{ "id": 2489285, "name": "George J. Kappes, et al., v. The City of Chicago", "name_abbreviation": "Kappes v. City of Chicago", "decision_date": "1905-03-27", "docket_number": "Gen. No. 11,837", "first_page": "436", "last_page": "443", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "119 Ill. App. 436" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "137 U. S. 86", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3546709 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/137/0086-01" ] }, { "cite": "176 Ill. 340", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3157086 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/176/0340-01" ] }, { "cite": "188 Ill. 444", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3233147 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/188/0444-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 Ill. 445", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3160792 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/175/0445-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 661, "char_count": 14738, "ocr_confidence": 0.529, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.3266558591939842e-07, "percentile": 0.6279700090623044 }, "sha256": "521681a1ea02a65fc604dd86d921ea038c51e001a6996d36173dcc056cc6b06f", "simhash": "1:f2bae4938d1f149a", "word_count": 2532 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:07:30.746032+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "George J. Kappes, et al., v. The City of Chicago." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. Justice Brown\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nIt is objected by the 'appellee to the consideration of the substantive merits of the appellants\u2019 contentions, that a bill will not lie \u201cto enjoin the enforcement of an ordinance that . has not as yet been held to be invalid.\u201d We could not sustain this objection without ignoring the plain language of the Supreme Court in City of Chicago v. Collins, 175 Ill. 445, and Wilkie v. Chicago, 188 Ill. 444. Counsel for appellee seek to distinguish these cases from the one at bar by saying that in them there were enough complainants to show on the face of the bill that they were representatives of the class for which they sued, while in the case at bar there are but two complainants out of nine hundred similarly situated. But- in the Collins case the court says: \u201cThe enforcement of a void city ordinance may be enjoined in order to prevent a multiplicity of suits at the instance of any person whose interests are impaired by it,\u201d and quotes Pomeroy as saying that such a case might be brought by one of such persons suing on behalf of the others, or even by one person suing for himself alone. In Wilkie v. The City of Chicago, 188 Ill. 444, the Collins case was followed, and except that seventy-nine complainants out of nine hundred persons simr ilarly situated, joined in the bill, whereas in the present case but two out of nine hundred are suing, the Wilkie case and the one at bar are identical on the question of jurisdiction. We cannot see that the principle is changed by th\u00e9 difference noted, and consider that the jurisdiction of equity in this case has been settled by these decisions of the Supreme Court.\nThe scope of our duty in the investigation of the substantive merits of the cause is much narrowed by the fact that the original ordinance, to enjoin the enforcement of an amended section of which this action was brought, has been passed on and sustained in elaborate opinions of the two courts of binding authority with us\u2014the Supreme Court of Illinois, and the Supreme Court of the United States.\nIn the case of Gundling v. The City of Chicago, 176 Ill. 340, the Supreme Court of Illinois upheld the ordinance and placed its decision squarely on the police power given to the city by paragraph 66 of section 1 of the City and Village Act, and on the power given by paragraph 78 to make all regulations necessary or expedient for the promotion of health. \u201cIt being well known,\u201d says the court, \u201cthat young persons of weak and immature minds are more liable to use tobacco in the form of cigarettes than in any other form, a legislative body may properly provide for the regulation and sale of that article in the form in which it is likely to be the most deleterious and injurious, and may restrict the sales cf that particular form of tobacco.\u201d \u201cAn ordinance of this character is not in conflict with any principle of the common law or with any public or general statute and infringes no private right not necessarily infringed in the interests of good government. It subserves the public welfare, protects the health of the community and is included within the express powers granted the City Council.\u201d The defendants, convicted of a violation of the ordinance, having taken the case on a writ of error to the Supreme Court of the United States, that court also upheld the ordinance, declaring that as to the power of the city council to pass the ordinance, the decision of the Supreme Court of Illinois was conclusive, and that the ordinance did not violate the rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, either in regard to due process of law or to the equal protection of the laws. It says, \u201cWhether dealing in and selling cigarettes is that kind of business which ought to be licensed is, we think, considering the character of the article to be sold, a question for the State and through it for the City to determine for itself.