{
  "id": 5130685,
  "name": "Howland et al. v. White",
  "name_abbreviation": "Howland v. White",
  "decision_date": "1892-10-17",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "236",
  "last_page": "243",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "48 Ill. App. 236"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.",
    "id": 8837,
    "name": "Illinois Appellate Court"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 29,
    "name_long": "Illinois",
    "name": "Ill."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "90 Ill. 505",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        2754440
      ],
      "opinion_index": -1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/90/0505-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "48 Ill. 184",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        5228817
      ],
      "opinion_index": -1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/48/0184-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "58 Ill. 268",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        5237378
      ],
      "opinion_index": -1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/58/0268-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "70 Ill. 369",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        5308414
      ],
      "opinion_index": -1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/70/0369-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "48 Ill. 382",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        5227237
      ],
      "opinion_index": -1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/48/0382-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "73 Ill. 241",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        5319860
      ],
      "opinion_index": -1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/73/0241-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "49 Ill. 211",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        2603781
      ],
      "weight": 2,
      "opinion_index": -1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/49/0211-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "44 Ill. 326",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        5220827
      ],
      "weight": 3,
      "opinion_index": -1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/44/0326-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "60 Ill. 114",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        8499949
      ],
      "opinion_index": -1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/60/0114-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "108 Ill. 584",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        831505
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/108/0584-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "90 Ill. 312",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        2756753
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/90/0312-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "73 Ill. 24",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "year": 1865,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "60 Ill. 114",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ill.",
      "case_ids": [
        8499949
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ill/60/0114-01"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 617,
    "char_count": 15033,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.473,
    "pagerank": {
      "raw": 2.3756267590038878e-07,
      "percentile": 0.7962554959767925
    },
    "sha256": "0931d69ae5213bf617f583f0428169821d14f3503ae7ec832631c381d9b284f4",
    "simhash": "1:93ad158b30672d50",
    "word_count": 2696
  },
  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:20:12.351693+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "Howland et al. v. White."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Opinion of the Court, the\nHon. Carroll C. Boggs, Judge.\nIt is first contended that the notice given by the appellee was not sufficient to terminate the lease and create a forfeiture. The grounds of such supposed deficiency are thus stated by counsel:\n1. Because there is no demand of rent due upon the premises before declaring a forfeiture.\n2. Because appellee did not turn over to appellants or offer to deliver up to them all rent notes held by her, except the one on which the forfeiture was declared, according to a provision of the lease to that effect.\nThe paper served upon the appellant advised them that appellee was the owner and holder of a rent note more than two months past due and unpaid; declared the lease terminated and demanded immediate payment of the unpaid rent. Had the notice contained nothing further, it might have been regarded as an attempt to declare and enforce a forfeiture solely under the provisions of the lease and without regard to either the common law or statutory requirements concerning such forfeitures; but the notice proceeded to require the surrender of the premises, only in case appellants failed to pay the rent note within five days thereafter.\nWhen all that is contained in the notice is considered together, it is simply a demand for payment of rent, with a declaration of forfeiture and demand for possession if such payment is not made in five days, and is in compliance with Sec. 8, Chap. 80, B. S., which authorizes a forfeiture in such state of case.\nThe common law rule that to create the forfeiture of a lease for non-payment of rent, a demand for payment must be made upon the premises, or some part thereof, is, we think, dispensed with by necessary implication arising from our statutes. Woodward v. Cone, 73 Ill. 24. It is true that in the case cited it is distinctly said that ten days\u2019 notice to quit is essential to create a forfeiture. Such was the requirement of the statutes (1865) then in force, but this has been changed by the 8th section of Chap. 80 of our statutes now in force and governing this case. Only five days\u2019 notice is now required if rent be due and unpaid.\nWhile it is true that the notice in the case at bar contains a demand for immediate payment, it is further true that the time fixed for such payment, to avoid the surrender of the premises, is placed at five days. This is sufficient mention of the time within which payment may be made under the statute. Farnam v. Holman, 90 Ill. 312.