{ "id": 2615968, "name": "Ford Motor Company v. Morris R. Osburn", "name_abbreviation": "Ford Motor Co. v. Osburn", "decision_date": "1908-04-20", "docket_number": "Gen. No. 13,812", "first_page": "633", "last_page": "644", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "140 Ill. App. 633" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "175 Ill. 631", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3161177 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/175/0631-01" ] }, { "cite": "43 Ill. App. 175", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5056400 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/43/0175-01" ] }, { "cite": "141 U. S. 510", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3555642 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/141/0510-01" ] }, { "cite": "134 U. S. 307", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "315" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "127 Ia. 108", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "case_ids": [ 8645590 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/iowa/127/0108-01" ] }, { "cite": "164 Mass. 537", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 789116 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "540" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/164/0537-01" ] }, { "cite": "171 Ill. 602", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3177570 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/171/0602-01" ] }, { "cite": "157 Ill. 554", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3141787 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/157/0554-01" ] }, { "cite": "10 Ill. App. 424", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 852727 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/10/0424-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 Ill. 459", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2623015 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/66/0459-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 871, "char_count": 20932, "ocr_confidence": 0.494, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.341692004839675e-07, "percentile": 0.8741837844600207 }, "sha256": "4e97d00e8768d28a980dc94120d77647fe5ed0cf052b2ca31ee7717f6541a0d8", "simhash": "1:1a49fdefa68e84c7", "word_count": 3623 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:04:04.800732+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Ford Motor Company v. Morris R. Osburn." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. Justice Adams\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nThe questions discussed by counsel for the parties, respectively, are whether the defendant, the Ford Motor Company, was a bailee for hire at the time of the fire; whether the retention of the automobile by defendant, from the time it received it till the time of the fire, was or not an unreasonable detention; whether defendant was liable for breach of warranty, and whether plaintiff had rescinded the contract.\nThe trial court, as is evident from remarks of the court, made just before finding for the plaintiff, was of the opinion that the defendant retained the automobile in its possession an unreasonable length of time, after putting it in what is considered good condition, and also that there was a breach of warranty by defendant.\nCounsel for defendant contend that the defendant was, when it received the automobile, on its being shipped back to it, a bailee for hire and so continued till the time of' the fire, and that it exercised ordinary care of it, and was not guilty of any negligence in premises. The plaintiff testified that he agreed with Mr. Hay, the manager of defendant\u2019s branch at Chicago, to ship the automobile back \u201cto see if he could make it all right.\u201d When he shipped it, he marked on the freight receipt, \u201cReturned for repairs.\u201d In plaintiff\u2019s letter to defendant of February 11, 1907, written before he knew of the fire, and in response to defendant\u2019s letter of January 22, 1907, he wrote: \u201cI am not in a condition physically, just at present, to go to Chicago, but I will try and get there, if possible, within the next day or so.\u201d Defendant\u2019s letter of January 22, 1907, had informed plaintiff that the automobile had been put in first-class condition, and had expressed a wish that plaintiff would come to Chicago and see for himself. The automobile having been shipped by plaintiff, as the owner thereof, for repairs, and the repairs being for the mutual benefit of the parties, the defendant, when it received the automobile, became bailee of it for hire, and was responsible for only ordinary care. Russell v. Koehler, 66 Ill. 459; Keith v. Bliss, 10 Ill. App. 424; Union Stock Yards & Transit Co. v. Mallory, 157 Ill. 554; Standard Brewery v. Bemis & Curtis Malting Co., 171 Ill. 602; Lincoln v. Gay, 164 Mass. 537, 540.