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    "parties": [
      "Henry Fuller v. Monroe Heath et al."
    ],
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      {
        "text": "Murphy, P. J.\nOn the 17th day of April, 1878, Henry Fuller, the appellant, a resident and tax payer of the city of Chicago, exhibited his bill of complaint in the Superior Court of Cook county, representing that on the 8th day of August, 1870, the date of the adoption of the present Constitution of this State, the bonded debt of the city was over $13,000,000, far in excess of the constitutional limit of 5 per cent, upon the assessed value of the taxable property of the city, as ascertained by the assessment thereof for State and county purposes; that, notwithstanding that fact, the officers of said city have from time to time received large sums of money in trust for specific purposes, to wit: upon special assessments, City Hall fund and other funds, and perverted the same and paid them out for general city purposes, as they deemed best, to the amount of $4,000,000 and over, and that, in violation of the plain provisions of the Constitution, they had borrowed in the name of the city a large sum, to wit: the sum of $5,000,000, which the mayor and comptroller had paid out as they saw fit; that, in the year 1875, tire city officers, pretending to be authorized so to do by an ordinance passed April 30, 1875, and by certain statutes of the State, borrowed in addition to the existing debt, a large sum, to wit: $4,500,000, and issued certificates of indebtedness therefor in denominations to suit lenders, bearing such interest as was agreed upon, in the following form:\n\u201c This is to certify that the city of Chicago acknowledges to owe John Doe the sum of $1,000 lawful money \u00f3f the United States of America, which sum the city promises to pay to said John Doe or order,-months after the date hereof (without grace), at the office of the treasurer of the city of Chicago, with interest thereon at the rate of \u2014 per cent, per annum from May 1,1875.\n\u201c This loan having been authorized by Sec. 26 of amendments to the City Charter, approved Feb. 15, 1865, and by Sec. 7 of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, amending the City Charter, approved April 19, 1869.\n\u201c In testimony whereof) the mayor and comptroller of the said city have signed, and the clerk countersigned, these presents, and caused the seal of said city to be hereunto affixed, this -day of-, A. D. 1875. \u201d\nThat $4,000,000 of said sum has since been paid by said officers out of moneys in the treasury of the city, with the interest thereon. That they threaten now and intend to cause the residue thereof to be paid in the like manner.\nThat in the year 1877, the officers of said city, pretending to be authorized so to do by an ordinance of the City Council of the said city of Chicago, passed April 10, 1877, borrowed a large sum in addition to said existing debt, to wit: over $3,000,000, and issued certificates therefor in the following form, to wit:\n\u201cThis is to certify that John Doe has advanced to the City of Chicago $1,000 lawful money of the United States, to meet that part of the current expenses of the year 1877, for which an appropriation has been made for said year for the general appropriation fund, and that said sum will be paid to Jolvn Doe or order, upon the 21st day of July, 1878 (without grace), at the office of the treasurer of the City of Chicago, with semiannual interest thereon, at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum from date, out of the taxes levied for said fiscal year, said tax levy having been heretofore actually made.\n\u201c The treasurer of the city is hereby ordered to make said payment, as aforesaid, and charge to general appropriation fund. This warrant is issued for an amount not exceeding the appropriation for the above account, and not exceeding the amount, of uncollected taxes, apportioned to its payment, and which will be held and applied thereto. All of which is sanctioned by the mayor and finance committee, and duly authorized by law and the ordinance of said city.\n\u201c In testimony whereof, the mayor and comptroller of said city have signed, and the clerk countersigned, these presents, and caused the seal of said, city to be hereunto afiixed, the 21st day of July, A. D. 1877. \u201d\nSaid certificates bear diverse dates, and are made payable at diverse times in 1878.\nThat large amounts of taxes for the year 1877 and prior years are due and unpaid to the city, to-wit: $5,000,000; that a large sum of money\u2014to-wit: the sum of $500,000\u2014is in the treasury of the city; that several millions more is ahout to be collected and paid into the said treasury, and that the mayor and comptroller of said city threaten to cause the certificates of indebtedness and time warrants to be paid therefrom,\u2014prays for an injunction restraining the city authorities from paying any of said pretended debts incurred since Aug. 8, 1810, and that, pending the suit, the mayor and comptroller be restrained from issuing any warrants on the treasurer of the city for the payment of such debts or interest thereon.