{
  "id": 5375626,
  "name": "Eliza A. Todd, Administratrix of the Estate of Jonathan N. Todd, Deceased, Appellee, v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, Appellant",
  "name_abbreviation": "Todd v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad",
  "decision_date": "1915-12-01",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "141",
  "last_page": "151",
  "citations": [
    {
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      "cite": "197 Ill. App. 141"
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    "id": 8837,
    "name": "Illinois Appellate Court"
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    "name_long": "Illinois",
    "name": "Ill."
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    {
      "cite": "190 Ill. 486",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:24:45.151974+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "Eliza A. Todd, Administratrix of the Estate of Jonathan N. Todd, Deceased, Appellee, v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, Appellant."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Mr. Justice Boggs\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nThis was an action on the case brought by appellee, against the Louisville & Nashville Bailroad Company, to recover damages for the death of her husband. The declaration as originally filed consisted of five counts. The trial court, however, instructed the jury to find for the defendant on the first two counts.\nThe third count avers that Todd was waiting to become a passenger, and was ready,- willing and able to pay his fare after he had entered the train; that while he was endeavoring to do so, the defendant negligently started its train and by its servants violently, carelessly, negligently and improperly pushed Todd off the train, while in motion, causing him to fall under the wheels.\nThe fourth count is practically the same as the third. ' The fifth count alleges that while Todd was endeavoring to enter the train, the defendant\u2019s servants seized him with great force and violently pushed, pulled and struck him to prevent him from entering the train, and negligently and improperly caused him to fall under the wheels of the train.\nThe defendant filed the general issue, a trial was had and the jury returned a verdict for $3,000. A motion for a new trial was overruled, and judgment rendered, from which judgment this appeal is taken.\nThe facts as they appear from the evidence are that Todd, a man of about thirty-five years of age, living at Bell Prairie, Illinois, where he operated a telephone exchange and was engaged in the insurance business, on the day he was killed went to Carmi to transact some business with the agents of the Insurance Company for which he was working. Todd finished his business at Carmi with the insurance agents between 1:30 and 2 o\u2019clock in the afternoon. The train from McLeansboro was due to leave about 3:20. It is claimed by appellant that Todd left the insurance office and went more or less directly to the L. & N. station, where he tried to buy a ticket about 2 o\u2019clock p. m., but the agent refused to sell him one because, as the agent testified, he appeared to be under the influence of liquor. It is also claimed by appellant that Todd went to a saloon not far from the railroad station where he was seen to take two or three drinks. Todd returned to the station perhaps twenty minutes before train time, where he was seen by several persons to drop his overcoat, breaking a bottle of whisky he had in the pocket. After this he returned to the saloon and purchased one or two bottles of whisky and then came back to the station, where he was seen talking with an insurance man named Garrison at the time the train pulled in.\nThe evidence on the part of appellant is also to the effect that Todd at this time was more or less under the influence of liquor and was pronounced by several witnesses who testified on the trial to be intoxicated. On the part of appellee the evidence is to the effect that while Todd may have taken two or three drinks he was not intoxicated, but was apparently sober at the time he was seen at the railroad station just prior to the accident.\nThe undisputed evidence is also to the effect that Todd was having\u2019 a more or less heated conversation with a man by the name of Garrison at the time the train pulled in. The train waited at the station some three or four minutes and the evidence of appellant tends to show that the bell rang and the train had begun to move before Todd attempted to get on, while the evidence of appellee\u2019s witnesses is to the effect that Todd attempted to board the train before it started. The evidence of all the witnesses who saw the accident is that Todd attempted to get on the train at the front end of the smoker.' As to what happened after Todd attempted to board the train there is a conflict of evidence, the witnesses for appellant testilying to the effect that Todd was intoxicated and that the colored porter refused to let him get on the train on account of such intoxication. The evidence of appellant is further to the effect that the colored porter was between Todd and the train when the rear end of the smoker came along, and that he prevented Todd from getting on the train at this time, and that when the rear end of the ladies\u2019 car came along the porter grabbed the hand rails and got on the car. The train at this time was running some six to ten miles per hour. The evidence of appellant is further to the effect that Todd again attempted to get on the train, and had apparently caught the rear hand rail of the vestibule coach next back of the ladies\u2019 coach, the door of which was shut, making it impossible for him to get on there. Todd had his overcoat over his left arm, the train was moving rapidly, whereupon he was thrown upon the platform and rolled under the train. The evidence of appellant further tended to show that the porter did not touch Todd when he made his last attempt to get on the train. On the other hand, the witnesses on the part of appellee testified that the train had not started when Todd attempted to board the same at the front end of the smoker; that after he attempted to get on, the porter prevented him from doing so and raised his hand and pushed him back. Todd then tried to get on the rear end of the smoker where the porter again pushed him off. Todd then stepped back towards the rear end of the ladies\u2019 coach and took hold of the handle bar and stepped on the lower step. At this time the porter took hold' of bim and shoved or pushed him away and threw him from the car on the edge of the platform, where he fell under the coach, was run over and killed.