{ "id": 3326629, "name": "John H. Taft, Defendant in Error, v. Otte & Company, Plaintiff in Error", "name_abbreviation": "Taft v. Otte & Co.", "decision_date": "1934-03-06", "docket_number": "Gen. No. 36,732", "first_page": "280", "last_page": "296", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "274 Ill. App. 280" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "183 N. E. 155", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "159" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "233 Ill. App. 13", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 3090327 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "17, 18" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/233/0013-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 Ill. App. 444", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 3168849 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "450" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/272/0444-01" ] }, { "cite": "275 Ill. 328", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2409654 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "335" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/275/0328-01" ] }, { "cite": "310 Ill. 558", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5107634 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/310/0558-01" ] }, { "cite": "273 Ill. App. 40", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5626207 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/273/0040-01" ] }, { "cite": "254 Ill. App. 428", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 3178434 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "436" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/254/0428-01" ] }, { "cite": "251 Ill. App. 220", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5590706 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "224" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/251/0220-01" ] }, { "cite": "345 Ill. 587", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5263293 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/345/0587-01" ] }, { "cite": "243 Ill. App. 41", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 3374135 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "51" }, { "page": "47" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/243/0041-01" ] }, { "cite": "240 Ill. App. 20", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 3132546 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/240/0020-01" ] }, { "cite": "224 Ill. App. 327", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 3045017 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "330" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/224/0327-01" ] }, { "cite": "300 Ill. 425", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2426018 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "p. 430" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/300/0425-01" ] }, { "cite": "270 Ill. App. 240", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 3256274 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/270/0240-01" ] }, { "cite": "237 Ill. App. 117", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5509559 ], "weight": 7, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/237/0117-01" ] }, { "cite": "229 Ill. App. 616", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 3079104 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/229/0616-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 944, "char_count": 30756, "ocr_confidence": 0.523, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.138363859351185e-08, "percentile": 0.47138578349548566 }, "sha256": "7db93c6e46e750a96526910ef643848517b546d00ba6fa6bf32eefea97f17161", "simhash": "1:890fdc9d88b4bd51", "word_count": 5346 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:53:58.051062+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "John H. Taft, Defendant in Error, v. Otte & Company, Plaintiff in Error." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. Justice Scanlan\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nIn a trial before the court plaintiff recovered a judgment for $2,000, which included $240 as plaintiff\u2019s attorney\u2019s fees.\nPlaintiff\u2019s statement of claim alleges that defendant sold him 20 shares of stock of the Bank of the United States, a corporation, for $1,760; \u201cthat the . . . stock was not at the times of the aforesaid sales, securities in Class \u2018A\u2019, Class \u2018B\u2019 or Class \u2018C\u2019, as described in an Act . . . known as \u2018 The Illinois Securities Law\u2019; . . . that the right to sell the aforesaid stock in the State of Illinois, was not granted to the Bank . . . or to any broker, or agent, on the aforesaid mentioned dates . . . ; that neither preceding the sale, or during the sale of said stock, did the Bank ... or the defendant secure any permit or license from the Secretary of State of Illinois, to sell the aforesaid stock in Illinois; . . . that the Bank ... is and was on the dates of the aforesaid sales, a foreign corporation existing and doing business under and by virtue of the laws of the State of New York, and that it had not on the dates of the aforesaid sales, nor at any time thereafter complied with the law regulating the admission of foreign corporations to transact business in Illinois, as required by the statutes; . . . that the sale of the stock by defendant to plaintiff . . . was and is utterly void; that ... by virtue of the Illinois Securities Law, plaintiff is entitled to have and receive from defendant the sum paid by him to defendant, to-wit: \u2014$1,760, together with his reasonable attorneys fees, as provided for in Section 37, of the Illinois Securities Law. ...