\nTo this bill the defendants answer jointly and severally, admitting the issue of the certificates of indebtedness as alleged in the bill, and claiming that they were issued not for the purpose alleged in said bill\u2014that is, to borrow money on the credit of the city for general purposes\u2014but to meet the current expenses of the city government for the years in which they were issued respectively, and that they were issued from time to time in anticipation of the collection of taxes levied for the current expenses of the year in which they were drawn, and were based upon and within the appropriation made for the expenses of the respective years for which they were drawn, and denying that they have ever paid any of said certificates, or threatened or had given out that they intended to pay them except as they paid them out of the taxes levied in pursuance of the appropriation of the City Council for the respective years in which they were issued, and out of the fund or revenue for the anticipation of which they were issued; and disclaim generally and specifically any purpose to pay said certificates except in the manner above stated.\nBy the agreement of counsel, the case was heard by the court below upon bill and answer, and stipulation that the defendants should have the same benefits as if they had demurred to the portions of the bill not answered; and the prayer of the bill being denied pro forma and the bill dismissed, the complainant in the court below brings the record to this court by appeal, and assigns for error the denial of the prayer of, and dismissing the bill, and rendering judgment for costs against complainant.\nIt will only be necessary to consider the first assignment of error under the view of the case taken by the court.\nIt is claimed by the appellant that the facts alleged constitute an infraction of Sec. 12, Art. IX. of the Constitution, which is as follows :\n\u201c Xo city shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose, to an amount including existing indebtedness, in the aggregate exceeding 5 per cent, of the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county taxes previous'to incurring such indebtedness. Any county, city, school district, or other municipal corporation, incurring any indebtedness as aforesaid, shall, before or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of a direct annual tax, sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal thereof, within twenty years from the time of contracting the same.\u201d\nIt is admitted by the defendants that if these certificates operate to increase the indebtedness of the city, their issue would be in violation of the above section of the Constitution, and therefore void; and, as a consequence, the officers of the city should be prevented from paying them. But ir is insisted by the defendants that they are not obligations of the city within the Constitutional prohibition, and therefore do not increase its indebtedness.\nThe grounds of their position, as we understand them, are that these certificates were issued from time to time by the city authorities for the purpose of defraying the current expenses. of the city government for the fiscal year in which they bear date respectively; that in no instance in 1875 or 1877, were such certificates issued until after there was an appropriation by ordinance and levy of the tax to pay the expenses of the city government for the current year, and that the certificates were drawn upon such fund so created by said appropriation and levy, and that in no case did the amount of said certificates so issued equal the amount of said levy. That as to the certificates issued in 1877, they were in terms drawn upon said special fund, and payable out of it, and in no other way, and that parties receiving .them did so discharging the city from all liability on account of the claim- for which they were given, taking alone their chances to collect the same from such special fund. This being the- case, it is giving one thing for another, and in no legal sense can be said to be an increase of the city indebtedness.