\nAs in most cases, the testimony was more or less conflicting, but the above statement substantially covers the same. There being a conflict in the evidence it was for the jury to say what facts were proved, and its finding cannot be disturbed, if the court did not err in its ruling on the evidence and in the giving of its instructions.\nIt is contended by appellant, first, that appellee\u2019s intestate was not a passenger on appellant\u2019s train; second, that the porter was acting beyond the scope of his authority in pulling him from the steps of the car; and third, that the plaintiff\u2019s intestate was killed or mangled in endeavoring to board the car while the train was moving.\nAppellant devotes a large part of its brief and argument in support of its first proposition that Todd was not a passenger at the time the accident occurred, the argument being that the relation of passenger and carrier is a contractual relation requiring an express or implied assent on the part of the carrier before it can arise; and that there can be no implied assent on the part of the carrier to receive one who does not present himself in a proper condition and manner and at a proper place and time.\nIn support' of this proposition counsel for appellant cites numerous authorities, all of which we think substantially support his proposition, but we do not think it follows, as a proposition of law from the authorities cited, that appellee\u2019s intestate was not a passenger of appellant at the time of the accident. A railroad company owes a duty to persons desiring to be carried, to accept and carry\" such persons, providing they present themselves at a proper time and place, and in a proper manner, and condition, and tender or be willing to pay the necessary fare. This proposition is so elementary and fundamental that it needs no citation of authorities for its support.\n\"We do not understand appellant to contend that a person must necessarily procure a ticket in order to become a passenger and we do not understand that to be the law. Chicago & E. I. R. Co. v. Jennings, 190 Ill. 486; Merrill v. Michigan Cent. R. Co., 158 Ill. App. 40; Elliott on Railroads, see. 1879; Pennsylvania Co. v. McCaffrey, 173 Ill. 169; Illinois Cent. R. Co. v. O\u2019Keefe, 168 Ill. 115.\nAppellant contends that Todd applied at the ticket office for a ticket and, that, because of his intoxication, the agent refused to sell him a ticket, that it necessarily followed that at the time he had not become a passenger, and that when he applied for admission to the train and the porter refused to permit or allow him to board the train, that he was still not a passenger. For the sake of the argument it can be admitted that appellant\u2019s contention on these points is well taken, still we are of the opinion that notwithstanding the fact that the agent refused to sell Todd a ticket, and notwithstanding that the porter attempted to prevent Todd from boarding the train, if Todd did board the train, and did reach a place of safety, he would then become a passenger, providing he was able and willing to pay his fare, and providing also he was in a proper condition to be received as such. As to whether he was in proper condition and as to whether he was ready, able and willing to pay his fare were questions of fact for the jury under the evidence. The evidence on the part of appellee if taken by the jury was abundantly sufficient to sustain appellee\u2019s claim that Todd at the time he boarded the train was not intoxicated and was ready, able and willing to pay his fare, and if this be true, -he was then a passenger, and it was the duty of' the defendant and its servants to use all reasonable care and diligence to protect him. as such. We go further and say that we believe the law in this State to be that, conceding Todd to have been a trespasser as claimed by the appellant, still if he had reached a place of safety on the train then even though he were a trespasser, the defendant company would have had no right to forcibly eject him while the train was in motion. Before the defendant could have removed Todd from its train after it had started, it must stop its train so as not to endanger his life, and to do otherwise would render the company liable.\nSecond, it is next contended that even though the colored porter did push, pull or remove Todd from the train, under the circumstances claimed by appellee whereby he lost his life, that the company would not be liable because the act would be beyond the scope of the duties and authority of the said porter.\nA number of authorities are cited by appellant\u2019s counsel which it insisted go in support of their contention that the act of the porter was without the scope of his authority. We have examined these cases and we find that in not one of them ;s the question of the liability of a railroad company for the act of its porter in ejecting a passenger from its train involved.