{ "id": 3068409, "name": "Santa Rosa-Vallejo Tanning Company, Appellee, v. Charles Kronauer & Company, Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "Santa Rosa-Vallejo Tanning Co. v. Charles Kronauer & Co.", "decision_date": "1923-02-19", "docket_number": "Gen. No. 27,807", "first_page": "236", "last_page": "256", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "228 Ill. App. 236" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "219 Ill. App. 138", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5437015 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/219/0138-01" ] }, { "cite": "138 Ill. App. 564", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 2608359 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/138/0564-01" ] }, { "cite": "197 Ill. App. 626", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5374985 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/197/0626-01" ] }, { "cite": "75 Ill. 205", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2700170 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/75/0205-01" ] }, { "cite": "243 Fed. 317", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.", "case_ids": [ 3967196 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f/243/0317-01" ] }, { "cite": "211 Ill. 229", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3307252 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/211/0229-01" ] }, { "cite": "131 Ill. 425", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5418191 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/131/0425-01" ] }, { "cite": "237 Ill. 473", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3386700 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/237/0473-01" ] }, { "cite": "159 Ill. 627", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3131837 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/159/0627-01" ] }, { "cite": "262 Ill. 636", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 4751488 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/262/0636-01" ] }, { "cite": "150 N. Y. Supp. 638", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.S.", "case_ids": [ 5565763 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nys/150/0638-01" ] }, { "cite": "165 N. Y. App. Div. 171", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "A.D.", "case_ids": [ 2775305 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ad/165/0171-01" ] }, { "cite": "95 Atl. 986", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "88 N. J. Law 174", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J.L.", "case_ids": [ 229066 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/njl/88/0174-01" ] }, { "cite": "153 Ill. App. 313", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 878210 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/153/0313-01" ] }, { "cite": "174 Ill. App. 535", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 2760525 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/174/0535-01" ] }, { "cite": "141 Ill. App. 239", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 2620258 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/141/0239-01" ] }, { "cite": "148 Ill. App. 421", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 2644397 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/148/0421-01" ] }, { "cite": "242 Ill. 88", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5654748 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/242/0088-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 Ill. 631", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3161177 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/175/0631-01" ] }, { "cite": "220 Ill. App. 383", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5431513 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/220/0383-01" ] }, { "cite": "225 Ill. App. 221", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5472414 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/225/0221-01" ] }, { "cite": "55 Ill. 44", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5273247 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/55/0044-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1130, "char_count": 41671, "ocr_confidence": 0.504, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.6228879877068403e-07, "percentile": 0.6875738701368304 }, "sha256": "a7bd6b54685805b464d2b928b97b564e8c5d5cfedd2a8a79cc8916a4db1bec6b", "simhash": "1:66109f8a965194fc", "word_count": 7349 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:26:43.827958+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Santa Rosa-Vallejo Tanning Company, Appellee, v. Charles Kronauer & Company, Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. Justice Matchett\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nThis is an appeal by the defendant from a judgment entered upon the verdict of a jury for $12,338.90. The statement of claim showed a demand for that amount by reason of the sale by plaintiff to defendant of 100 rolls of Buttbranded harness leather, 33 rolls of which were stated to be \u201cheld for shipping instructions.\u201d\nThe defendant in its affidavit of merits admitted the giving of an order for the 100 rolls of harness leather at the price of 70 cents a pound; set up that the shipping of 67 rolls had been made at different times; that the first 9 rolls of leather were of .the kind and quality ordered and that defendant owed plaintiff the sum of $1,053.50 therefor, less certain offsets claimed; that the other rolls delivered were examined by defendant upon a reasonable time after delivery and were not found to be of the kind or quality ordered and were in fact not fit for the purpose for which the same were ordered; that it thereupon rejected the same, as it had a right to do; that plaintiff had agreed that defendant might return the leather, and that it agreed to call for the same and take it away, but afterward refused so to do and insisted on payment.