\nThe exact time when the defendant received the automobile, when plaintiff returned it for repairs, does not appear from the evidence, but it appears from the plaintiff\u2019s letter of January 15, 1907, that he shipped it January 14th, and counsel for defendant admit, in their argument, that defendant received it January 16th. Mr. Hay testified that work on the automobile was completed within forty-eight hours after its receipt by the defendant, and Mr. Hedges, an automobile engineer, who had charge of the mechanical work of defendant\u2019s Chicago branch, testified that \u201cthe repairs were accomplished within a day after they were started.\u201d If the repairs were made on the seventeenth of January, which was the day next after defendant received the automobile, then the retention thereof was from January 17th till February 4th, the day of the fire, which would be over two weeks. Plaintiff\u2019s counsel claims a detention of two weeks, which we think fair, in view of the evidence. Defendant\u2019s counsel claim the detention was not unreasonable, and that the automobile was at plaintiff\u2019s risk at the time of the fire. Plaintiff\u2019s counsel contends the contrary.\nMr. Hay testified that in the conversation of January 12th, in which it was agreed that the automobile should be sent back to Chicago, he said to Mr. Osbnrn that he would like to have him come to Chicago and see the automobile while in Chicago, and that he, Mr. Hay, would take it out on the street and show it to him, and that the plaintiff agreed to this, and said that he was in Chicago frequently, and that would be an easy matter for him; that the conversation occurred at the Southern Hotel in Chicago. Mr. Osbnrn testified in respect to the conversation, that Mr. Hay suggested that he, Osbnrn, should try the automobile in Chicago, and he told Mr. Hay that the automobile might run on the Chicago boulevards and not up there; meaning, we suppose, at Janesville. Plaintiff was then asked and answered as follows:\n\u201cQ. Did you say you would come down here and try it before they sent it back? A. No, I did not.\nQ. Did you say you would not? A. Why, I objected to that kind of an arrangement in all the transactions, in fact all the way back to the store.\u201d\nThe presiding judge of the trial court remarked that he did not think plaintiff agreed to come to Chicago. While it may be true that plaintiff did not expressly promise to come to Chicago to witness a test of the automobile, when repaired or readjusted, we are of opinion that he induced the defendant to believe and expect that he would so do.\nThe defendant\u2019s letter of January 22nd was evidently received by the plaintiff, and the answer to it of January 25th, written by his direction, and that answer does not request the shipping the automobile to plaintiff, but merely states a reason why plaintiff could not come to Chicago, viz: his confinement at home by illness, and states that the matter will be attended to when plaintiff would come to his office, thus deferring the matter till plaintiff\u2019s recovery from his illness. February 11, 1907, the plaintiff, not then, knowing of the fire of February 4th, wrote: \u201cYour letter of January 22nd was referred to me today, this being the first day that I have been at my office since my recent illness. I am not in a condition physically, just at present, to go to Chicago, but I will try and. get there, if possible, within the next day or so.\u201d Can there be any doubt that, if plaintiff had not been ill when defendant\u2019s letter of January 22nd was received, he would either have visited Chicago to inspect the automobile, or would have written that he would come, as he did in his letter of February 11th t He was only prevented from coming to Chicago to witness a test of the automobile, in accordance with his letter of February 11th, by a letter from defendant, dated February 12th, informing him of the fire and that the automobile was practically a total loss.\nAfter defendant had put the automobile in order, it was reasonably necessary, in view of the numerous complaints made by the plaintiff, to test it, and this required some time.\nMr. Hedges testified that when the car was returned from Janesville, the defendant made some small adjustments, the expense of which, if charged, would not have exceeded $7 or $8, and that subsequently it was tested by operating it, first by the mechanic who made the adjustments, and afterward by himself; that he operated it for twenty-five or thirty miles, and found that it was in good condition and acted properly.