\nNor do we think the second alleged ground of objection is well taken. The sixth clause of the lease does expressly provide that all of the unmatured rent notes shall be surrendered in case of a forfeiture.\nThe unmatured notes are not, however, notes given by the appellants; upon the contrary, are notes executed by the appellee and J. B. White.\nWe are unable to perceive any reason why the appellee should be called upon to surrender up these notes to the appellants.\nThe appellants have no right to them; nor are they under any obligation to pay them if not delivered up. We think the appellee had the right to retain them, at least as against all persons other than J. R. White.\nIt is urged that the appellee has no cause of action as holder of the notes because the notes were extinguished by the payment of them by her. The proof, we think, is that the appellee did not pay the notes but purchased them, and also the lease, as an indemnity against loss because of her suretyship for J. R. White.\nThis she might lawfully do, and keep them alive and not discharged as by payment, though she, as surety, was one of the payors of the notes. Brandt on Suretyship, Sec. 371; Allen v. Powell, 108 Ill. 584.\nIt is thought the appellee ought not to recover because the appellants had no notice of her claim for rent or of the assignment of the notes and lease to her at the time they paid the notes given by them to J. R. White for the rents.\nThe appellants obtained whatever interest they have in the premises by a lease, in the body of which is fully set out the fact that these notes were given for rents specified in the lease and constituted the consideration thereof. There the notes are also fully described. The appellants stand charged with notice of all that is thus contained in that lease.\nCounsel upon one side argue that the appellee and J. R. White, her husband, are perpetrating a wrong upon the appellants which will, if this judgment is affirmed, result in forcing appellants to lose the amount paid by them upon the notes given by them to J. R. White upon the supposition that White had paid the notes mentioned in the lease, while counsel upon the other side argue that the appellants and J. R. White confederated together and are acting in concert in endeavoring to defeat the notes purchased and owned by her.\nThe record is without evidence in support of either of these views, though one or the other is doubtless true. We are powerless to correct or prevent, by any ruling upon the points presented by the record, the consummation of the wrong that it is apparent has been or attempted to be perpetrated by one or the other of these parties to this cause.\nThe parties respectively have chosen to prosecute and defend upon legal points, and though each cries fraud against the other, neither presents proof in support of the charge.\nA recovery, it is said, can not be upheld because there was no attornment to appellee by the appellants. We think that the enactment of Sec. 14, Chap. 80 R. S. (Starr & Curtis\u2019 Statutes, 1497) dispensed with the necessity of an attornment and abrogated the rule announced in Fisher v. Deering, 60 Ill. 114.\nAll leases except leases at will may be assigned if there is no restriction in the lease itself (12 Amer. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 1029), and the assignee of a lease is granted by the said Sec. 14 of Chap. 80, R. S., the same remedies, by action or otherwise, for the non-performance of any agreement in the lease for the recovery of rent or other cause of forfeiture, as the lessor might have had, while the owner of the lease or attornment must, we think, be hereafter deemed unnecessary to vest the assignee of a lease with the full rights of his assignor\u2014the original lessor.\nThe finding, ruling and judgment of the Circuit- Court are, we think, correct, and must be and are affirmed.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Hon. Carroll C. Boggs, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Buckingham & Schroll, attorneys for appellants.",
      "I. D. Walker, attorney for appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "Howland et al. v. White.\n1. Unmatured Rent Notes Surrendered i(,pon a Forfeiture of the Lease.\u2014On the 27th day of March, 1889, Peter and Julius Keister, tenants in common of certain premises, joined in a lease to John P. White, by which Peter leased his half for one year and Julius his half for two years. In payment of the rent to Julius, White made and delivered eight promissory notes, each for \u00a7116.66, with Minerva White as security. The first note fell due March 27,1891, the next September 27, 1891, and the others ninety days apart thereafter. On April 20, 1889, Julius assigned the notes and lease to Johnson & Knight, who, seven days later assigned the lease and transferred the notes to S. W. Kinkaid. On or about June 1, 1891, Minerva White, the defendant, purchased the notes and lease of Kinkaid, who assigned the lease to her. On December 10 1889, White assigned the lease, which had been executed in duplicate, to Albert and John Howland, and they entered into possession of the premises. One of the notes given by White, with Minerva White as security, to Julius Keister, matured March 27,1891, and not being paid, Minerva White gave the Howlands notice of her ownership of the note and lease, demanded payment, and in default, declared the lease terminated and demanded possession of the undivided half of the premises, etc. Payment not being made, she began this action. The Howlands claimed that because Minerva White did not surrender and deliver to them all the rent notes held by her excepting the one on which the forfeiture was declared, according to a provision of the lease to that effect, her action was not sufficient to terminate the lease and create a forfeiture. It was held, that the clause of the lease did not expressly provide that all of the unmatured rent notes should be surrendered in case of a forfeiture; that the notes not having been given by the Howlands, they had no right to them, and were under no obligation to pay them if they were not delivered up.\n2. Security\u2014Right to Purchase the Note.\u2014A security on a note may lawfully purchase- the note, and as a holder, keep it alive as an indemnity against loss because of her suretyship.\n3. Forfeiture of a Lease for Non-Payment of Rent.\u2014The common law rule that to create the forfeiture of a lease for the non-payment of rent, a demand for payment must be made upon the premises, is dispensed with by necessary implication arising from our statutes.