\nThe answer further set up that \u201cBB Harness leather\u201d was known in the trade as \u201cthe best leather free from all imperfections. save that each side is branded on the butt.\u201d\nThe case has been twice submitted to a jury, the first trial resulting in a disagreement.\nThe statement of facts by the appellant disregards rule 19 of this court, in that it fails to state \u201cthe leading facts which such evidence proved or tended to prove, without discussion or argument and without detail.\u201d This omission has added much to the labors of this court.\nThe plaintiff is a manufacturer of leather at Santa Bosa, California; the defendant a manufacturer of harness leather at Chicago, Illinois.\nApril 27, 1920, plaintiff, through its broker, S. I. Beed & Company of Chicago, wrote defendant as follows:\n\u201cWe confirm our telephone conversation of today, and have entered your order for 100 rolls of BB Harness leather, 15/19 K> sides, at 70^ a lb.; to be shipped by the Santa Bosa-Vallejo Tanning Co., Santa Bosa, Calif. Terms: less 2% \u2014 30 days' or Net 60 days.\n\u201cWe have requested Santa Bosa to ship the stock, 10 to 15 rolls weekly.\n\u20181 Thanking you for the order and with best personal regards, we are.\u201d\nOn various dates from May 8, 1920, to June 29, 1920, plaintiff sent invoices of shipments made on this order.\nJune 9 defendant wrote plaintiff requesting it to hold up on the order \u201cuntil you hear from us later, until the railroad people are able to make more prompt shipments. \u2019 \u2019\nJune 25 defendant wrote plaintiff, asking that when shipments again began, lighter leather might be sent, and July 3 plaintiff replied that it would comply with the request.\nJune 28 defendant wrote plaintiff complaining, that the shipments were short and that the arrivals were late, and July 28 wrote that it had opened the leather and found it not at all satisfactory; that it was not like sample, was too heavy, soft and spongy, etc. Plaintiff replied that it was sorry that defendant had any cause to complain; that it sent \u2018 \u2018 our regular selection of Buttbranded leather the same as we send to all of our customers.\u201d\nAugust 17, 1920, defendant wrote plaintiff: \u201cWe have your harness leather on hand, which has been rejected. Kindly let us hear from you by return mail what we shall do with same. If we do not hear from you within ten days we will return shipment to you.\u201d Plaintiff replied by telegram August 24: \u201cIf you return leather it will be at your own risk.\u201d\nAlleged errors argued are: First, permitting attorney for plaintiff to ask leading questions to its own witness; second, as to the rulings on evidence; third, prejudicial conduct of counsel for plaintiff; and, fourth, the giving and refusing of instructions.\nIt is said that the court permitted evidence to be received tending to show an alleged custom in the leather trade, and this, it is urged, was contradictory of the express terms of the written contract. Also, error is argued in that the court received oral evidence to explain the meaning of the word \u201cclear\u201d as it appears in the written order.\nWe do not think the court erred in these respects. The general rule as to leading questions is subject to many exceptions and usually a matter in the discretion of the court. Thompson on Trials, sec. 360, p. 371. Defendant\u2019s own pleading relied on a custom in the trade, and we do not think the court, in receiving evidence of the custom, or evidence as to the meaning of the word \u201cclear\u201d transgressed the rule laid down in well-considered cases. Lonergan v. Stewart, 55 Ill. 44. Nor do we think the court erred, as defendant contends, in receiving in evidence a postal card showing specifications which plaintiff used in making sales, there being contrary evidence for defendant which this tended to contradict.\nNeither do we think the court erred, as defendant contends, in refusing to receive in evidence defendant\u2019s exhibit 4, which was certain strips of leather which defendant had cut from the goods delivered. Yohalem v. Matolone, 225 Ill. App. 221.\nNor do we think there was reversible error in the conduct of the attorney for plaintiff. He asked the president of the defendant company if experts might be sent to the plant to examine the leather which was the subject of controversy. The court bverruled an objection interposed. Defendant then made a motion to withdraw a juror and continue the ease. Again, when the strips of leather were offered by defendant, the attorney for plaintiff objected and stated that he challenged counsel to let the jury go over and see the leather. This statement was, on defendant\u2019s motion, stricken out. Defendant again made a motion to withdraw a juror, which was denied. We do not see error in this. Indeed, if defendant\u2019s contentions were correct, an acceptance of the challenge would have offered an effective way of convincing the jury. Counsel for plaintiff in his closing arguments referred to his client as the \u201cpoor fellow from California,\u201d and to defendant\u2019s client as the \u201cMarket street gang.\u201d It is obvious,however, that the word \u201cpoor\u201d as used could not have been understood as referring to the poverty of the plaintiff. The phrase \u201cMarket street gang\u201d should not have been used, but specific objection was not made to the use of either phrase. There was no motion to strike, no requested instruction to disregard. The error, if error it was, is not reversible.