\nPlaintiff\u2019s counsel relies on Standard Brewery v\u201e Malting Co., 171 Ill. 602. In that case the agreement between the appellant and the appellee was, that the former would deliver to the latter, during the malting season, 50,000 bushels of barley to be malted, and the Malting Company agreed to receive the barley from any railroad in Chicago, haul it to its plant, malt it in the best manner possible, and deliver it to the Standard Brewery at its brewery in Chicago. The Standard Brewery delivered to the Malting Company 9,000 bushels of barley in October, 14,000 bushels in November, and 4,000 bushels in December. The Malting Company\u2019s warehouses, in which the barley was stored, were destroyed by fire January 12, 1894. The trial court instructed the jury that it was the Malting Company\u2019s duty to malt and return the barley to the plaintiff within a reasonable time after its delivery to that company, etc. The jury found for the plaintiff, the Standard Brewery, judgment was rendered on the verdict, and the court affirmed the judgment.\nWe do not think the case is applicable, the facts in that case and in this being* essentially different. The Standard Brewery was, as its name imports, engaged in the brewing business, and doubtless required prompt delivery of the barley when malted, and the Malting Company\u2019s contract was to malt the barley and deliver it to the Standard Brewery when malted. Bach case must rest on its own circumstances.\nWe are of opinion that the automobile was not unreasonably detained by the defendant, and that the defendant was a bailee of it at the time of the fire, and that it was in its possession at,plaintiff\u2019s risk. Proof of the destruction of the automobile by fire having been made, it was incumbent on the plaintiff to prove want of ordinary care, or negligence, on the part of the defendant. Standard Brewery v. Hales & Curtis Malting Co., 70 III. App. 363, 367, and authorities cited; Hunter v. Ricke Bros., 127 Ia. 108.\nThe plaintiff did not attempt to prove, nor does his counsel claim, that the fire occurred by reason of the defendant\u2019s negligence. The cause or origin- of the fire could not be ascertained on investigation, and is not known, and evidence introduced by the defendant, which is undisputed, shows that the defendant used great precautions to guard against fire.\nPlaintiff\u2019s counsel claims that the automobile was warranted to be fit for the use intended, and that there was a breach of that warranty. The only clause in the contract-relating to warranty is this: \u201cWe warrant all goods furnished by us for sixty days following the date of shipment, based upon the date of invoice covering the goods; this warranty being limited to the replacement, in our factory, of all parts giving out under normal service, in consequence of defect of material or of workmanship.\u201d Manifestly, this warranty is limited to the replacement of parts which give out under normal service, by reason of defect of material or workmanship. Plaintiff\u2019s counsel does not claim that the foregoing warranty is a warranty that the automobile would answer the purpose for which it was intended, but contends that there was an oral agreement which implied such warranty. Counsel say: \u201cIn this case, if the sale is to be- considered verbal, there was also an express warranty that the car was all right.\u201d Reference is here made to the following testimony of the plaintiff: The plaintiff, after testifying that he\nhad a conversation with a salesman of defendant, in regard to purchasing the automobile in question, further testified: \u201cThe salesman said, \u2018I think I will let you have this car. \u2019 He went back and came back and said, \u2018You can have this car.\u2019 I asked him, \u2018How much?\u2019 and he said it would be $630. I said, \u2018The car is all right, is it?\u2019 He said, \u2018Yes.\u2019 I said, \u2018I will take it,\u2019 and I gave him $30 to bind the bargain.\u201d This evidence went in over defendant\u2019s objection. \u201cIt is fundamental that, when a contract is reduced to writing, it is conclusively presumed that the written instrument expresses the entire contract between the parties, and that all prior and contemporaneous negotiations, in respect to the subject-matter of the contract, are excluded. DeWitt v. Berry, 134 U. S. 307, 315; Seitz v. Brewers\u2019 Refrigerating M. Co., 141 U. S. 510; Ramming v. Caldwell, 43 Ill. App. 175, and cases cited.\nIt may be added that the plaintiff purchased the automobile in question on sight, and as a \u201cModel N Ford Automobile,\u201d and after inspecting it, and that he received the very automobile which he purchased. In such ease there is no implied warranty. Seitz v. Brewers\u2019 Refrigerating M. Co., supra; Peoria Grape Sugar Co. v. Turner, 175 Ill. 631.\nThe contention of plaintiff\u2019s counsel that plaintiff rescinded the contract is not supported by the evidence.\nThe judgment will be reversed.\nReversed.