\u201d As stated in Crowley v. Christensen, 137 U. S. 86, \u201cthe possession and enjoyment of all rights are subject to such reasonable conditions as may be deemed by the governing authority of the country essential to the safety, health, peace, good order and morals of the community.\u201d \u201cIt is not a valid objection to the ordinance that it partakes of both the character of a regulation and also that of an excise or privilege tax. The business is more easily subjected to the operation of the power to regulate where a license is imposed for following the same, while the revenue obtained on account of the license is none the less legal because the ordinance which authorized it fulfills the two functions, one a regulating and the other a revenue function.\u201d . .\nIt will thus be seen that the only question before us is this: has a city council which had power to pass an ordinance plainly intended to restrict and discourage as well as to regulate the sale of a given article\u2014an ordinance forbid- / ding its sale altogether in certain places and to certain persons\u2014power also to add by amendment to that ordinance a simple provision preventing its evasion and practical abrogation? To state the question in this form seems to us to answer it, and to render unnecessary the discussion of cases cited by the counsel for appellants where the facts and conditions were very different.\nWe think the court may take judicial notice that cigarettes are generally made of tobacco rolled 'within \u201csmall pieces of tissue paper of the size of about one and three-fourths inches by three and one-fourth inches,\u201d such as it is said in their bill the appellants keep on hand for the purpose of giving away in connection with their business of selling tobacco at retail, and that it is a very simple thing, requiring neither any considerable amount of time or skill nor any mechanical appliance or tool to make the combination of the paper and tobacco, and thus manufacture a cigarette. The purpose of the original ordinance was to regulate and restrict and partially prohibit the use of tobacco in the form of cigarettes. It was upheld as a police regulation on the ground that weak and immature persons injured their health by such use. It would be a halting jurisprudence which could find that such an ordinance was legal and valid, but that the body enacting it had no power to prevent retail dealers of tobacco who had and needed no license for their business, from selling freely to minors as well as to all others the tobacco prepared for cigarettes and then giving away to the purchasers the prepared cigarette papers in which to envelope it. But if the council has power to prevent this; it had necessarily the power to pass the amendment to section 9 complained of, the purpose and effect of which is simply to subject to the same regulations and license fee those who sell the finished cigarette and those who sell the two materials which a twirl of the fingers can combine and make a finished cigarette.\nIt would certainly be strange to hold that a restrictive regulation for the sale of tobacco pipes was valid, but that an amendment to it forbidding, except on the same conditions, the sale of pipe bowls with the gift of amber pipe stems, was beyond the power of the legislative body enacting the original restriction. But it would be no more strange than to sustain the contention of appellants in the present case.\nThe \"decree of the chancellor in the Superior Court is affirmed.\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. Justice Brown" } ], "attorneys": [ "George J. Kappes, for appellants.", "William D. Barge, for appellee; Edgar Bronson Tolman, of counsel." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "George J. Kappes, et al., v. The City of Chicago.\nGen. No. 11,837.\n1. Injunction\u2014when, lies to restrain enforcement of ordinance. For the purpose of preventing a multiplicity of suits, an injunction lies to restrain the enforcement of an ordinance not previously declared invalid.\n2. City council\u2014what within power of. Where a city council has power to pass an ordinance plainly intended to restrict and discourage, as well as to regulate, the sale of a given article\u2014an ordinance forbidding its sale altogether in certain places and to certain persons\u2014it, likewise, has power to add by amendment to that ordinance a simple provision preventing its evasion and practical abrogation.\n3. Judicial notice\u2014of what taken. The court will take judicial notice that cigarettes are generally made of tobaeco rolled within \u201csmall pieces of tissue paper of the size of about 1% inches by 3% inches.\u201d\nBill for injunction. Appeal from the Superior Court of Cook County; the Hon. Theodobe Beentano, Judge, presiding.\nHeard in this court at the October term, 1904.\nAffirmed.\nOpinion filed March 27, 1905.\nStatement by the Court. April 16, 1904, the appellants George J. Kappes and Max Eickelbeig, individually and as copartners as Kappes and Eickelberg, \u201cin behalf of themselves and all other similarly situated,\u201d filed their bill in chancery in the Superior Court of Cook county to restrain the enforcement of section nine as amended October 28, 1901, of an ordinance of the city of Chicago passed July 6, 1899, entitled, \u201cAn Ordinance concerning Cigarettes.