{
  "id": 3375154,
  "name": "The People of the State of Illinois, Defendant in Error, v. Amelia Cary, Plaintiff in Error",
  "name_abbreviation": "People v. Cary",
  "decision_date": "1927-08-04",
  "docket_number": "Gen. No. 7,672",
  "first_page": "100",
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    "id": 8837,
    "name": "Illinois Appellate Court"
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:59:36.655682+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
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    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "The People of the State of Illinois, Defendant in Error, v. Amelia Cary, Plaintiff in Error."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Mr. Presiding Justice Jett\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nPlaintiff in error, hereinafter referred to as defendant, was tried in the county court of Rock Island county on an information containing two counts, the first charging the unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor and the second charging the unlawful sale of intoxicating liquor.\nThere was no proof of a sale, but there was of possession, and the jury found defendant guilty under the first count.\nMotions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment were overruled and judgment rendered on the verdict. This writ of error was sued out by the defendant.\nAs punishment, the court imposed a fine of $1,000 and costs, and ordered \u201cThat the said defendant, Amelia Cary, stand committed to the county jail of Rock Island County, Illinois, and there work out said fine and costs at the rate of $1.50 per day under the direction of the sheriff, as the county board may provide for, or until the fine and costs are fully paid in this manner, or until said defendant is otherwise discharged as provided by law.\u201d\nOn the record there are eleven assignments of error, In the argument only five of them are insisted upon. The others will be deemed to have been abandoned or waived.\nThe first assignment discussed is that the judgment and sentence are illegal, unwarranted, and in violation of section 11, article 2 of the Constitution, Cahill\u2019s St. Const. Art. II, \u00a7 11, p. 12.\nThe penalty for the unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor, so far as applicable to this case, is fixed by Div. B of section 34, chapter 43, Smith-Hurd Statutes, Cahill\u2019s St. ch. 43, 1f 34, in this language:\n\u201c(B) Any person violating * * * any of the provisions of this Act, for which offense a special penalty is not prescribed, shall be fined for a first offense not less than $100.00 nor more than $1,000.00, or be imprisoned not less than sixty days, nor more than six months.\u201d\nTo fix the punishment for the violation of a penal statute is a legislative function, with which the courts will not interfere unless the penalty fixed is clearly in excess of constitutional limitations. People v. Lloyd, 304 Ill. 23; People v. Berglin, 309 Ill. 488; People v. Elliott, 272 Ill. 592.\nThat the penalties prescribed by the legislature in this identical section of the statute do not render it obnoxious to the constitutional provision requiring penalties to be proportioned to the nature of the offense, has been expressly held by the Supreme Court in a recent case. People v. Kawoleski, 310 Ill. 498.\nIt follows that the court had a statutory authority to impose a fine of $1,000, and that the legislature, in vesting the court with that authority, did not exceed its constitutional powers. In fact, it appears from the argument that counsel for defendant do not challenge the power of the court to impose a fine of $1,000 and the costs. The thing they are really objecting to is the order entered by the court providing for the method of collecting such fine and costs.\nIn view of the confusion that seems to exist concerning punishment for misdemeanors, it may be well to review the various statutes relating thereto. In order to do so intelligently, let us first determine what is a misdemeanor.\nSections 585 and 586, chapter 38, Smith-Hurd, give us statutory definitions. Section 585, Cahill\u2019s St. eh. 38, j[614: \u201cA felony is an offense punishable with death or by imprisonment in the penitentiary.\u201d Section 586, Cahill\u2019s St. ch. 38, If 615: \u201cEvery other offense is a misdemeanor. \u201d\nSection 586 goes further and specifies a class of misdemeanors, and fixes penalties for them as follows: \u201cWhere the performance of any act is prohibited by any statute, and no penalty for the violation of such statute is imposed, the doing of such act is a misdemeanor, and may be punished by fine not exceeding $100, or imprisonment in the county jail, not exceeding six months, or both, in the discretion of the court.\u201d\nIn cases in which imprisonment in the county jail constitutes all, or a part, of the penalty, the court may substitute for imprisonment in the county jail a sentence to labor. The authority to substitute a sentence to labor for imprisonment in the county jail in larceny cases is found in that part of section 389, chapter 38, Cahill\u2019s St. ch. 38, H 382, which prescribes the penalty for petit larceny. The authority to substitute a sentence to labor for imprisonment in the county jail, where a person is convicted of \u201cany misdemeanor under the criminal code,\u201d is found in section 390, chapter 38, Cahill\u2019s St. ch. 38, 383, in this language: \u201cThe court in which such conviction is had, may in its discretion, instead of committing to jail, sentence such persons to labor.