\nComplaint is made of instruction No. 4, which is as follows:\n\u201cUnder the terms of the order given by the defendant to the plaintiff, such order constituted a sale under a trade name, and the sale of merchandise under a trade name does not embody any implied warranty of fitness of the merchandise for any particular purpose or any implied warranty of the quality of the merchandise. \u2019 \u2019\nThe error argued as to this instruction involves the proper construction of section 15 of chapter 121a, Hurd\u2019s Rev. St. 1919, of the Uniform Sales Act [Ca-hill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, \u00b6 18]. The first paragraph of that section in substance provides that under the provisions of the act and of any statute in that behalf, there is no implied warranty or condition as to the quality or fitness for any particular purpose of the goods supplied under a contract to sell, or a sale, except as stated therein.\nSubsection 1 provides that where the buyer expressly or by implication makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required, and it appears that the buyer relies on the seller\u2019s skill or judgment, whether the seller be the grower or manufacturer, there is an implied warranty that the goods shall be reasonably fit for such purpose.\nSubsection 4 provides: \u201cIn the ease of a contract to sell or a sale of a specified article under its patent or other trade name, there is no implied warranty as to its fitness for any particular purpose.\u201d It is apparent that instruction No. 4 was given on the theory that subsection 4 was applicable to the facts of this case. Appellant says there is no evidence in the record of a trade name or of a sale under a trade name; that the instruction was in effect an instruction for a directed verdict for the plaintiff because it did not leave the jury to decide from the evidence whether the sale in question was a sale under a trade name or not, but directed the jury that such sale was a sale under a trade name. It says that the term \u201cButt-branded\u201d is not part of the name, but simply states the grade of leather, just like the other grades of it\u2014 \u201cA\u201d Harness leather, \u201cB\u201d Harness leather, \u201cNo. 2\u201d Harness leather, etc.\nIf subsection 4 is applicable to the facts, then the instruction was properly given; but if, as appellant contends, subsection 1 of section 15 is applicable, then the instruction was clearly erroneous; or if the question of whether it was the sale of a specified article under its trade name was one on which under the evidence there was an issue of fact, then the question should have been submitted to the jury, and in that case also the instruction would be erroneous.\nWe are disposed to agree with the contention of the appellee that under the uncontradicted evidence the transaction amounted to the sale of a specified article under its trade name; that as the evidence was uncontradicted, the question of whether the subsection 4 applied became a question of law for the court, and that the instruction was therefore proper.\nAs to subsection 4, this court has specifically held in American Spiral Pine Works v. Universal Oil Products Co., 220 Ill. App. 383, that this subsection of the statute simply restates the well-settled rule of the common law in regard to the sale of a known, described and definite article; that decision follows the law as laid down by our Supreme Court in Peoria Grape Sugar Co. v. Turney, 175 Ill. 631; Fuchs & Lang Mfg. Co. v. Kittredge & Co., 242 Ill. 88.\nWe think that under the uncontradicted evidence in this case, the phrase \u201cBB Harness leather\u201d was the trade name of a \u201cknown, described and definite article. \u2019 \u2019 Such indeed appears to have been the construction put upon this term by the pleading of the defendant, which, in the third paragraph of its affidavit of merits, states in substance that the term \u201cBB Harness leather\u201d is used in the harness-making trade, and in buying and selling of leather for harnesses, to denote a certain grade of harness leather, which is \u201cthe best leather free from all imperfections save that each side is branded on the butt\u201d; that said term is commonly used in the trade to denote such grade and use of leather.\nIt appears from the specifications in evidence that the harness leather manufactured and sold by the plaintiff was of five different kinds or classes, and that five different names were used to describe these classes of leather, such as \u201cA\u201d Harness leather, \u201cB\u201d Harness leather and \u201cBB\u201d Harness leather. The witnesses for both parties showed that they were familiar with these different kinds, grades or classes ,of harness leather as manufactured and offered for sale by the pla.i-ntiff. It appeared without contradiction that plaintiff had been selling its harness leather under these names for upward of 29 years, and that this leather had been, to use the language of one of the witnesses, \u201ca standard product for many years.\u201d Defendant had been familiar with these grades of plaintiff\u2019s leather for at least 10 or 12 years prior to the transaction out of which the controversy arose.\nWe therefore conclude that there was no issue of fact for the jury on this point; that subsection 4 was applicable on the uncontradicted evidence; and that by virtue of that subsection there was no implied warranty as to the fitness of the leather delivered for any particular purpose.\nMoreover, subsection 1 was clearly inapplicable, as the uncontradicted evidence shows that the defendant in making its purchase of this particular class or kind of leather did not rely on the vendor\u2019s skill or judgment; did not, so far as the record shows, make known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods were required. Under the law, therefore, the plaintiff was obligated to deliver the kind of leather specified, but it did not warrant either the fitness of the leather for any purpose or its quality, other than as the same might be expressed in the particular kind of goods specified. Such has been the continued and consistent holding of this court in many cases. Healy lce Machine Co. v. Clow & Sons, 148 Ill. App. 421; International Filter Co. v. Hartman, 141 Ill. App. 239; Moderwell & Co. v. Farmers Grain & Feed Co., 174 Ill. App. 535; Elevator Safety Device Co. v. Brown-Ketcham Iron Works, 153 Ill. App. 313. And such has also been the construction of similar provisions in the Uniform Sales Acts of other States. Quemahoning Coal Co. v. Sanitary Earthenware Specialty Co., 88 N. J. Law 174, 95 Atl. 986; Wasserstrom v. Cohen, Frank & Co., 165 N. Y. App. Div. 171, 150 N. Y. Supp. 638.