\u201d\nDefendant\u2019s affidavit of merits denies that it contracted, sold and delivered to plaintiff the stock in question, \u201cbut alleges . . . that . . . defendant . . . as agent for . . . Taft, did purchase for the account of Taft and in Ms 'behalf certain shares of stock; . . . denies that plaintiff paid to defendant in payment of said stock the sum of $1,760, but alleges . . . that said sum was paid to defendant to reimburse defendant for moneys advanced and expended by defendant for and in behalf of Taft in connection with the purchase of the aforementioned securities; . . . denies that the aforesaid stock was not, at the times of the aforesaid sales, securities in \u2018Class A,\u2019 \u2018Class B,\u2019 or \u2018 Class C, \u2019 . . . but alleges . . . that the stock was at the time of said alleged sales a \u2018 Class A\u2019 security by reason of the fact that subsection Two of Section Four of \u2018The Illinois Securities Law,\u2019 in so far as it pertains to \u2018 State Banks or Trust Companies of tMs State \u2019 is unconstitutional and void, being discriminatory and creating a special privilege and immunity denied to this defendant. . . . \u201d\nDefendant contends that the burden was upon plaintiff to prove by more than a preponderance of the evidence that the securities involved were Class \u201cD\u201d securities, \u201cas alleged in plaintiff\u2019s statement of claim,\u201d and that plaintiff failed in that regard. Defendant argues that to establish that the securities came within Class \u201cD\u201d plaintiff was obliged to prove that the stock did not fall within Class \u201cA,\u201d \u201cB\u201d nor \u201cC.\u201d In support of tMs contention defendant cites People v. Revesz, 229 Ill. App. 616; Piot v. Chartrand, 237 Ill. App. 117; and Oppenheimer v. Peabody, Houghteling & Co., 270 Ill. App. 240.\nThe present Illinois Securities Law, enacted in 1919, is a substitute for a previous act, which it repealed. As stated in Stewart v. Brady, 300 Ill. 425, 434: \u201cThe clearly indicated purpose of the legislature was to protect the public from deceit and prevent fraud in the sale and disposition of stocks, bonds and other securities within the State.\u201d In that case wall be found a very complete analysis of the four classes of securities, Class \u201cA,\u201d Class \u201cB,\u201d Class \u201cC\u201d and Class \u201cD\u201d created by the act.\nIn Trakas v. Cokins, 224 Ill. App. 327, the first division of this court passed upon a case where the sale occurred in February, 1918, and the claim was based upon section 20 of the old act, which provided: \u201cEvery sale or contract of sale in violation of sections 1 or 2 of this Act shall be void, and the dealer making such contract or sale must, on request and tender back of any securities received, return the purchase price or any part thereof paid.\u201d Section 3 of that act (Call. 1920 Stat. ch. 32, p. 514) provided that the provisions of the act should not apply to the disposal of certain securities, enumerating them. Although said section 20 contained n\u00f3 provision as to the burden of proof such as is found in subsection 2 of section 37 of the present act, hereinafter referred to, nevertheless, the reviewing court, after considering the purpose of the legislature in passing the act, held that \u201cto place the burden upon the plaintiff of proving that the stock in question was not exempted under the act would have the effect of destroying the beneficial purpose intended by the legislature when it enacted the statute.\u201d The opinion states: \u201cWe do not think that the law imposed upon the plaintiff the duty of proving that the stock in question did not come within the exemptions of section 3. If it does, then it may be quite impossible for the courts to enforce a remedy which the legislature appears to have intended by the enactment of section 20 of the Act. . . . Proof of the negative facts that the securities were not listed in a standard manual approved by the Secretary of the State, or that the current price of the stock sold had not been published in the market reports of a daily newspaper or had not been listed upon any organized stock exchange in the United States were facts which in their nature could not have been shown by the plaintiff. These facts rested peculiarly within the knowlege of the defendant and the law in such circumstances very wisely, and as an exception to the general rule, placed the burden of proving them upon the defendant.\u201d The opinion in that important case was written by Mr. Presiding Justice Dever and concurred in by JJ. McSurely and Matchett.