\n' The case of the city of Springfield v. Edwards, 84 Ill. 626, was a case very similar to this, being a bill filed in chancery by a tax payer to enjoin the city authorities from increasing the indebtedness of the city and levying taxes for its payment in violation of the Constitution. In discussing the lawful power of the city in that case, the court, by Scholfield, J., says:\n\u201c If a contract or undertaking contemplates in any contin- . gency a liability to pay when the contingency occurs, the liability is absolute, the debt exists, and it differs from a present unqualified promise to pay only in the manner by which the indebtedness was incurred. And, since the purpose of the debt is expressly excluded from consideration, it can make no difference whether the debt be for necessary current expenses or for something else. In this view we are only prepared to yield our assent to the rule recognized by the authorities referred to with this qualification: 1. The tax appropriated must, at the time, be actually levied. 2. By the legal effect of the contract between the corporation and the individual, made at the time of the appropriation and issuing and accepting of a warrant or order on the treasury for its payment, when collected, must operate to prevent any liability to accrue on the contract against the corporation.\u201d\n\u201c The principle, as we understand, is, there is in such case no debt, becaxise one thing is simply given and accepted in exchange for another.\u201d\nFrom the doctrine of this case, it is apparent that the issxxe of the certificates of 1877 were not in violation of the Constitution, because they were drawn upon a particxxlar fund, actually existing to defray the cxxrrent expenses of the city for that year, and upon the fxxnd created by the tax levied and appropriated for such purpose. This proceeding does not operate to \u00f3rente any liability against the corporation as interpreted by.the Supreme Court, the appropriation and levy having in this case been made before their issue brings them within the rule thus laid down. At the September term of that court for 1877, in the case of Ida Irena Law v. The People ex rel. Louis C. Huck, the Supreme Court, in discussing the question of what was an anticipation of revenue already levied, says:\n\u201c The manner of anticipating revenue already levied, was before us, and fully considered in the case of City of Springfield v. Edwards, 84 Ill. 626, and on the able arguments in this case, we see no reason to change the rule there announced.\u201d Thus it will be seen that the Court means to adhere to the rule laid down in the Springfield case, as the approvedjnethod of anticipating revenue by municipalities.\n. In the Commissioners of Highways v. Thomas Newell et al. 80 Ill. 587, the Court seems to recognize the right of the Commissioners of Highways to anticipate their revenue by the same method as was approved in the case first above cited.\nAs to those certificates which appear to be issued in 1875, for the purpose of defraying the current \"expenses of the city, and which do not in terms appear to be drawn upon any special fund, it is insisted by the complainant that, being drawn upon the general fund of the city and in excess of the constitutional limit, they are therefore void. Even though, as a foundation of an action at law against the city, they may be held void, still does it follow that their payment nut of the fund mentioned would be inequitable? It appears from the answer that they were issued as a means of meeting the current expenses of the city for the year 1875, and were drawn after the appropriation and levy of the tax out of which it is now proposed to pay them, was actually made. It would not be inequitable, therefore, for the city authorities to retire them, giving in substitution therefor other certificates drawn against 'the special fund designed for their payment, and to anticipate \"which they were issued, which would stand on the same footing with the certificates of 1877, which we have shown is a method of anticipating the revenue sanctioned by law. If this may be done, as we think it may, it seems a good test of the .equit\u00e1ble claim of the holder \u00f3f these certificates to be paid out of the tax levy of that year, for it will not he claimed that the mere change in the form of the certificates will, in any degree, strengthen their equities. If, then, it he equitable to pay these certificates out of the said tax levy of 1875 when collected, and that is all the defendants claim the right to do, it is not perceived why a court of equity should enjoin the city authorities from so doing.\nHaving shown that the holders of these certificates have the equitable right to he paid the amount due thereon from the tax levy of that year, if the city authorities choose so to pay them, there is no valid reason why they should be prevented.\nThe court therefore decided correctly in denying the injunction and dismissing the bill.\nFinding no error in the record, the decree of the court below is affirmed.\nDecree affirmed.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Murphy, P. J."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Mr. Edward Roby, for appellant;",