\nAppellant argues that instruction No. 4 in effect directed the jury that the plaintiff could recover even though the leather delivered was absolutely worthless, and some authorities are cited to the effect that even in. a sale under a trade name there is an implied warranty that the article sold should be merchantable. In this connection appellant cites Willis ton on Sales, 1909, p. 311, where it is said: \u201cIn this country, as has already been seen, where there is a contract to sell goods by description, there is an implied warranty that the goods shall be merchantable.\u201d This statement, however, we think, refers to subsection 2 of section 15, which lays down the law applicable where goods are bought by description. The section clearly distinguishes between such a sale and the sale of a specified article under its patent or trade name.\nWe think that under subsection 4, if a buyer in fact secured the specific article which he bought and which was sold under a trade name, the delivery of the identical article bought would be a condition precedent to the recovery of the price for which it was sold, but there would be no implied warranty of fitness.\nDefendant next argues error in the giving of instructions Nos. 5 and 8 as requested by plaintiff. In these instructions the jury were told that the burden of proof was on the defendant to establish by a preponderan.ee of the evidence that- the leather in question was inferior in quality to the leather described in the order, and that if defendant had failed in this the jury should find the issues against it; that the defendant must by a preponderance of evidence establish that the 58 rolls of leather rejected by it were of \u2022a different description of goods than shown in the order, and that unless the jury believed that the 58 rolls were of a different description, they should find the issues against the defendant. As to these 58 rolls of leather, it is argued that these instructions are erroneous in that they state that the burden of proof is on the defendant, while in fact it was on the plaintiff; that no attempt was made to differentiate between the.leather which was shipped and the 33 rolls not shipped; that the instructions placed on the defendant the burden of proving the quality of the leather which it had never seen and which was more than 2,000 miles away, and authorized a finding against the defendant if it failed to make this proof.\nThat as a general rule the burden of proof is on the plaintiff to establish his case by a preponderance of the evidence is elementary and scarcely requires the citation of authorities. Abhau, v. Grassie, 262 Ill. 636. It is, however, also true that when under the pleadings it appears that a defendant relies upon an affirmative defense, the prima facie case of the plaintiff having been established, it is proper for the court to instruct the jury that the burden of establishing such affirmative defense is upon the defendant who asserts it. It was so held in Morris v. Wibaux, 159 Ill. 627, where the contract was to deliver cattle of a certain described kind. This case was followed in Burt v. Garden City Sand Co,, 237 Ill. 473, where the seller sued to recover the purchase price of cement which was warranted to be of a certain quality, and where the court approved an instruction which told the jury in effect that under the law of this State it was incumbent upon the parties claiming damages, by reason of a breach of warranty, to prove such warranty. The court said that if the vendor delivered cement to the vendee which the vendee claimed was not up to standard and according to specifications, \u201cThe burden rested upon it to show that fact. \u2019 \u2019 To the same effect is Underwood v. Wolf, 131 Ill. 425. The defense of defendant here was necessarily based on section 69 of the Sales Act [Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, \u00b6 72]. The defense which it so sought to introduce was an affirmative one. The plaintiff established a prima facie case by undisputed evidence, and we think it was therefore, under the facts of the case and-the pleadings, not erroneous for the court to instruct the jury that the burden of proof to establish the defense pleaded was upon the defendant. As to the 33 rolls, the evidence that these were of the kind ordered is uncontradicted.\nThe 8th instruction is criticised because the word \u201cweight\u201d was not used in describing the leather; but we think that, while not expressly stated, it was necessarily included in the description used. At any rate, the defendant made use of similar language in its instruction No. 9 on the same point, and is not, therefore, in a position to complain.\nIt is also argued by appellant that the court erred in giving instructions Nos. 3 and 7. By No. 3 the jury were told that if they found the issues for the plaintiff, the measure of damages was the contract price for all or such portion of the leather as it might find from the evidence and under the instructions' of the court was in compliance with the order. By instruction No. 7 the jury were told that if they believed that the plaintiff on or about June 29, 1920, set aside for the defendant the unshipped portion of leather ordered, namely, the 33 rolls, and if they believed that the plaintiff was and had been at all times since June 29, 1920, ready, able and willing to ship the 33 rolls of leather, and if they believed that the 33 rolls of leather were substantially and materially equal in quality and specification to the leather ordered by the defendant, and further that \u25a0 defendant notified the plaintiff that it would not accept the 33 rolls of leather if plaintiff shipped it to defendant, the plaintiff was entitled to recover the purchase price of the 33 rolls of leather. It is said that these instructions are erroneous in that they do not differentiate between the situation as shown in the evidence as to the 67 rolls of leather shipped and the 33 rolls not shipped; and it is said that the instructions are in direct conflict with section 63, subsec. 