\nIn the case of the Illinois Cent. R. Co. v. King, reported in 179 Ill. 93, being one of the cases- relied on by appellant, we find that the question involved in that case was whether the railroad company was liable for the act of its brakeman in ejecting a trespasser from one of its freight trains. At page 93 the court in its opinion says: \u201cPlaintiff was a trespasser, and defendant owed him no duty other than such as it owed to any stranger. But although he was a trespasser he did not forfeit the right which inheres in every person as against every other person in all conditions, that defendant should not wilfully and intentionally inflict an injury upon him. * * * \u25a0\n\u201cThere was evidence tending to prove that the act of the brakeman was wilful. He pulled the plaintiff from under the cars when the train was running at a speed of six or eight miles an hour, and manifested his feeling and willingness to inflict a needless injury upon plaintiff by cursing him and throwing a stone at him.\n\u201cThe liability of defendant rests upon the further question whether the act of the brakeman was in the course, of his employment and authority as a servant of the defendant. If he was acting within the scope of his duty and employment the defendant would be liable for his act,\u201d citing Chicago City Ry. Co. v. McMahon, 103 Ill. 485. \u201cThere was no want of evidence to show that the brakeman did the act within the scope of his duty. He testified as follows: \u2018 Our instructions are to stop and put them off if we find some one beating their way. \u2019 * * * This evidence shows conclusively that it was within the scope of his directions and duties to put trespassers off the train.\u201d The court in this case held the railway company liable for the act of the brakeman.\nIn the case at bar the porter, we think, in view of the evidence disclosed by the record, was acting within the scope of his authority.\nAgain it was contended by appellant that plaintiff\u2019s intestate was guilty of negligence as a matter of law in attempting to board a moving train. We think, however, that in view of the conflicting evidence as to what actually occurred at the time Todd attempted to board the train, and as to whether or not he did board the train and reach a place of safety, renders the question of whether he was guilty of negligence contributing to his injury, a question of fact for the jury. The question was fairly presented to the jury as to whether or not the porter did forcibly push Todd from the cars, and their finding in that matter we think should not be disturbed. Appellant also assigned error on the giving of instructions on the part of appellee and on the refusal of instruction offered by appellant.\nAppellee only offered two instructions and those were such as have been frequently approved by this and the Supreme Court. Twenty-four instructions were given at the request of appellant, and an examination of these instructions demonstrates that the trial court fairly instructed the jury on every phase of appellant\u2019s case.\nWe find that, as to the instructions that were refused, all of them so far as they embodied correct principles of law applicable to the case at bar were covered by other instructions given by the court on behalf of appellant. Instruction thirty-three asked by the appellant and refused by the court calling attention of the jury to their examination prior to their being* accepted and sworn, we think, was improper and the trial court was right in refusing the same.\nAppellant also contended that the court erred in refusing to permit the witness Myrle Sefried, called by it, to be questioned in regard to an alleged statement he was claimed to have made for the purpose of refreshing his recollection or awakening his conscience.\nWe are inclined to the opinion that the court should have allowed these questions to have been asked, but we do not think that their refusal would constitute reversible error. In fact we do not see how this ruling could in any way materially affect the case.\nAccordingly the judgment of the Circuit Court is affirmed.\nAffirmed.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Mr. Justice Boggs"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "James M. Hamill and Charles P. Hamill, for appellant.",
      "H. Anderson and T. H. Creighton, for appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "Eliza A. Todd, Administratrix of the Estate of Jonathan N. Todd, Deceased, Appellee, v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, Appellant.\n1. Trial, \u00a7 155 \u2014what is province of jury as to evidence. Where the evidence is conflicting it is for the jury to say what facts are proved.\n2. Appeal and error, \u00a7 1411 \u2014when verdict not disturbed on appeal. The finding of a jury as to what facts are proved by conflicting evidence will not be disturbed unless there was error in rulings on evidence or in instructions.\n3. Carriers, \u00a7 307 \u2014how relation of carrier and passenger may arise. The relation of passenger and carrier is contractual, and requires the assent of the carrier, express or implied, before it can arise.\n4. Carriers, \u00a7 306 \u2014when assent to receive person as passenger not implied. No assent of a carrier to receive a person as a passenger can be implied unless the passenger presents himself in a proper manner and condition, and at a proper time and place.\n5. Carriers, \u00a7 251 \u2014when duty arises to accept and transport persons desiring to become passengers. A railroad company owes to persons desiring to be transported the duty of accepting and transporting them, provided they present themselves at a proper time and place, and in a proper manner and condition, and tender or are willing to pay the necessary fare.\n6. Carriers, \u00a7 310 \u2014when person may become a passenger. A person may be a passenger on a railroad train without procuring a ticket.\n7. Carriers, \u00a7 310 \u2014when person without ticket becomes passenger. A person who boards a train and reaches a place of safety thereon is a passenger although the agent of the carrier refuses to sell such passenger a ticket, and, although defendant\u2019s porter attempts to prevent such passenger from entering the train, provided the passenger is able and willing to pay fare, and provided he is in a proper condition to be received as such.