\n4. Attornment.-\u2014Hie enactment of Sec. 14, Chap. 80, R. S. (Starr & Curtis, 1497), dispenses with the necessity of an a-ttomment, and abrogates the rule announced in Fisher v. Deering, 60 Ill. 114.\n5. Assignment of Leases\u2014Attornment.\u2014All leases, except leases at will, may be assigned if there is no restriction in the lease itself, and the assignee of the lease is granted, by Sec. 14, Chap. 80, R. S., the same remedies, by action or otherwise, for the non-performance of any agreement in the lease for the recovery of rent or other cause of forfeiture, as the lessor might have had while the owner of the lease. Attornment is unnecessary to vest the assignee of a lease with the full rights of the assignor\u2014the original lessor.\nMemorandum.\u2014Action of forcible entry and detainer. Appeal from the Circuit Court of Macon County; the Hon. Edward P. Vail, Circuit Judge, presiding.\nHeard in this court at the May term, A. D. 1892, and affirmed.\nOpinion filed October 17, 1892.\nStatement of Facts by the Court.\nMarch 27, 1889, Peter Keister and Julius Keister, the owners of the premises in controversy, executed under their hands and seals, alease of the premises to one John P. White, for the term of one year, and by the same instrument Julius Keister leased his undivided one-half interest in the premises to White for two years longer. In payment for the rent of the interest of Julius for such two years, J. B. White executed and delivered to Julius his eig'ht notes, signed by himself, and also by the appellee as his surety, each note being for \u00a7116.66, the first of which fell due March 27, 1891, the next September 27, 1891, and the others each falling due ninety days apart thereafter. These notes are fully set out in the lease.\nApril 20, 1889, Julius Keister assigned the notes and the lease to Johnson & Knight, who, on the 27th of April, 1889, transferred the notes and assigned the lease to O. W. Kinkaid.\nIn May, or the first of June, 1891, the appellee, through her agent, Mr. Woodcock, purchased the notes and lease of Kinkaid, who assigned the lease to her.\nAppellants claim that appellee did not purchase the notes, but paid them off; but we are satisfied that she in fact bought the notes and the lease.\nJ. B. White, the lessee, on the 10th December, 1889, assigned the lease, which had been executed in duplicate, to appellants, who entered into possession under it. One of the notes thus given by White and the appellee to Julius Keister fell due on the 27th day of March, 1891, and not being paid, the appellee, on the 12th day of June, 1891, gave appellants written notice of her ownership of the lease and notes, and of the fact this note was past due, and demanded immediate payment thereof, and in default of payment demanded possession of an undivided one half of the premises within five days. This notice was served upon appellants and John P. White by delivery of a copy on the 12th day of June, 1891. Payment not being made nor possession given, the appellee, on the 22d day of June, 1891, began, before a justice of the peace, this action in forcible detainer to recover such possession. Judgment before the justice in appellee\u2019s favor followed, from which appellants appealed to the Circuit Court of Macon County, where, upon a hearing before the court without a jury, a judgment was again rendered for the appellee, to reverse which this appeal is prosecuted. The appellants claim that they purchased the lease from J. E. White without notice of any assignment by the lessors; that they received an assignment of the copy or duplicate lease held by J. E. White upon which there was no other indorsement; that J. E. White told them he had paid all the notes given by him, and that thereupon they executed and delivered to J. E. White their notes for the same amounts and due at the same time as the notes that White had given to Julius Keister. That White assigned such notes to Julius Keister, who discounted them to the appellants, the makers, and that such notes are fully paid and discharged.\nClause of the lease referred to in the opinion of the court:\nSixth. It is hereby expressly agreed by and between the parties hereto, that in case of default in the payment of any of said notes at the time the same becomes due and for a period of fifteen days thereafter, the said first parties reserve the right to declare the contract terminated, and said second party hereby agrees to give possession of said premises to said first parties within five days of such termination, without any claim for damages for such termination, and in such case all of the unpaid notes shall be returned to said second party except the one he fails to meet when due.\nAppellants\u2019 Brief.\nAt common law the non-payment of rent when due would not work a forfeiture unless lawful demand was made of the precise sum due, on the very day it became due, at a convenient hour before sunset, upon the premises, at the most conspicuous place, unless some other place was named in the lease. Chadwick v. Parker, 44 Ill. 326; Chapman et al. v. Kirby, 49 Ill. 211; Woodward v. Cone, 73 Ill. 241; Gear\u2019s Landlord and Tenant, Sec. 195.\nWhile our statute dispenses with the necessity of making the common law demand of the rent on the very day it falls due, it does not dispense with the common law requirement of a demand of rent upon the premises before declaring a forfeiture of the lease. Chadwick v. Parker, 44 Ill. 326; Dodge v. Wright, 48 Ill. 382.\nA party insisting on a forfeiture must show that he is entitled to it. It is a harsh manner of terminating a contract, and he who insists on it must be held strictly within the limits of the authority which gives the right. Palmer v. Ford, 70 Ill. 369; Chapman et al. v. Kirby, 49 Ill. 211; Chadwick v. Parker, 44 Ill. 326; Cheney v. Bonnell, 58 Ill. 268.\nBuckingham & Schroll, attorneys for appellants.\nAppellee\u2019s Brief.\nThe law of attornment does not apply in a forcible detainer case, and the assignee of a tenant is not entitled to notice, but must take notice of the landlord\u2019s rights and be ready to deliver the possession if he forfeits the lease. Fisher v. Smith, 48 Ill. 184; Merrin v. Lewis, 90 Ill. 505; Vol. 12 of American and English Encyclopedia of Law, 1029.\nI. D. Walker, attorney for appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0236-01",
  "first_page_order": 232,
  "last_page_order": 239
}