3, of the Uniform Sales Act, Hurd\u2019s Eev. St. 1919, eh. 121a [Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, \u00b6 65, subsec. 3], which provides that:\n\u201cAlthough the property in the goods has not passed, if they cannot readily be resold for a reasonable price, and if the provisions of section 64 (4) are not applicable, the seller may offer to deliver the goods to the buyer, and, if the buyer refuses to receive them, may notify the buyer that the goods are thereafter held by the seller as bailee for the buyer. Thereafter the seHer may treat the goods as the buyer\u2019s and may maintain an action for the price.\u201d\nAppellant says that there is nothing in the record to show that the 33 rolls not delivered could not haye been resold for a reasonable price, or that the plaintiff notified the defendant that it was holding the 33 rolls as bailee for the defendant. It says that the true measure of plaintiff\u2019s damages is set forth in section 64 of the Sales Act [Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, \u00b6 67], which provides in substance that where the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to accept and pay for the goods, the seller may maintain an action against him for damages for nonacceptance, and that the measure of damages is the estimated loss directly and naturally resulting, in the natural course of events, from the buyer\u2019s breach of contract; that where there is an available market for the goods in question, the measure of damages is, in the absence of special circumstances, showing proximate damage of a greater amount, the difference between the contract price and the market or current price at the time or times when the goods ought to have been accepted, or if no time was fixed for acceptance, then at the time of the refusal to accept. Appellant says that there is nothing in the record to show that there was no available market, and that there is no showing of any \u201cspecial circumstances\u201d to warrant damages other than the difference between the contract price and the market price, if any.\nPrior to the enactment of the Uniform Sales Act the seller had an election of remedies where the buyer refused to accept the merchandise. He might store the merchandise for the buyer and sue for the contract price; he might keep1 the merchandise and recover the excess of the contract price over the market price, or he might sell the merchandise at the market price and recover the difference between the market price and the contract price. The law is clearly stated on this subject in the case of Osgood v. Skinner, 211 Ill. 229, which was a case where suit was brought to recover the contract price of certain certificates of stock which had not been delivered. In this case the court stated:\n\u201cIf there has been no delivery of personal property, the seller who has offered performance on his part may consider the property as the purchaser\u2019s, and may either sell it and sue for the unpaid balance of the price, or may hold it subject to the call or order of the purchaser and recover the whole price. * * * The rule of this court has been that the vendor may elect to sue for damages or to treat the property as the property of the vendee, nothwithstanding a refusal to accept it, and sue upon the contract for the whole contract price.\u201d\nWe do not think that the Uniform Sales Act has changed the law upon this subject. Section 63 of that Act, under the heading \u201cRemedies of the Seller,\u201d states one of these remedies to be an \u201cAction for the price,\u201d while section 64 describes an \u201cAction for damages for non-acceptance of the goods.\u201d Paragraph 1 of section 63 provides:\n\u201cWhere, under a contract to sell or a sale, the property in the goods has passed to the buyer, and the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to pay for the goods according to the terms of the contract or the sale, the seller may maintain an action against him for the price of the goods.\u201d\nIn order to determine whether this paragraph is applicable to the facts of this case it is necessary to determine whether the property in the 33 rolls of leather passed to the buyer. The provisions of the Sales Act also lay down specifically the rules by which this question must be determined. In part second, under the heading \u201cTransfer of Property as between Seller and Buyer,\u201d in section 17 thereof [Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, \u00b6 20], it is stated:\n\u201cNo property passes until the goods are ascertained. Where there is a contract to sell unascertained goods no property in the goods is transferred to the buyer unless and until the goods are ascertained.\u201d\nSection 19 [Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, \u00b6 22] states certain rules for ascertaining the intention of the parties as to the time at which the property in the goods is to pass to the buyer. Buie 4 states :\n\u201cWhere there is a contract to sell unascertained or future goods by description, and goods of that description and in a deliverable state are unconditionally appropriated to the contract; either by the seller with the assent of the buyer, or by the buyer with the assent of the seller, the property in the goods thereupon passes to the buyer. Such assent may be expressed or implied, and may be given either before or after the appropriation is made.\u201d\nBy another paragraph it is provided that in an f. o. b. sale, delivery to the carrier constitutes an appropriation of the goods to the contract.