\u201d\nIn substituting such sentence under section 390, the court may order and direct such labor to be performed :\n(a) In the workhouse of any city, town or county where the conviction is had;\n(b) On the streets and alleys of any city, town or the public roads of the county; the sentence may also be\n(c) To such labor as the county board may provide for. In this c\u00e1se the labor may be ordered to be performed under the direction of the sheriff.\nBy section 758, chapter 38, Cahill\u2019s St. ch. 38, 783, which should be read in connection with section 390, the authority to sentence to labor is in the following language:\n\u201cAny person convicted, in a court * * * of any crime or misdemeanor, the punishment of which is confinement in the county jail, may be sentenced * * * to labor for the benefit of the county, * # * in the workhouse, house of correction or other place provided for that purpose by the county or city authorities. \u2019 \u2019\nUnder this section, the authority to sentence to labor, instead of to imprisonment in the county jail, is not limited to misdemeanors, under the criminal code, but extends to any misdemeanor the punishment of which is confinement in the county jail.\nThe court, it seems, may sentence \u201cto labor\u201d as a substitute for \u201cimprisonment in the county jail,\u201d but not in addition to such imprisonment. People v. Barney, 217 Ill. App. 322.\nWhen a sentence to labor is imposed, the court will place the convict in the keeping of some person as authorized by section 392, chapter 38, Cahill\u2019s St. ch. 38, ft 385, and the person in whose keeping he is placed may provide for his safe-keeping, and to that end may use balls and. chains, and, if deemed necessary to prevent his escape, may \u201cconfine him in the county jail during the night, and at any other time such prisoner cannot be kept at work.\u201d People v. Barney, supra.\nWhile the provisions of these statutes do not apply to the instant case because there was no imprisonment in the county jail adjudged as all or any part of the punishment, they have been reviewed for the purpose of leading to a clearer understanding of the effect of statutes providing for the collection of fines imposed as punishment for misdemeanors, and particularly the effect of section 391, chapter 38, Cahill\u2019s St. ch. 38, f 384.\nWhen this fine was imposed the court had authority to order, as part of the judgment, that the defendant be committed to jail, there to remain until the fine and costs were fully paid, or until she was discharged according to law. (Section 762, chapter 38, Cahill\u2019s St. ch. 38, If 787.) If that had been the judgment and order of the court, the defendant could have paid.the fine and costs and been discharged from imprisonment. The fine and costs might have been collected on execution as authorized by section 764, chapter 38, Cahill\u2019s St. ch. 38, If 788, and when so collected the defendant would have been entitled to her discharge from imprisonment, or defendant might have made application for discharge under section 766, chapter 38, Cahill\u2019s St. ch. 38, ff 790, and upon proper showing, been discharged as a pauper.\nThe coijrt, when this fine was imposed, judging from the order it entered, intended that the defendant should pay it either in money or labor.\nIn making the order for payment in labor, in default of payment in money, the court has confused the provisions of section 390 with those of section 391; This order should have followed section 391. It should have directed that defendant work out such fine and all costs: (a) In the workhouse of the city, town or county, or (b) in the streets and alleys of the city or town, or (c) on the public roads in the county, under the proper person in charge of such workhouse, streets, alleys or public roads, at the rate of $1.50 per day. Then the \u201cproper person,\u201d in whose keeping the order placed her, could provide for her safe-keeping by the use of balls and chains and, ,if he deemed it necessary to prevent her escape, he could confine her in jail during the night, and at any other time she could not be kept at work, as provided in section 392, chapter 38.\nWhere a proper order is entered under section 391, requiring payment of a fine in labor at $1.50 per day, the defendant cannot secure a discharge under section 766 by showing he has \u201cno estate wherewith to pay such fine and costs or costs only. \u2019 \u2019 He must nevertheless pay in labor, as provided in the order, at least unless he can show he is unable to perform labor. People v. Jaraslowski, 254 Ill. 299.\nFrom the foregoing, it will be seen that section 390 authorizes the court to substitute \u201ca sentence of labor\u201d for \u201cimprisonment in the county jail,\u201d while section 391 authorizes the court to order the payment of a fine in labor at $1.50 per day. It will also be seen that the labor, in either ease, shall be performed under the person in whose keeping the prisoner is placed, as authorized by either section 390 or 391 and may provide for safe-keeping of the convict in the manner and by the means specified in section 392.\nThe judgment in this case does not follow the statute. If that were all, we might remand the case with directions to correct the judgment. There are, however, other assignments of error requiring attention.