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. Justice Adams" } ], "attorneys": [ "John P. Wilson, Nathan G. Moore and William B. McIlvaine, for plaintiff in error; William B. Hale, of counsel.", "Warren B. Wilson, for defendant in error." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Ford Motor Company v. Morris R. Osburn.\nGen. No. 13,812.\n1. Bailments\u2014who bailee for hire. Upon receiving an automobile for repairs, to be made for the mutual benefit of the owner and the repairer, the repairer becomes a bailee for hire, responsible only for a failure to exercise ordinary care.\n2. Bailments\u2014when bailee not responsible for loss resulting from fire. In the absence of a showing of a failure to exercise ordinary care, a bailee for hire is not liable for the destruction by fire of the thing bailed.\n3. Wabbanty\u2014what not breach of. A particular warranty of an automobile set forth in the opinion is construed and held not breached.\n4. Wabbanty\u2014when implied, does not arise. An implied warranty of an automobile does not result from a purchase made upon sight.\n5. Contbacts\u2014how cannot be varied. A contract reduced to writing is conclusively presumed to express the entire contract of the parties and all prior and contemporaneous negotiations in respect to the subject-matter of the contract are deemed to have been merged therein and cannot be shown to affect the terms of such contract.\nAssumpsit. Error to the Municipal Court of Chicago; the Hon. Osoab M. Tobbison, Judge, presiding.\nHeard in this court at the October term, 1907.\nReversed.\nOpinion filed April 20, 1908.\nStatement by the Court. Morris E. Osburn, plaintiff below, filed the following amended bill of particulars :\n\u201cMoney had and received by defendant for use of plaintiff, money paid by plaintiff to defendant as the purchase price of a certain automobile agreed to be sold by defendant to plaintiff and warranted by defendant to be sound and suitable for the purpose for which it was sold; but said automobile not being sound or suitable for the purpose, etc., a breach of said warranty occurred and said automobile returned but purchase price withheld by defendant, $680. Also for a certain automobile and attachments left by plaintiff with defendant and destroyed or lost through his fault, $780; in all $780.\u201d\nThe cause was tried by the court, without a jury. The court found for the plaintiff and assessed his damages at $680, and overruled a motion by defendant for a new trial, and rendered judgment on the finding.\nThe following contract was entered into between the parties:\n\u201cChicago, 10/26, 1906,\nFord Motor Compahy;\nSirs: Ton are authorized to enter my order for One Model N Ford Automobile, upon the following terms and conditions:\n1. The price to be six hundred and thirty dollars ($630). I agree to pay thirty dollars ($30) upon your acceptance in writing of this order, and the balance of Six Hundred Dollars ($600) within forty-eight hours after I have been notified by you that the above automobile is ready for delivery. The same to be delivered F. O. B. Chicago.\n2. I agree to accept automobile from you immediately upon notice that it is ready for delivery. Upon my failure to do so within the forty-eight hours, you may dispose of it to another customer or in any way you desire, and you are not to be held liable for failure to deliver to me. The above mentioned first payment to be forfeited by me at your option.\n3. It is agreed that this automobile will be finished and equipped as per regular catalogue specifications, and any and everything else furnished beyond said specifications shall be extras, to be paid for by me at schedule prices as shown on this agreement in paragraph marked 'Extras.'\n4. This order is given by me subject to your acceptance, and, when approved by the authorized head of the Branch of the Ford Motor Company from where ordered, it shall constitute a valid contract and shall be binding between us.\n5. It is further agreed that tins automobile is purchased by me exclusively subject to the terms and provisions of the warranty hereinafter set forth, which is hereby made a part of the contract between us, and that it is the only guarantee and warranty, either expressed or implied, made under this contract.\nWe warrant all goods furnished by us for sixty days following the date of their shipment, based upon the date of invoice covering the goods, this warranty being limited to the replacement in our factory of all parts giving out under normal service in consequence of defect of material or of workmanship.\nIf the circumstances do not permit that the work shall be executed in our factory, this warranty is limited to the shipment, without charge, of the parts intended to replace those acknowledged to be defective.\nIt is, however, understood that we make no warranty whatever regarding pneumatic tires or the batteries.