cross-examination that he was an addict. In the case at bar there was no such admission.\nIn People v. Montanez (1977), 55 Ill. App. 3d 215, 216, 371 N.E.2d 135, a case not cited by the parties, the witness, like the principal witness in the instant case, had stopped taking heroin four months prior to trial. The appellate court held that the trial court properly refused a defense instruction referring to a narcotics addict\u2019s credibility because the instruction used the present tense, implying that the witness was still an addict when in fact she denied that she was an addict, and defense counsel made no attempt to show by other evidence that she was an addict at the time of trial.\nDefendant did not present the trial court with an instruction regarding the credibility of a witness who was an addict at the time of the alleged offense, and we need not reach the issue of the propriety of such an instruction. (Montanez; see also People v. Blackwell (1979), 76 Ill. App. 3d 371, 380-81, 394 N.E.2d 1329; People v. Collins (1977), 48 Ill. App. 3d 643, 650, 362 N.E.2d 1118.) In our judgment the trial court did not err in refusing defendant\u2019s instruction on the credibility of a narcotics addict.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook county is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nHARTMAN, P. J., and DOWNING, J., concur.\nAt oral argument counsel stated unequivocally that Nash testified from \u201ca prone position.\u201d\nThe jury was separately instructed on impeachment by evidence of conviction of a crime (IPI Criminal No. 3.12) and on impeachment by evidence of prior inconsistent statements (IPI Criminal No. 3.11). Except for the inclusion of IPI Criminal No. 3.12 in defendant\u2019s instruction 13A, the two refused instructions are identical, and we shall refer to them as a single instruction.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE PERLIN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Ralph Ruebner, of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Chicago (Leonard L. Cavise, of IIT-Chicago-Kent College of Law, of counsel), for appellant.", "Richard M. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Marcia B. Orr, Adrienne Noble Nacev, and Christine Campbell, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PERCY BANKS, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 80-1007\nOpinion filed July 28, 1981.\nRalph Ruebner, of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Chicago (Leonard L. Cavise, of IIT-Chicago-Kent College of Law, of counsel), for appellant.\nRichard M. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Marcia B. Orr, Adrienne Noble Nacev, and Christine Campbell, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0556-01", "first_page_order": 580, "last_page_order": 590 }