\nAs originally enacted, section 37 of the present Act (Hurd\u2019s Ill. Rev. St. [1919] ch. 121a) provided: \u201cEvery sale and contract of sale made in violation of any of the provisions of this act shall be void and the seller of the securities so sold and each and every solicitor, agent or broker of or for such seller, who shall have knowingly performed any act or in any way furthered such sale, shall be jointly and severally liable upon tender to the seller or in court of the securities sold, to the purchaser for the amount paid, 'together with his reasonable attorney\u2019s fees in any action brought to recover such amount.\u201d It became evident, however, that if the ordinary rules as to the burden of proof were to govern an action brought under section 37 it would be practically impossible for a plaintiff to obtain relief, and to meet the situation the legislature, in 1921, amended the section by interpolating certain new clauses and by adding four new sections. As stated in Perkins v. Dole, 240 Ill. App. 20, 25-6: \u201cThe old section 37, as changed, became subsection 1 of the new section 37. The changes were as follows: After the words \u2018shall be void,\u2019 in the second line, the words \u2018at the election of the purchaser\u2019 were added; after the words \u2018and the seller of the securities so sold,\u2019 and before the words \u2018and each and every solicitor, agent or broker of or for such seller,\u2019 the words \u2018the officers and directors of the seller\u2019 were inserted; after the words \u2018shall be jointly and severally liable\u2019 were added the words \u2018in an action at law or in equity.\u2019 Otherwise old section 37 remained substantially the same. The added subsection 2 of section 37 provides: \u2018In any action, civil or criminal, ivhere the seller or issuer relies for his defense upon any of the exemptions provided for in this Act, the burden of proof to establish such exemption shall be upon such issuer or seller.\u2019 The added subsection 5 of section 37 provides: \u2018In any prosecution, action, suit or proceeding before any of the several courts of this State based upon or arising out of or under the provisions of this Act, a certificate under the seal of State, duly signed by the Secretary of State, showing compliance or non-compliance with the provisions of the Illinois Securities Law, respecting the securities in question or respecting compliance or non-compliance with the provisions of the Act by any issuer, solicitor, agent, broker, dealer or owner, shall constitute prima facie evidence of such compliance or of such non-compliance with the provisions of this Act, as the case may be, and shall be admissible in evidence in any action at law or in equity to enforce the provisions of this Act.\u2019 \u201d (Italics ours.)\nAs to the instant contention of defendant: The act provides (section 8) that all securities other than those falling within Class \u201cA,\u201d Class \u201cB\u201d and Class \u201cC\u201d shall be known as Class \u201cD\u201d securities, and it is the theory of defendant that in order for plaintiff to prove that the securities in question were Class \u201cD\u201d securities it was necessary for him to prove that they were not Class \u201cA,\u201d Class \u201cB\u201d nor Class \u201cC\u201d securities. This theory finds support in People v. Gillett, 243 Ill. App. 41, 51; Piot v. Chartrand, supra, and Oppenheimer v. Peabody, Houghteling, & Co., supra, and at first blush it seems to be sound. But after an examination of the pertinent parts of the act we have become convinced that it is unsound.\nAs to the cases cited by defendant: In People v. Revess, supra (decided by the third division of this court), the defendant was charged in an information with having unlawfully sold 410 shares of certain stock in violation of the Illinois Securities Act, and he entered a plea of not guilty to the information. The alleged sale was made more than 15 months before the enactment of the amendment to section 37, and from an inspection of the record and briefs we find that the case was tried upon the theory that it was governed by the, general rules applicable to criminal procedure. The jury were instructed that as it was not a civil case, the rule as to the preponderance of the evidence did not apply and that the burden was upon The People to establish by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of every element necessary to constitute the offense charged. No question was raised by the prosecuting attorney in the trial court, nor by the attorney general in this court, as to the correctness of the procedure followed. Piot v. Chartrand, supra, involved a civil proceeding under the act, and the court cites only the Revese case in support of its ruling that the burden rested upon the plaintiff \u201cto prove by a preponderance of the evidence that this stock belonged to either class C or class D, as defined by the Securities Act.