\nWe cannot accept any responsibility in connection with any of our motor cars when they have been altered or repaired outside of our factory.\nWe are not responsible to the purchaser of our goods for any undertakings and warranties made by our agents beyond those expressed above.\nIt is expressly agreed and understood by the undersigned that the Ford Motor Company makes no warranty of its goods whatsoever, either expressed or implied, other than as stated herein, and that the said Ford Motor Company desires and expects that its customers shall make a thorough examination and inspection of its goods before purchasing same.\n6. Extras. included in above price. 1 Top Extra 3 inch tires 3 Oil Lamps & horn ^ Freight\n7. The above is a full agreement of every kind and nature pertaining to this sale, and no agreement will be recognized other than embodied herein, and no erasures or additions will be recognized unless approved of in writing hereon by an Officer of the Company.\nM. B. Osbur\u00edt, Address Janesville.\nApproved for Ford Motor Co.\nThos. J. Hay, Mgr.\u201d\nThomas J. Hay, who was, at the date of the contract, the manager of the Chicago branch of the Ford Motor Company, testified that, in his best judgment, he signed the approval of the contract the day the sale was made; also that the contract put in evidence by the defendant and exhibited to the witness was the copy which the defendant kept, and that, at the time of the sale, the plaintiff paid $30 and the remainder of the price within a few days. It does not appear from the evidence exactly when the automobile was shipped from Chicago to Janesville, Wisconsin, where the plaintiff lives; but it appears from a letter from plaintiff to defendant, of date October 31, 1906, that plaintiff had received the machine prior to that date. In that letter he wrote: \u201cThere are one or two points on which I wish you would assist me,\u201d etc., and then mentions the pump rattling considerably, the car running too fast when he makes certain adjustments, too much vapor escaping, and one of the glass pumps, through which oil goes from the tank, filling up. A number of other letters passed between the parties, the plaintiff mentioned difficulties which he had with the machine, and the defendant making suggestions with regard to it; and in the early part of January, 1907, the defendant sent to Janesville a man named Rubble, one of its salesmen, to examine the machine, and ascertain, if possible, what the difficulty was. He examined the machine, worked on it, and undertook to overcome the difficulty of operating it, but failed. The evidence tends to prove that the machine when received by the plaintiff, and subsequently thereto, did not operate properly, and we do not understand this to be denied by the defendant; but the evidence also tends to prove that there was nothing radically wrong with it, or which could not easily and readily be remedied by a skilled mechanic in automobile machinery. Finally, January 12, 1906, Mr. Osburn agreed with Mr. Hay, manager of the Chicago branch of the Ford Motor Company, that he would send the car back to Chicago for examination, etc. The plaintiff testified: \u201cIt was understood between Mr. Hay and myself, at the conversation which I had with him on January 12th, already referred to, that I was to ship the car back to see if he could make it right.\u201d It appears from a letter, of date January 15, 1907, from plaintiff to defendant, that plaintiff shipped the car to Chicago January 14, 1907, in which letter he wrote: \u201cI had marked on the freight receipt \u2018Returned for repairs\u2019.\u201d January 22, 1907, defendant wrote to plaintiff, \u201cTour car was duly received, and our boys have gone over it and pronounced it in first-class condition. We should like very much, however, to have you visit Chicago and allow us to take you out in the car and show you what it will do, while it is here. We feel confident that the car will be highly satisfactory to you in its present condition. Trusting that you can arrange to follow out our suggestions, we are,\u201d etc. In answer to this letter defendant received a letter from one A. C. Jenkins, informing it that the plaintiff was and had been for a week confined to his home by illness, but that when he returned to his office defendant\u2019s correspondence would be attended to. The plaintiff did not visit Chicago to see the car after it was repaired by the defendant, and the car was destroyed by fire in the defendant\u2019s building February 4, 1907, between 12 and 1 o\u2019clock A. M.\nJohn P. Wilson, Nathan G. Moore and William B. McIlvaine, for plaintiff in error; William B. Hale, of counsel.\nWarren B. Wilson, for defendant in error." }, "file_name": "0633-01", "first_page_order": 651, "last_page_order": 662 }