\nIf is contended that a new trial should have been granted, and two reasons are assigned in support of such contention: (1) Because of newly-discovered evidence; (2) because the verdict is contrary to the evidence.\nThere is not a sufficient showing that the new evidence was not known to the defendant before the trial. She makes no affidavit denying such knowledge, and her evidence indicates that she knew of it long before the trial, and that she might, by the exercise of proper diligence, have availed herself of it at the trial.\nThe jury are the judges of the facts, and we cannot, after a careful examination of this record, say the verdict is contrary to the evidence.\nIt is next contended that the conduct of the State\u2019s attorney, in his cross-examination of the defendant and of the witness Fowler, constituted prejudicial error. Only one question in the cross-examination of each of them is claimed to be improper. Each question was objected to on the ground that it was irrelevant and immaterial. In each case the objection was sustained, and thereafter the subject was pursued no further by the State\u2019s attorney. Moreover, the question was not raised by the defendant in her written motion for a new trial, and must be considered as waived. People v. Cione, 293 Ill. 321, and cases cited.\nThe next contention is that the court erred in the admission of evidence offered by the prosecution; specifically, that it was improper to admit exhibit 2, a bottle with liquor in it, and exhibit 1, a jug containing liquor, and that it was improper to permit the jury to take the exhibits to the jury room.\n.The exhibits were properly admitted, and it does not appear from anything contained in the abstract that the court permitted the jury to take the exhibits with them when they went to consider their verdict. If they were so taken no objections were made, no exceptions preserved, and the written motion for new trial is silent. on the question of their admission, as well as on any action of the court in permitting the jury to take them to the jury room.\nThe holding in People v. Cione, supra, applies.\nThe last assignment of error relates to the giving of instructions offered by the People.\nInstruction No. 3: \u201cYou are instructed that homemade whiskey, commonly called hootch, is intoxicating liquor. \u2019 \u2019\nWe find no evidence in the record on which to base this instruction; no evidence of homemade liquor, nor of hootch. It simply states an abstract proposition, which has no application to the evidence in the record, and should not have been given.\nInstruction 8 tells the jury that possession of liquor, by any person not legally permitted to possess liquor, shall be prima facie evidence that such liquor is kept for the purpose of being sold, bartered, exchanged, given away, furnished or otherwise disposed of in violation of. the law.\nThis instruction is bad under the holding in People v. Tate, 316 Ill. at page 59, where the Supreme Court said: \u201cWhen a defendant goes to trial and introduces evidence disputing the facts charged in the indictment, it is a question then whether the evidence establishes a case against him of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and where there is such a contest in the evidence there should be no instruction whatever given as to what constitutes a prima facie case.\u201d\nThe vice in instruction 15 lies in the fact that it tells the jury that if they believe \u2022 defendant \u201cpossessed intoxicating liquor in violation of the prohibition law\u201d they should find her guilty, without advising them as to what constitutes \u201cpossession of intoxicating liquor in violation of the prohibition law.\u201d\nInstructions 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are all attempts to explain and elaborate the term \u201creasonable doubt.\u201d The Supreme Court has, in many cases, condemned this practice, and in the case of People v. Rogers, 324 Ill. at pages 235-236, manifests some impatience with the continuation of such practice in the following language: \u201cCourt and counsel will do well to heed\nthe advice of this court in many cases in which instructions concerning 'reasonable doubt\u2019 have been considered. It is a term which needs no definition, and it is erroneous to give instructions resulting in an elaboration of it. \u2019 \u2019\nFor the errors indicated the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.\nReversed and remanded.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Mr. Presiding Justice Jett"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Clarence J. Schroeder and Stewart & Klingbiel, for plaintiff in error; Ben A. Stewart, of counsel.",
      "Oscar E. Carlstrom, Attorney General, Edward C. Fitch, Assistant Attorney General, and Benjamin S. Bell, State\u2019s Attorney, for defendant in error."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "The People of the State of Illinois, Defendant in Error, v. Amelia Cary, Plaintiff in Error.\nGen. No. 7,672.\nOpinion filed August 4, 1927.\nClarence J. Schroeder and Stewart & Klingbiel, for plaintiff in error; Ben A. Stewart, of counsel.\nOscar E. Carlstrom, Attorney General, Edward C. Fitch, Assistant Attorney General, and Benjamin S. Bell, State\u2019s Attorney, for defendant in error."
  },
  "file_name": "0100-01",
  "first_page_order": 152,
  "last_page_order": 161
}