\u201d In the Piot case the only plea filed was the general issue. This plea did not set up a good defense and it might have been stricken upon motion. (See Jochum v. Ross & Co., 345 Ill. 587.) In People v. Cillett, supra, also decided by the third division of this court, it was held (p. 51): \u201cThe burden was upon the People to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that they [the bonds in question] were not in either of those classes [Class \u201cA,\u201d \u201cB\u201d or \u201cC\u201d], and thereby establish that the securities in question belonged to Class \u2018D\u2019 as alleged in the information and having failed to make such proof, the judgment is erroneous. People v. Revesz, supra; Piot v. Chartrand, 237 Ill. App. 117.\u201d In the Gillett case the information charged that the securities sold were Class \u201cD\u201d securities and the sole plea was not guilty. In Oppenheimer v. Peabody, Houghteling & Co., supra, decided by the first division of this court, the plaintiff alleged in Ms statement of claim that the bonds sold were not Class \u201cA,\u201d Class \u201cB\u201d nor Class \u201cC\u201d securities but were Class \u201cD\u201d securities. The defendant, in its affidavit of merits, denied that the bonds were Class \u201cD\u201d securities and alleged that at the time of the sale and exchange of the bonds they had been qualified for sale by the defendant under the Illinois Securities Lato as Glass \u201cG\u201d securities, and averred that the transaction was legal in every respect. The reviewing court held that, despite the defense interposed in the affidavit of merits, the burden was upon the plaintiff to prove that the securities in question were Class \u201cD\u201d securities, and cited People v. Revesz, supra; Piot v. Chartrand, supra, and People v. Gillett, supra, in support of its ruling. It thus appears that the Piot, Gillett and Oppenheimer cases are based upon the ruling in People v. Revese, and, as we have heretofore shown, that case had no bearing on the question determined in the Piot, Gillett and Oppenheimer cases.\nIn Dobal v. Guardian Finance Corp., 251 Ill. App. 220, 224, decided by the first division of this court, it was said: \u201cFurther, according to the provisions of paragraph 2 of section 37 of that act, Cahill\u2019s St. ch. 32, H 290, subd. 2, the burden of proof is put upon the seller or issuer to establish exemption from the act if exemption is claimed.\u201d JJ. McSurely and O\u2019Con-nor concurred in the opinion, written hy Mr. Justice Matchett. In Abrams v. Love, 254 Ill. App. 428, 436, the Appellate Court of the second district held: \u201cTo place the burden upon the plaintiff of proving that the stock in question was not exempted under the act would have the effect of destroying the beneficial purpose intended by the legislature when it enacted the statute. \u2019 \u2019 After calling attention to the important fact that the act provides that \u201call securities other than those falling within classes \u2018A,\u2019 \u00a3B\u2019 and \u00a3C,\u2019 respectively, shall be known as securities in class \u00a3D,\u2019 \u201d the court states that a burden practically impossible to carry would be placed upon the plaintiff if he were obliged to prove that the stock did not fall within Classes \u201cA,\u201d \u201cB\u201d and \u201cC\u201d in order to establish that it did fall within Class \u201cD.\u201d In the recent case of Hudson v. Silver, 273 Ill. App. 40, decided by the first division of this court, the court said: \u201cThe burden is upon the defendant in these cases to prove that the stock was qualified. Abrams v. Love, 254 Ill. App. 428,\u201d but the opinion contains the further statement that \u201cit seems to be conceded that the stock was not qualified and was Class \u2018C.\u2019 \u201d\nIn Jochum v. Ross & Co., supra, certain counts of the declaration charged, inter alia, that the provisions of section 20 of the Illinois Securities Law were not complied with in the sale of the promissory note by the defendant to the plaintiff. The defendant filed amended pleas, and an affidavit of merits. To quote from the opinion: \u201cIt further appears from such affidavit of merits that on March 9, 1925, the appellant caused an issue of $225,000 of the notes of the Hart Coal Corporation to be classified under section 7 of the Securities law as class \u2018C\u2019 securities and became authorized to sell them as such. The securities were sold soon thereafter by the appellant and on July 16, 1925, an affidavit showing that fact was filed with the Secretary of State, who delivered to the appellant a memorandum dated July 20, 1925, stating that the appellant had formally qualified said issue of notes under the Securities law and had submitted to the Secretary of State an affidavit averring that all of the notes had been sold, and that the Secretary of State therefore declared that the records respecting qualification under the Illinois Securities law of that issue of notes were thereby closed. Afterward, about March 21,1927, the appellant re-purchased the note involved in this case, and subsequently sold it, together with other securities, to the appellee in consideration of various other securities then sold and delivered by the appellee to the appellant and of $1864.47 in cash also paid to the appellant by the appellee.