\u201d The bill, after amendment, in addition to its formal recitals, etc., sets out in full the ordinance of July 6, 1899, which provided for licenses by the mayor of Chicago authorizing the sale of cigarettes by such persons as might obtain such licenses on giving a certain bond and paying $100 per annum. It is provided in this ordinance that no person shall sell any cigarette containing certain substances other than tobacco, mentioned and declared deleterious; that no cigarette of any kind shall be sold to a minor, and no license shall be granted for their sale within 200 feet of a school house. Penalties are provided for sale of cigarettes to a minor, or of cigarettes containing the deleterious substances mentioned to any one; and Section 9 of the ordinance as originally passed is as follows :\n\u201cSection 9. Any person who shall hereafter have or keep for sale or expose for sale, or offer to sell, any cigarettes at any place within the City of Chicago without having first procured the license, as above provided, shall be fined not less than twenty-five dollars and not exceeding two hundred dollars for every violation of this ordinance, and a further penalty of twenty-five dollars for each and every day the person, firm or corporation persists in such violation after a conviction for the first offense.\u201d\nThe bill, after thus reciting the ordinance passed on July 6, 1899, alleges that on October 28, 1901, the city council of Chicago amended said section 9 so as- to make it read as follows:\n\u201cSection 9. Any person who shall hereafter keep for sale- or to give away, or shall sell or give away, or offer to sell or give away, any cigarettes or any cigarette papers or cigarette-wrappers of any kind, at any place within the City of Chicago, without having first procured the license, as above provided, shall be fined not less than twenty-five ($25) dollars, and not exceeding two hundred ($200) dollars for every violation of this ordinance; and a further penalty of twenty-five ($25) dollars for each and every day such person persists in such violation after a conviction for the first offense.\u201d\nFurther, the bill alleges that complainants are retail cigar and tobacco dealers, and that in that business it becomes, necessary to give away to all persons who desire them small packages of papers known as cigarette papers; and that complainants keep on hand such papers for the purpose of giving away and to give away. Further, it is alleged that in giving away cigarette papers, there is nothing harmful to the public health or otherwise unlawful or injurious; that by giving them away, the complainants \u201csatisfy the desires of certain of their customers,\u201d and make large profits from sales made to such customers of other goods, and that if complainants are prevented from giving away such cigarette papers, they will lose a large number of customers and consequent profits. The bill also asserts that there are nine hundred or more persons similarly situated with complainants; that complainants are threatened with arrest and punishment by the city authorities if they violate said ordinance as amended, and that the ordinance is unconstitutional, illegal and void.\nFurther complainants represent \u201cthat they would not complain of reasonable and proper restrictions that the city might impose in connection with the giving away or keeping for-sale of cigarette papers,\u201d but that \u201cthe imposing of a license fee of $100\u201d upon said business is unreasonable; that the amount is so large that it is unprofitable and impracticable for the complainants and the nine hundred or more other-persons who are similarly situated in the city of Chicago to pay it, and that if compelled to do it, they \u201cwill be unable to conduct said business of keeping for sale or giving away cigarette papers.\u201d\nIt is alleged that by the amended ordinance the city of Chicago has discriminated between the complainants and persons similarly situated on the one hand, and those who shall have taken out a license for the sale of cigarettes and complied with the provisions of\u2019 the ordinance concerning the sale of cigarettes on the other; that the license issued to such persons who have complied with the ordinance for the-sale of cigarettes does not give permission to such persons to-keep for sale or give away cigarette papers, but that such persons are allowed by the city to do so.\nAllegations are also made that in default of an injunction, complainants will be harassed by a multiplicity of suits and arrests, and will have no remedy against the city of Chicago for the false arrests and imprisonments they may be-subjected to, or for the expense they may be put to, and that the agents of the city would probably be irresponsible persons, so that complainants would suffer irreparable loss; that for complainants and their nine hundred fellow tobacco dealers to pay the license fee demanded under protest and sue to \u25a0 recover it, would likewise bring about a multiplicity of suits and be a great hardship. For these reasons the bill prays that the city of Chicago and its agents may be restrained from arresting the complainants or any other persons similarly situated, or enforcing. \u201cthe different sections of the ordinance as far as the same relate to the keeping for sale or giving away of cigarette papers or wrappers.\u201d\nTo this bill the city of Chicago filed a general demurrer. On argument the chancellor in the Superior Court sustained the demurrer and dismissed the bill. From this decree the complainants (appellants here) took an appeal, and in this court have assigned as error the sustaining of the demurrer- and the dismissal' of the bill.\nGeorge J. Kappes, for appellants.\nWilliam D. Barge, for appellee; Edgar Bronson Tolman, of counsel." }, "file_name": "0436-01", "first_page_order": 454, "last_page_order": 461 }