\nThere was testimony for the plaintiff in this case which tended to show that on or about June 29, 1920, it set aside 33 rolls of BB harness leather as provided by the defendant\u2019s order; that these rolls were merchantable and of the kind ordered.and specified; that after they were so set aside the defendant wrote plaintiff requesting that the same should not be shipped until further instructions; that afterward plaintiff requested from defendant instructions as to shipping, which were refused.\nThe sale, according to its terms, was f. o. b. at Santa Rosa, California, and the title to the property would undoubtedly have passed to the defendant upon delivery of the same to the carrier for shipment. The defendant refused to give instructions for shipping and informed plaintiff that the leather would not be received if it were shipped. It was, we therefore think, unnecessary that the plaintiff should have delivered the leather to the carrier in order to fulfill its part of the contract. If the refusal of the defendant to receive the leather was unjustifiable, as it was found to be, then, we think, under these provisions of the Sales Act the jury were justified in finding that the property in the 33 rolls of leather passed to the defendant at the time the plaintiff, in pursuance to the terms of the contract, set the leather aside for the defendant\u2019s use. As was said in Osgood v. Skinner, swpra: \u201cIf, before or at the time of performance, the purchaser has declared his intention not to perform or refuses to do so, the seEer need only prove that he was ready and willing to perform on his part. \u2019 \u2019 Mechera on Sales, sec. 1674, states the rule thus:\n\u201cIf the title has passed, and the seller has done all that is required to be done upon his part \u2014 has taken the goods to the specified place, if any, or tendered them when tender is required, or, as in the usual case where no such active performance is required, stands ready and willing to surrender the goods upon performance by the buyer \u2014 and the buyer fails or refuses to take the goods and pay the price, an action as for goods bargained and sold may be maintained. An actual change of possession is not essential to sustain an action for goods bargained and sold if the title has been transferred.\u201d\nTo the same effect is Kawin & Co. v. American Colortype Co., 243 Fed. 317.\nOur conclusion is, therefore, that the court did not err in giving these instructions.\nThe appellant also complains of certain instructions given by the court on the question of agency, and also argues that the court erred in refusing to give the \u25a018th instruction offered by the defendant. By this instruction the jury were told that as a matter of law, where there is a contract to sell, or a sale of goods by description, there is an implied warranty that the goods shall correspond with the description; that where there is a breach of such warranty by the seller, the buyer may at his election, among other things, rescind the contract to sell or the sale, and refuse to receive the goods, or may, if the goods have already been received, return them or offer to return them to the seller; that if the jury should find from all the evidence in the case that the defendant within a reasonable time examined the 58 rolls of leather in question, and that the leather was of a poorer or inferior grade and was not of the weight stated in the contract for the sale thereof, and rescinded its contract and offered to return the 58 rolls of leather, then the plaintiff could not recover for any more than the first 9 rolls of said leather. It is argued that this instruction states the law as expressed in sections 14, 44, 47 and 69 of the Uniform Sales Act, supra.\nWe think the court did not err in refusing to give this instruction. As we have already said, this was not a sale by description within the meaning of the Sales Act, but was, on the contrary, a sale under s, trade name.\nThe instruction is also subject to criticism in that it omitted the necessary element of whether the 58 rolls rejected were goods of a different description, not included in the contract. Again, this instruction does not fully state the law, in that while it informs the jury that the buyer might rescind the contract for breach of warranty, it does not inform them that the buyer might not rescind if he knew of the breach of the warranty at the time he accepted the goods; nor that to entitle the buyer to rescind the sale he must exercise his right within a reasonable time after the time of the delivery of the goods and must notify the seller of his election to rescind within a reasonable time, and must be able at the time of rescission to return all of the goods received from the seller in substantially as good condition as when the property and the goods were transferred to the seller.\n\u25a0 Complaint is also made by appellant of instructions Nos. 10 and 11, given at the request of the plaintiff.\nInstruction No. 10 told the jury that if they believed from the evidence that the 58 rolls of leather rejected by the defendant were substantially of the same grade, quality and weight, and if they believed the defendant had used or disposed of any number of said 58 rolls prior to the rejection of the same, the defendant, under the law would be deemed to have accepted all of the 58 rolls of leather and was obligated to pay the plaintiff the purchase price therefor.\nInstruction No. 11 told the jury that if they believed the defendant \u201chas not now in its possession 58 rolls of the leather received from plaintiff under the order in question, and if you further believe from the evidence that defendant in any manner appropriated any of said 58 rolls to its own use, prior to the time defendant claims to have rejected said 58 rolls, you should find the issues against the defendant as to its liability to*pay for the 67 rolls of leather.