\u201d In the trial court the case was decided upon the pleadings, the appellant\u2019s amended pleas and affidavit of merits were stricken and judgment by default was rendered against it. The decision in the Supreme Court turned upon the sole question as to whether or not the amended pleas and affidavit of merits set up a good defense to plaintiff\u2019s cause of action, and the court, after reviewing the requirements of section 20 and the facts set up in appellant\u2019s amended pleas and affidavit of merits, held: \u201cAppellant\u2019s amended pleas and affidavit of merits having stated good defenses to the causes of action set forth in appellee\u2019s declaration and affidavit of 'claim, the judgment of the circuit court is reversed and the cause remanded, with directions to vacate the order striking appellant\u2019s amended pleas and affidavit of merits from the files and for other proceedings according to law. \u2019 \u2019 In that case the appellant contended that \u201csection 20 did not require the filing of new or supplemental statements after the entire issue had been initially sold,\u201d and in passing upon this contention the court said, inter alia: \u201cIf section 20 requires a supplemental statement to be made by the appellant . . . the judgment is right, for no such supplemental statement was made.\u201d It would seem to follow from this decision that a defendant\u2019s pleas and affidavit of merits must set up a good defense to the plaintiff\u2019s cause of action, as alleged.\nSubsection 2 of section 37 provides: \u201cIn any action, civil or criminal, where the seller or issuer relies for his defense upon any of the exemptions provided for in this Act, the burden of proof to establish such exemption, shall be upon such issuer or seller.\u201d The legislature saw that the remedy given the purchaser under section 37 as originally enacted, was difficult, if not impossible, to enforce, and subsection 2 and subsection 5 were enacted to give vitality and effect to the remedy. Section 4 specifically provides that securities in Class \u201cA\u201d and sales of them are exempt from the provisions of the act, and section 5 provides that securities in Class \u201cB\u201d and sales of them, when disposed of by the persons and in the manner provided by that section, are also exempt from its provisions. The act provides that all securities in Class \u201cC\u201d and Class \u201cD\u201d are subject to the provisions of the act and can be sold only upon compliance with its terms. In Stewart v. Brady, supra, the court, in analyzing\u2019 the various kinds of securities in Classes \u201cA\u201d and \u201cB,\u201d refers to them as \u201cexemptions\u201d from the applicability of the act. In People v. Love, 310 Ill. 558, the indictment charged the defendants with the sale of Class \u201cD\u201d securities without compliance with the Securities Act. Counsel for defendants there contended that securities which fall under Class \u201cD\u201d may be treated as under Class \u201cB\u201d where the circumstances of the sale are such as to come within some one provision of section 5 relating to sales of securities in Class \u201cB,\u201d and they argued that the indictment did not state a cause of action because it did not negative the exemptions enumerated in section 5 of the act. The court held that it was unnecessary to decide whether Class \u201cD\u201d securities may be exempt as under Class \u201cB,\u201d because the evidence did not show the sale to come within the provisions of paragraph 2 of section 5 of the act, but in passing upon the sufficiency of the indictment, the court said: \u201cNor is it necessary that the indictment negative the exemptions enumerated in section 5 of the statute. The offense lies in selling Class \u2018D\u2019 securities without full compliance with the Securities law. If there has not been a compliance with the law plaintiffs in error are guilty. If they did not make such sales, or in making them complied with the statute, such is a matter of defense which will defeat the action. The indictment is sufficient,\u201d\nIt seems clear to us that the language used in subsection 2, viz., \u2018 \u2018 any of the exemptions provided for in this Act,\u201d can relate to only the sales of securities in Class \u201cA\u201d and Class \u201cB.\u201d To show the uncertainty that follows a different interpretation: In Piot v. Chartrand, supra, Mr. Justice Higbee states (p. 120): \u201cThe word \u2018exemption\u2019 as used in the second paragraph of said section cannot apply to classes A and B stock as no restraints are placed upon the sale of the same by the law. But' there are certain conditions provided for by the Act under which securities of both classes C and D may be sold without violating the Act and these conditions constitute the exemptions referred to in the second paragraph of section 37.