#### Samuel M. Thrift, Appellant, v. The Vandalia Railroad Company, Appellee.

1. Licensees—when policemen and firemen are. Where a police officer or a fireman enters upon premises in order that he may better perform his duties as such, but without any express or implied invitation of the owner of the premises, he is a mere licensee, and such owner owes him no duty except to refrain from inflicting wilful or wanton injury upon him. Held, that the particular ordinance in question in this case did not affect the general rule as above stated.

2. Negligence—what does not establish wilfulness. Where the sole negligence charged is the violation of an ordinance, wilfulness is not established.

Action in case for personal injuries. Appeal from the Circuit Court of Macon county; the Hon. William C. Johns, Judge, presiding. Heard in this court at the May term, 1908.

Affirmed.

Opinion filed November 17, 1908.

William: E. Nelson and Lee Boland, for appellant; David Hutchinson, of counsel.

Outten, Roby, Ewing and McCullough, for appellee.

Mr. Presiding Justice Puterbaugh

delivered the opinion of the court.

This is a suit against appellee for personal injuries received by appellant in the yards of the Illinois Central Bailroad Company in the city of Decatur, through the alleged negligence of appellee. The yards in question were at the time used and operated by appellee under an arrangement with the Illinois Central Bail-road Company. The declaration in its various counts alleges that upon a certain day between the hours of ten and eleven o’clock at night, at which time it was very dark and a violent snow storm was raging, appellant attempted to cross one of the tracks in said yard, in an endeavor to apprehend unknown persons who he hacl been informed were stealing property stored *415in freight cars then upon the tracks in said yard, and that he was run over by a moving train which was running backward over such track without a light on the rear end thereof and without any warning being given by either whistle or bell, nor any brakeman or employe being stationed on the rear end of the train.

An ordinance of the city of Decatur then in force provided in substance that no railroad train should be started in the city without first ringing a bell or sounding a whistle thereon; that a bell should be kept constantly ringing while such train was in motion, and that any train running or backing in the night time should have a bright and conspicuous light on the end of the train which might be foremost in the direction in which the train was moving. The negligence upon which appellant relies primarily for recovery is the violation of such ordinance. It is charged in several of the counts that the train was recklessly backed in the night time when it was very dark, in disregard of the rights and safety of persons who might be upon said track; that the backing of the train was wanton and reckless, and that by reason of such gross and wanton negligence plaintiff was injured, etc. It is also averred in the sixth count that the defendant had been informed through its servants that the plaintiff would be upon the premises at or about the day of his injury for the purpose .of apprehending offenders as aforesaid, and that said servants had assented thereto. The court sustained a general and special demurrer to the entire declaration and entered judgment for the defendant.

It is not contended by appellant that he was upon the premises by the invitation of the appellee, either express or implied; but it is insisted that he was rightfully there under a license given him by law. It is now well settled that where' a police officer or fireman enters upon premises in order that he may better perform his duties as such, but without any express or implied invitation of the owner of the premises, he is *416a mere licensee, and such owner owes him no duty except to refrain from inflicting wilful or wanton injury upon him. The doctrine applies equally to cases where the license is given by law. Gibson v. Leonard, 143 Ill. 182; Casey v. Adams, 234 Ill. 350. Counsel contend however that the case at bar is distinguishable from those cited, in that the ordinance alleged to have been violated, being general in its nature, was enacted for the benefit of all persons rightfully upon the premises, and imposed upon appellee the duty to use reasonable care to avoid injuring such persons, whether they were expressly or impliedly invited there by appellee or not. We regard such position as untenable. The ordinance could only have been intended to protect those who might go upon the private right of way of appellee upon its business or by its solicitation or invitation or by its authority; that is to say, those whose presence there might he reasonably anticipated. An ordinance which could properly he construed to impose upon a railroad company the duty to anticipate the presence of persons, even peace officers in the performance of their official duties, upon its private right of way necessarily at rare intervals and at unexpected times and places, and to exercise continuous vigilance to avoid' injuring them, would be manifestly unreasonable, and seriously interfere with the practical operation of railroads. Those operating them would thus be rendered unable to properly perform their duty to the public of furnishing cheap, safe and rapid transportation.

It is urged by counsel for appellant that inasmuch as it is averred in several counts of the declaration that appellee had knowledge, through certain of its servants, that appellant would go and be within its yards in the performance of his official duty, in the night time, on or about the day in question, it thus had specific notice of his presence there, and was bound to use reasonable care for his safety. The averment in question fails to state upon what particular *417night, what time in the night, or at what place in the yard appellant expected to be; nor does it state which of the servants of appellee was so informed. It is therefore insufficient to establish the status of appellant as one upon the tracks with the knowledge and authority of appellee.

It is also insisted that even if. it be conceded that appellant was a mere licensee, the characterization in several counts of the declaration of the alleged negligent acts of the defendant as wanton, wilful, reckless and heedless, established a right to recover under the rule above stated. The violation of the ordinance which is the sole negligence charged, did not constitute wantonness or wilfulness. I. C. R. R. v. O’Connor, 189 Ill. 557. It is not sufficiently pleaded that appellee had knowledge, express or implied, of the presence or probable presence of appellant upon the right of way. It therefore cannot be said that under the circumstances detailed in the declaration, such want of care and disregard for the rights of appellant existed as to constitute wilfulness or wantonness. It is manifest there could be no wilful disregard of the rights of one whose presence was unknown and could not have been reasonably anticipated.

The court did not err in its rulings upon the demurrer and the judgment will be affirmed.

Affirmed.