\n8. Carriers, \u00a7 480 \u2014when question whether passenger in proper condition to be received for jury. Whether a passenger is in a proper condition to be received as such is a question of fact for the jury on the evidence.\n9. Carriers, \u00a7 476 \u2014when evidence sufficient to sustain finding that passenger not intoxicated. In an action to recover for the death of plaintiff\u2019s intestate, where there was evidence that deceased attempted to board a moving train and had reached a place of safety thereon but was pushed off the steps of a car by defend- , ant\u2019s porter, causing deceased to fall under the wheels and be killed, evidence of plaintiff held sufficient, if believed, to sustain plaintiff\u2019s claim that at such time deceased was not intoxicated and was ready, able and willing to pay his fare, although there was also evidence that shortly prior to attempting to board the train deceased had been drinking.\n10. Carriers, \u00a7 278 \u2014what is duty of carrier to protect passenger from injury. A person who boards a train and is ready, able and willing to pay his fare is a passenger, if not intoxicated, although shortly prior to boarding the train such passenger may have been drinking, and as such is entitled to the use of reasonable care and diligence on the part of the carrier and its servants to protect him from injury.\n11. Carriers, \u00a7 535 \u2014when trespasser may not be forcibly ejected. A railroad company has no right while a train is in motion to forcibly eject a trespasser who has reached a place of safety on the train, and will be liable for any injury caused by such ejection before the train has been stopped so that ejection will not endanger such trespasser\u2019s life.\n12. Railroads, \u00a7 517 \u2014what duty owed to trespasser. A railroad company owes no duty to a trespasser other than that owed to other strangers.\n13. Carriers, \u00a7 535 \u2014what is right of trespasser as to freedom from injury. A trespasser on a train does not, by being such, forfeit the right inhering in every person as against every other person to be free from wilful and intentional injury by such other person.\n14. Carriers, \u00a7 340 \u2014when liable for acts of servants. A railroad company is liable for the acts of a servant within the scope of the duty and authority of such servant.\n15. Carriers, \u00a7 340 \u2014when porter acts within scope of his authority. In an action to recover for the death of plaintiff\u2019s intestate where there was evidence that deceased attempted to board a moving train and had reached a place of safety thereon but was pushed off the steps of a car by defendant\u2019s porter, causing deceased to fall under the wheels and be killed, held that the act of the porter was within the scope of his authority.\n16. Carriers, \u00a7 480 \u2014when question whether passenger attempting to board train guilty of contributory negligence for jury. In an action to recover for the death of plaintiff\u2019s intestate, where there was evidence that deceased attempted to board a moving-train and had reached a place of safety thereon, but was pushed off by defendant\u2019s porter, causing deceased to fall under the wheels and he killed, but where the evidence was conflicting, the question whether deceased was guilty of negligence contributing to his death held a question of fact for the jury.\n17. Carriers, \u00a7 526 \u2014when evidence sufficient to sustain finding that porter forcibly pushed person from car. In an action to recover for the death of plaintiff\u2019s intestate, where there was evidence that deceased attempted to hoard a moving train and reached a place of safety thereon, hut was pushed from the steps of a car by defendant\u2019s porter, causing deceased to fall under the wheels and be killed, but where the evidence was conflicting, held that a finding of the jury that such porter forcibly'pushed deceased from the car should not he disturbed, it appearing that the question was fairly presented to the jury.\n18. Instructions, \u00a7 151 \u2014when requested instructions properly refused. Requested instructions containing correct principles of law applicable to a case are properly refused where they are covered by others already given.\n19. Instructions, \u00a7 20 \u2014when properly refused. Instructions calling the attention of the jury to their examination prior to being accepted and sworn are properly refused.\n20. Appeal and error, \u00a7 1490 \u2014when exclusion of evidence not reversible error. In an action to recover for the death of plaintiff\u2019s intestate, where there was evidence that deceased attempted to board a moving train and reached a place of safety thereon, hut was pushed from the steps of a car by defendant\u2019s porter, causing deceased to fall under the wheels and be killed, the refusal of the trial court to permit the examination by defendant of a witness called by it as to an alleged statement made by the witness, such examination being sought for the purpose of refreshing the recollection or of awakening the conscience of the witness, held not reversible error although the court might properly have allowed the examination, it not appearing that the ruling affected the case in any material way.\nAppeal from the Circuit Court of Hamilton county; the Hon. Jacob R. Creighton, Judge, presiding.\nHeard in this court at the March term, 1915.\nAffirmed.\nOpinion filed December 1, 1915.\nJames M. Hamill and Charles P. Hamill, for appellant.\nH. Anderson and T. H. Creighton, for appellee.\nSee Illinois Notes Digest, Vols. XI to XV, and Cumulative Quarterly, same topic and section number.\nSee Illinois Notes Digest, Vols. XI to XV, and Cumulative Quarterly, same topic and section number.\nSee Illinois Notes Digest, Vols. XI to XV, and Cumulative Quarterly, same topic and section number."
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