\u201d As \u201csecurities in Class \u2018C\u2019 and Class \u2018D\u2019 are subject to the provisions of the act and can only be sold upon compliance with its terms\u201d (Stewart v. Brady, supra, p. 430), this interpretation, in our judgment, is clearly wrong. In Oppenheimer v. Peabody, Houghteling & Co., supra, Mr. Justice O\u2019Connor states: \u201cWe think that paragraph 2 of section 37, above quoted, does not place the burden upon the defendant to prove that the bonds in question belonged to any particular class of securities but applies to exemptions some of which are those mentioned in section 5 of the act. Piot v. Chartrand, 237 Ill. App. 117. Under section 5 it is provided that under certain conditions one may sell his own property for his own account; that capital stock of a corporation when sold to its stockholders without the payment of any expense or commissions to agents, solicitors or brokers, securities when sold by any bank or trust company, etc., securities when sold to any corporation or broker or dealer in securities, when securities are sold at judicial sale or by a receiver in bankruptcy at public auction, need not be qualified under the act. Section 5, it is true, refers specifically to Class B securities, and section 4 of the act, in defining Class A securities, among other things, defines one class of A securities as those listed and dealt in on the New York, Boston and Chicago exchanges; and it has been held that if in a particular case the defendant seeks to show that stocks were listed on such exchanges to escape liability, the burden is on the defendant to show that fact. Trakas v. Cokins, 224 Ill. App. 327. We think the foregoing are some of the exemptions referred to in paragraph 2 of section 37.\u201d It will be noted that Mr. Justice O\u2019Connor does not follow Mr. Justice Higbee\u2019s interpretation of the subsection. Section 4 enumerates and defines all the securities exempt under Class \u201cA,\u201d and section 5 enumerates and defines all the securities exempt under Class \u201cB.\u201d Mr. Justice O\u2019Connor concedes, apparently, that certain securities in Class \u201cA\u201d and Class \u201cB\u201d are \u201cexemptions referred to in paragraph 2 of section 37.\u201d We can find no warrant in the language of subsection 2 to justify a holding that the rule stated therein applies to certain securities sold under Class \u201cA\u201d and Class \u201cB\u201d but does not apply as to others. If such a holding be followed the determination of the securities to which the rule does and does not apply becomes, in our judgment, mere guesswork. As we have heretofore stated, in Trakas v. Cokins, supra, cited, apparently with approval, in the Oppenheimer case, the claim was based upon section 20 of the old act, now repealed, which contained no provision as to the burden of proof such as is found in subsection 2 of section 37 of the present act. Moreover, the court there held that the law did not impose upon the plaintiff \u201cthe duty of proving that the stock in question did not come within the exemptions of section 3,\u201d and that section contained all of the exemptions under the old act. Nor is Piot v. Chartrand an authority in support of the statement that paragraph 2 \u201capplies to exemptions, some of which are those mentioned in section 5 of the Act.\u201d\nDefendant states that plaintiff alleges in his statement of claim that the stock in question was not a Class \u201cA,\u201d Class \u201cB\u201d nor Class \u201cC\u201d stock, and contends that plaintiff has not proved this allegation by more than a preponderance of the evidence. The argument is, that having alleged that the stock was not a security in Class \u201cA,\u201d \u201cB\u201d nor \u201cC,\u201d it was necessary for plaintiff to prove that allegation. As we have heretofore stated, the act provides (section 8) that all securities other than those falling within Class \u201cA,\u201d \u201cB\u201d or \u201cC\u201d shall be known as Class \u201cD\u201d securities. An allegation that the stock was a Class \u201cD\u201d security would have been sufficient. (See People v. Love, supra.) Alleging that the stock was not a Class \u201cA,\u201d \u201cB\u201d nor \u201c C\u201d security is but another way of alleging that it was a Class \u201cD\u201d security.\nSection 37 was intended as something more than a right without a remedy, and if its plain meaning and purpose are not followed the remedy is practically destroyed. The law is a wholesome and necessary one. One who sells securities in this State is bound to know the nature of the same and that he is acting within the law when he sells them; and when his right to sell the securities is challenged he should have no trouble, if he has acted within the law, to justify the sale.\nThe correct procedure under section 37 is reasonably clear. As we have heretofore stated, a defendant, by his pleas and affidavit of merits, must set up a good defense to the plaintiff\u2019s cause of action, as alleged. (See Jochum v. Ross & Co., supra.) If a defendant in his plea and affidavit of merits denies that he made the sale in question, then the burden is upon the plaintiff to prove that the defendant did make the sale. If the defendant admits the sale of a security in Class \u201cC\u201d or Class \u201cD,\u201d but avers that he complied with the statute, then subsection 5 of section 37 affords a simple and easy method of proving compliance or noncompliance, as the case may be, with the provisions of the act; but if a defendant \u201crelies for his defense upon any of the exemptions provided for in this act\u201d and alleges that the securities sold were exempt, under some paragraph of section 4 or section 5, then the burden is upon him \u201cto establish such exemption.