\u201d\nIt is urged that these instructions do not correctly state the law as laid down in sections 44 and 69 of the Uniform Sales Act [Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, \u00b6\u00b6 47, 72]. Prior to the enactment of that act it was certainly true that a party to a contract conld not affirm a contract in part and rescind as to the residue. If he rescinded he must rescind in toto, and it was necessary that he put the opposite party in the same condition that he was in before the sale, by a return of the property purchased. This was the law as stated in many decisions. Wolf v. Dietzsch, 75 Ill. 205; Illinois Glass Co. v. Ozell Co., 197 Ill. App. 626; Wauhesha Canning Co. v. Horner & Co., 138 Ill. App. 564; Steinberg v. Schwartz, 219 Ill. App. 138.\nParagraph 3 of section 69 of the Uniform Sales Act lays down rules which we think are in harmony with these decisions. It provides in substance that where goods have been delivered to a buyer he cannot rescind the sale if he knew of the breach of warranty when he accepted the goods, or if he fails to notify the seller within a reasonable time of the election to rescind, or if he fails to return or to offer to return the goods to the seller in substantially as good condition as they were in at the time the property was transferred to the buyer. But if deterioration or injury of the goods is due to the breach of warranty, such deterioration or injury shall not prevent the buyer from returning or offering to return the goods to the seller and rescinding the sale.\nIt is true that under the provision of section 44 the buyer is given the right to reject \u201cgoods of a different description not included in the contract!\u201d Under this provision it was permissible for the defendant on its theory to accept the 9 rolls while refusing the 58 rolls of leather which, as it claimed, were of a different description; but it does not claim that the 58 rolls were in any way different from each other, and there was testimony tending to show that 6 of these 58 rolls had been used by the defendant.\nWe think that these, and other instructions of which defendant complains, stated the law applicable, and that the court did not err in giving them.\nIt is argued by appellant, although not at length, that the verdict of the jury was against the manifest weight of the evidence. We do not think so. We have gone over it with some care and are inclined to believe that the real reason for the attempted rejection of the goods and rescission of the contract was that after the contract was made the market price of this kind of leather went down.\nThe judgment is therefore affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nMcSurely, P. J., and Dever, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. Justice Matchett" } ], "attorneys": [ "Dudley Taylor, for appellant; Otto A. Jaburek and John F. Voigt, of counsel.", "Edward L. England, for.appellee; Orville B. Setter, of counsel." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Santa Rosa-Vallejo Tanning Company, Appellee, v. Charles Kronauer & Company, Appellant.\nGen. No. 27,807.\n1. Sales \u2014 evidence of trade custom in action for price. In an action for the purchase price of harness leather sold to defendant, the court did not err in receiving evidence of a custom or usage in the trade as to the meaning of the word \u201cclear\u201d as applied to harness leather especially where defendant relied on a custom in its pleading.\n2. Sales \u2014 admissibility of self-serving writing in rebuttal. It is not error in an action for the purchase price of a certain kind of harness leather sold to defendant to receive in evidence a post card showing specifications which plaintiff used in making sales where there was contrary evidence for the defendant which the contents of the card tended to contradict.\n3. Sales \u2014 when admission of small sample of goods sold is error in action for price. In an action for the purchase price of harness leather of a particular type sold to defendant, it was not error to exclude certain strips of leather which defendant had cut from the goods delivered, the defense being that the leather received was not equal to the description given when the sale was made.\n4. Trial \u2014 offer of evidence as misconduct of counsel. The attorney for plaintiff suing for the purchase price of harness leather sold under trade name is not guilty of misconduct in requesting that the leather delivered to defendant and which was claimed to be an inferior quality to that described by plaintiff\u2019s agent when he solicited defendant\u2019s order might be examined by experts and in challenging counsel for the defendant to let the jury examine all of the leather, small strips of which the defendant sought to introduce in evidence.\n5. Arguments oe counsel \u2014 comparison between financial status of parties as error. It was not misconduct for the attorney for plaintiff suing for the purchase price of harness leather sold to defendant to refer to his client in his closing argument as \u201cthe poor fellow from California\u201d and to defendant as the \u201cMarket street gang\u201d where the word \u201cpoor\u201d did not refer to the poverty of the plaintiff, and there was no objection to the use of either phrase and no motion to strike or requested instruction to disregard the statement.\n6. Sales \u2014 what constitutes sale under a trade name as question of law. A sale of harness leather under the name \u201cButtbranded\u201d harness leather is a sale thereof under a trade name as a matter of law where the uncontradicted evidence shows that plaintiff sold five classes of harness leather of which one class was described by the term in question, that such class had been known under that name for many years and had been sold as such by defendant for approximately 30 years and that defendant had been familiar with and had dealt in the various classes, including that in question, for 10 or 12 years under such names.