      "Mr. Joseph \u00a1F. Bonfield, for appellees;"
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "Henry Fuller v. Monroe Heath et al.\n1. Cities\u2014Contracting indebtedness\u2014Chicago certieicates of 1877.\u2014The certificates of 1877 were in terms drawn upon and payable out of a special fund, and in no other way; and the parties receiving them, did so, discharging the city from all liability on account of the claim for which they were given, taking alone their chances to collect the same from such special fund. This being the case, it is but giving one thing for another, and is not an increasing of the city indebtedness. The issue of such certificates is not in conflict with the provisions of the Constitution.\n2. The certificates of 1875.\u2014Although the certificates of 1875, were not, by them terms, drawn upon any special fund, they were issued as a means of meeting the current expenses of the city for the year 1875, and were drawn after the appropriation and levy of the tax, out of which it is now proposed to pay them, was actually made ; and it would not he inequitable for the city authorities to retire them, giving in substitution therefor, other certificates drawn against the special fund designed for their payment, and to anticipate which they were issued, which would stand on the same footing as the certificates of 1877. The holders of these certificates have an equitable claim to be paid out of the tax levy of that year.\nAppeal from the Superior Court of Cook county; the Hon. Ekastus S. \"Williams, Judge, presiding.\nMr. Edward Roby, for appellant;\ninsisted that no tax is regarded by Illinois laws as in. the treasury till the money gets there. It is a mere debt or chose in action, a right to demand, secured or unsecured, as the statute fixes or does not fix a lien, and cited Rev. Stat. of 1874, 899, \u00a7\u00a7 253, 254; p. 896, \u00a7\u00a7 229, 230; p. 883, \u00a7 155; p. 884, \u00a7\u00a7 156, 157, 158, 160, 255, 230, 191, 177 ; Chicago Comptroller\u2019s Report, Jan. 1, 1878, 8,9, 12, 120; Cross\u2019 Stat. 636, \u00a7\u00a7 313, 317; Schaeffer v. The People, 60 Ill. 179; Hill v. Figley, 23 Ill. 418; Burrill\u2019s Law Dic. \u201cLien\u201d; Bouvier\u2019s Law Dic. \u201cLien\u201d; Dunlap v. Gallatin Co., 15 Ill. 7; Ryan v. Gallatin Co., 14 Ill. 78; Almy v. Hunt, 48 Ill. 45; Hamilton v. Chicago, 22 Ill. 581; Chicago Com. Conn. Proceedings, 1869, 557.\nThe law does not require the anticipation of the revenue, but on the contrary, requires the levy to he made, and the money to be in the treasury substantially, before the expenditure can begin: Constitution, Art. IV, \u00a7\u00a7 17, 18; Art. IX, \u00a712; \u00a1Rev. Stat. 227; City Incorporation Act, Art. VII, \u00a7\u00a7 2, 3; general sections 92, 93, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 111, 113; p. 218, \u00a7 62; p. 227, \u00a7\u00a7 89, 90, 91; p. 229, \u00a7 101; p. 878, \u00a7 122; p. 960, \u00a7\u00a7 13, 11; Com\u2019rs of Highways v. Newell, 80 Ill. 587; Glidden v. Hopkins, 47 Ill. 525; Allerton v. Kimball, 10 Chicago Legal News, 209; Colburn v. Mayor of Chattanooga, 17 Am. L. Reg. 191; Rev. Stat. 880, \u00a7\u00a7 138, 151.\nMr. Joseph \u00a1F. Bonfield, for appellees;\nthat current taxes may be appropriated, in anticipation of their receipt, to the payment of proper and ordinary current expenses, as if at the time they were iii the city treasury, and such appropriation is not the creation of a debt; cited Grant v. City of Davenport, 36 Iowa, 396; People v. Pacheld, 27 Cal. 175; Moppekers v. State Cap. Com\u2019rs, 16 Cal. 253; The State v. McAuley, 15 Cal. 455; The State v. Medbury, 7 Ohio, 522; The State v. Mayor, 23 La. An. 358.\nThe tax appropriated must at the time be actually levied: City of Springfield v. Edwards, 81 Ill. 626; Law v. The People, 8 Law Jour. 339.\nThe city has authority by virtue of its granted powers and those necessary to carry out the objects of its creation, to issue the warrants set forth in the bill: Rev. Stat. 1871, 228, \u00a7 95; Dillon on Mun. Bonds, 9; Com\u2019rs of Highways v. Newell, 80 Ill. 587; Grant v. City of Davenport, 36 Iowa, 396; Mayor v. Ray, 19 Wall, 468.\nSuch warrants are a legal tender in payment of the taxes of the fiscal year for which they were drawn. Bradwell\u2019s Laws 1877, 172.\nEach of the warrants so drawn is pro tanto an equitable assignment of so much of the fund named therein to the payee, and gives him an equitable and specific lien upon such fund: Phelps v. Northrup, 56 Ill. 156; Kingman v. Perkins, 105 Mass. 111; Moore v. Lowery, 25 Iowa, 336; Morton v. Nailor, 1 Hill, 583; Burn v. Cawalho, 1 Milne & Craig, 690; Grenfel v. Dean, etc. of Windsor, 2 Bevan\u2019s R. 544; Mitchell v. Winslow, 2 Story, 630; 2 Story\u2019s Eq. \u00a7 1,040."
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