\u201d\nIn the instant case, the affidavit of merits set up two defenses, 1, that the stock was \u201ca \u2018Class A\u2019 security by reason of the fact that subsection Two of Section Four of \u2018The Illinois Securities Law,\u2019 in so far as it pertains to \u2018 State Banks or Trust Companies of this State \u2019 is-unconstitutional and void, being discriminatory and creating a special privilege and immunity denied to this defendant,\u201d and, 2, that in the transaction between plaintiff and defendant the latter was acting as agent for the former. At the outset of the trial counsel for defendant stated to the court that the first defense would not be urged, as the courts had held against it, and that \u201cour chief defense, however, is that this was a sale through an agent.\u201d The constitutional question is not urged here. In any event, \u201cby bringing this case to this court, the appellant waived all questions as to the constitutionality of the act. (See Armour & Co. v. Industrial Board, 275 Ill. 328, 335.) \u201d (People ex rel. Nelson v. Citizens Trust & Savings Bank, 272 Ill. App. 444, 450.) The sole evidence presented by defendant relates to the second defense. Defendant\u2019s theory of fact was that it did not sell to plaintiff the certificates of stock in question, that plaintiff asked defendant to purchase the stock for him, that it had no Bank of the United States stock in its possession at the time plaintiff requested it to purchase the stock, that it merely complied with plaintiff\u2019s request to procure the stock for him and that it was acting as agent for plaintiff in securing the stock for him, and that under such a state of facts it was not liable to plaintiff under the act. - Plaintiff\u2019s theory of fact was that defendant was a specialist in buying and selling bank stock, that it solicited him to make the purchase in question, and that the transaction constituted a sale by defendant to plaintiff. Neither at the close of plaintiff\u2019s evidence nor at the close of all the evidence did defendant move for a verdict in its favor, but at the conclusion of the evidence it requested the court to hold, as a proposition of fact, the following: \u201c(8) The defendant Otte & Co., a corporation, asks the court to find as a matter of fact that in the transactions between the defendant, Otte & Go., a corporation,' and the plaintiff, John H. Taft, on the fifth, sixth and seventh days of November, A. D. 1929, and in the transactions between the aforesaid parties on the twenty-first, twenty-second and twenty-sixth days of November, A. D. 1929, the defendant, Otte & Co., a corporation, acted for and in behalf of the plaintiff, John H. Taft, as his agent in negotiating the purchase of the shares of stock of the Bank of the United States on the above dates.\u201d Defendant now contends that the trial court erred in refusing to hold the above proposition. It is a sufficient answer to this contention to say that after a careful examination of all the evidence bearing upon the above proposition we are satisfied that the action of the trial court was right. Plaintiff strenuously contends that even if it could be held, as a matter of fact, that defendant acted merely as plaintiff\u2019s agent in the transaction, nevertheless, \u201cunder the provisions of the Illinois Securities Law, the defendant, having participated in the sale of an unqualified and non-exempt security either as agent, broker or dealer, is liable for the money paid to it by the plaintiff, and the trial court properly refused to hold defendant\u2019s proposition of fact No. 8. Trakas v. Cokins, 224 Ill. App. 327, 330. Smith-Hurd\u2019s Ill. Rev. Statutes, Chap. 121%, Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 29 and 37. People v. Curtis, 233 Ill. App. 13, 17, 18. People v. Gillett, 243 Ill. App. 41, 47. Kneeland v. Emerton, 183 N. E. 155, 159.\u201d While there appears to be merit in plaintiff\u2019s contention, it is unnecessary for us to pass upon the same.\nBy anything that we have said in this opinion we do not wish to he understood as intimating that subsection 2 does not apply in the trial of a criminal case. Nor have we found it necessary, in the determination of this writ of error, to pass upon the contention that the act is a penal statute and that plaintiff was therefore obliged to prove his case by more than a preponderance of the evidence.\nFinding no merit in this writ of error, the judgment of the municipal court of Chicago will be affirmed.\nAffirmed,.\nSullivan, P. J., and Gridley, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. Justice Scanlan" } ], "attorneys": [ "Arthur J. Hughes, for plaintiff in error; R. A. Bullinger and Joseph A. Greaves, of counsel.", "Jaffe & Green, for defendant in error." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "John H. Taft, Defendant in Error, v. Otte & Company, Plaintiff in Error.\nGen. No. 36,732.\nOpinion filed March 6, 1934.\nHeard in the second division of this court for the first district at the June term, 1933.\nArthur J. Hughes, for plaintiff in error; R. A. Bullinger and Joseph A. Greaves, of counsel.\nJaffe & Green, for defendant in error." }, "file_name": "0280-01", "first_page_order": 338, "last_page_order": 354 }