\n7. Sales \u2014 implied warranty of fitness for particular purpose in sale under trade name. A sale of harness leather under the trade name \u201cButtbranded\u201d is within the application of the Uniform Sales Act, sec. 15, subsec. 4, Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, \u00b6 18, subsec. 4, providing that there is no implied warranty of fitness for any particular purpose in the sale of an article under its patent or other trade name, and an instruction to that effect is proper in an action for the purchase price of leather sold under that name by plaintiff to defendant.\n8. Sales \u2014 when sale carries no implied warranty of fitness for particular purpose. In an action for the purchase price of harness leather sold by plaintiff to defendant under a trade name, there is no implied warranty of fitness within the meaning of the Uniform Sales Act, sec. 15, subsec. 1, Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, \u00b6 18, subsec. 1, providing for such implied warranty where the buyer makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are requested and relies on the seller\u2019s skill or judgment, where the evidence does not show that the buyer disclosed to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods were required or that he relied on the seller\u2019s skill or judgment.\n9. Sales \u2014 warranty of merchantability on sale of article under trade name. A seller of harness leather under a particular trade name is obligated under the Uniform Sales Act, sec. 15, subsec. 4, Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, \u00b6 18, subsec. 4, only to deliver the identical article sold, there is no implied warranty of merchantability.\n10. Sales \u2014 burden of proving inferior quality of article as affirmative defense. In an action for the purchase price of harness leather sold under a trade name and delivered to defendant who rejected it as of inferior quality, the burden of proving such inferior quality is on the defendant, where the seller establishes a prima facie case by undisputed evidence and defendant must establish such inferiority by a preponderance of the evidence, such defense being an affirmative one under the Sales Act, sec. 69, Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, \u00b6 72.\n11. Harmless and prejudicial error \u2014 harmlessness of invited error in instructions. Defendant cannot object to error in the use of certain language in an instruction where it has used similar language in its instruction on the same point.\n12. Sales \u2014 when contract price is measure of damages for un delivered goods. In an action for the purchase price of harness leather sold by trade name to defendant, it is proper under the Uniform Sales Act, sec. 63, par. 1, Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, 1f 66, subsec. 1, to instruct the jury that the measure of \u2022 damages is the contract price for such portion of the leather as complied with the order therefor and that plaintiff could recover the full contract price for a portion of the order which was never delivered to defendant if the jury foupd that the leather was set aside by plaintiff and was substantially equal in quality to that ordered by defendant and that defendant notified plaintiff that it would not accept such leather if shipped, where the evidence shows that the leather was set aside by plaintiff on a specified date, that it was merchantable and of the kind and quality ordered, that after such appropriation by plaintiff, plaintiff wrote for shipping instructions and was first instructed by defendant to hold the leather until notice and thereafter not. to ship it at all, the sale being one made f. o. b. the seller\u2019s place of business, and where the refusal to receive the leather was unjustifiable.\n13. Sales \u2014 refusal of inapplicable instruction not error. In an action for the purchase price of harness leather sold by plaintiff to defendant under a trade name where the defendant refused to pay on the ground that the leather was of an inferior quality, it is not error to refuse to instruct the jury that plaintiff can recover only for such portion of the leather shipped as corresponds with the description of the goods given by the seller\u2019s agent before sale, where there was no evidence that the sale was one by description within the meaning of the Uniform Sales Act but was a sale by trade name.\n14. Instructions \u2014 refusal of instruction not error where necessary elements of law omitted,. The trial court did not err in refusing to give a requested instruction as to the right of defendant to rescind a contract of sale for inferior quality of goods delivered where the instruction omitted necessary elements of the law relative to sale by description and also of the right of rescission.\n15. Sales \u2014 acceptance of part of articles sold as acceptance of entire order. In an action for the purchase price of 100 rolls of harness leather sold to defendant by plaintiff, it was not error under the Uniform Sales Act to instruct the jury the defendant was chargeable with all of 58 rolls of leather which it rejected if it appropriated any of such rolls to its own use, where the evidence does not show any difference in quality among the 58 rolls and shows that a number of such 58 rolls were used by defendant, since the Uniform Sales Act, secs. 69, 44, Cahill\u2019s Ill. St. ch. 121a, 72, 47, permits rejection by the buyer of goods inferior to the description thereof but does not permit rejection of some and acceptance of the rest of a shipment where all of the goods are of equal quality.\nAppeal by defendant from the Municipal Court of Chicago; the Hon. Pebby L. Persons, Judge, presiding. Heard in this court at the March term, 1922.\nAffirmed.\nOpinion filed February 19, 1923.\nRehearing denied March 1, 1923.\nDudley Taylor, for appellant; Otto A. Jaburek and John F. Voigt, of counsel.\nEdward L. England, for.appellee; Orville B. Setter, of counsel." }, "file_name": "0236-01", "first_page_order": 266, "last_page_order": 286 }