{ "id": 5112814, "name": "Barnes v. Ludington et al.", "name_abbreviation": "Barnes v. Ludington", "decision_date": "1893-07-12", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "90", "last_page": "99", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "51 Ill. App. 90" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "10 Wall. 339", "category": "reporters:scotus_early", "reporter": "Wall.", "case_ids": [ 3437097 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/us/77/0339-01" ] }, { "cite": "119 Ill. 465", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "20 Brad. 56", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Bradf.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "73 Ill. 508", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5317689 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/73/0508-01" ] }, { "cite": "78 Ill. 51", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "1 Gil. 454", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Gilmer", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "31 Mich. 43", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich.", "case_ids": [ 1319747 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mich/31/0043-01" ] }, { "cite": "2 Wheat. 336", "category": "reporters:scotus_early", "reporter": "Wheat.", "case_ids": [ 1444852 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/us/15/0336-01" ] }, { "cite": "116 Mass. 223", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 719897 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/116/0223-01" ] }, { "cite": "24 Wis. 190", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wis.", "case_ids": [ 8707834 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/wis/24/0190-01" ] }, { "cite": "22 N. J. Eq. 63", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J. Eq.", "case_ids": [ 528720 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nj-eq/22/0063-01" ] }, { "cite": "58 Mo. 242", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo.", "case_ids": [ 933356 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mo/58/0242-01" ] }, { "cite": "39 Mich. 49", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich.", "case_ids": [ 1332872 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mich/39/0049-01" ] }, { "cite": "44 Conn. 224", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Conn.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "120 Pa. 74", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "108 Pa. 296", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "113 Ill. 186", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2864785 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/113/0186-01" ] }, { "cite": "101 Ill. 70", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2818271 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/101/0070-01" ] }, { "cite": "70 Ill. 331", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5310385 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/70/0331-01" ] }, { "cite": "70 Ill. 241", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5308621 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/70/0241-01" ] }, { "cite": "70 Ill. 553", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5308104 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/70/0553-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 Ill. 428", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2624920 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/66/0428-01" ] }, { "cite": "63 Ill. 468", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2611643 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/63/0468-01" ] }, { "cite": "41 Ill. 179", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5217712 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/41/0179-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 Gil. 174", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Gilmer", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "4 Scam. 202", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Scam.", "case_ids": [ 6101776 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "265" } ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/5/0210-01" ] }, { "cite": "11 R. I. 539", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "R.I.", "case_ids": [ 1329007 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ri/11/0539-01" ] }, { "cite": "15 Pick. 546", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pick.", "case_ids": [ 2020311 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/32/0546-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 Ill. 67", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2628870 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/68/0067-01" ] }, { "cite": "52 Ill. 119", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5299951 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/52/0119-01" ] }, { "cite": "39 Ill. 354", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5260682 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/39/0354-01" ] }, { "cite": "1 Scam. 310", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Scam.", "case_ids": [ 2479329 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/2/0310-01" ] }, { "cite": "45 N. J. Eq. 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J. Eq.", "case_ids": [ 811862 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nj-eq/45/0095-01" ] }, { "cite": "18 N. J. Eq. 124", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J. Eq.", "case_ids": [ 805253 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nj-eq/18/0124-01" ] }, { "cite": "33 Fed. Rep. 530", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.", "case_ids": [ 3760992 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/f/33/0530-01" ] }, { "cite": "126 Ill. 72", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5404687 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/126/0072-01" ] }, { "cite": "123 Ill. 98", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2923935 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/123/0098-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 938, "char_count": 19622, "ocr_confidence": 0.487, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.2329582938967233e-07, "percentile": 0.6060973052869105 }, "sha256": "681b60d06f3aedfeb1be9e81a643122bf3aa09617a44de754bea8da99f3c1cdb", "simhash": "1:2be204548ea238c0", "word_count": 3525 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:36:15.137575+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Barnes v. Ludington et al." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mb. Presiding Justice Shepaed\ndelivebed the opinion op the Court.\nThis was a bill in equity to enforce the specific performance of a contract for a lease for a term of ninety-nine years, of certain real estate in the city of Chicago.\nThe premises were very valuable, the rental provided for being $15,000 a year for the first twenty years, and $16,000 a year for the residue of the term, and the payment of all taxes and assessments, ordinary and extraordinary. The contract contemplated the erection of a permanent building upon the premises within a period of seven months from the first of the November following, at a cost of not less than $300,000, as an additional security for the rent; and, to secure the erection of such a building, it was provided that \u201ca good and satisfactory bond\u201d should be given to the owners of the lot.\nThe option for the contract of lease was dated August 25, 1891, and was as follows : 1\n\u201c To whom it may concern: This is to certify that Mrs. Agnes Benton Barnes has paid the sum of one thousand dollars, consideration for the option to take a lease on the lot, 80x160, situated on the south side of Jackson street, between Michigan and Wabash avenues, in the city of Chicago, Illinois, and known as the First Begiment Armory lot; said lease to be f\u00f3r a period of ninety-nine years from the 1st day of November, 1891; said lease to provide for the payment of all taxes, special assessments, or any and all other charges of whatever kind, ordinary or extraordinary, which may be imposed on the said property by city, county or State during the life of the lease, and for the erection within a period of seven months from the 1st day of November, 1891, of a stone, brick and iron building of absolutely fire-proof construction, at a cost of not less than $300,000, in accordance with plans and specifications drawn by Flanders & Zimmerman, or other competent architects, and for which construction within the time specified a good and satisfactory bond shall be given by the said Agnes Benton Barnes, or her assigns, to the owners of said lot. Said lease shall also providecfor a yearly rental to be paid during the said term of ninety-nine years, said rental to be at the rate of $15,000 annually for the first twenty years of said term, and of: $16,000 annually thereafter during the balance of said term of ninety-nine years, said annual rental to be paid in equal monthly installments on the first day of each month in gold coin of the United States of the present standard of fineness, or the equivalent thereof. The lessee shall procure, pay for and deliver unto the lessors policies of insurance in good and satisfactory companies against loss or damage by fire to the said building, and any loss or damage by fire shall be paid to the lessors and held by them as security for rebuilding or repairing the building.\nIt is agreed and understood that the lease herein referred to shall be amplified and extended to the satisfaction of the lessors, and shall contain such other covenants, clauses, conditions and agreements, usual and customary in the making of leases of like situate property, for the term of ninety-nine years, to the satisfaction of the lessors, and furthermore, that upon the delivery of said lease, the lessee shall pay over to the lessors the sum of five thousand dollars, as earnest money, Avhich said sum shall be credited on the account of rent due the first year under the said lease.\nThis option shall hold good until and including the 1st day of November, 1891, and in the event of the said Agnes Benton Barnes not having availed herself of this privilege for a lease at the said last mentioned date, then this option shall be null and void, and shall be delivered up to be canceled, and the aforesaid sum of one thousand dollars shall be forfeited to the owners of the said property.\nThis option and privilege is given upon the express agreement and understanding that under no circumstances shall it be filed for record anywhere, and that a recording of the same shall constitute and Avork an immediate forfeiture and cancellation hereof.\nWitness our hands and seals this 25th day of August, 1891.\nCharlotte J. Ludington, [Seal.]\nMart L. Barnes, [Seal.]\nBy Chas. J. Barnes, [Seal.]\nAttorney in Fact.\u201d\n\u201c I hereby accept the terms of the above option, and agree not to file the same for record; and I further agree to surrender and deliver up the same for cancellation on the 2d day of November, A. D. 1891, unless a lease on it prior to that date is accepted and executed in accordance with the terms in this option contained.\nAgnes Benton Barnes.\nAugust 25, 1891.\u201d\nIt is agreed that only \u00a7500 was paid, instead of $1,000 as recited.\nTwo extensions of the option were granted by the owners, the first one for three weeks from November 1, 1891, and the second until December 31, 1891.\nVery soon after the option was first given, the attention of the parties was drawn to the fact that the amount of the bond to be given was not mentioned in the contract, and Mr. Charles J. Barnes, who acted for the defendants in error, in conjunction with Colonel Jackson, their attorney, informed the plaintiff in error and her agents, that a bond of $150,000 would be required. Repeated attempts were subsequently made in the interest of plaintiff in error to induce defendants in error to fix a less amount of bond, but without success. We think the option contemplated that the defendants in error should have the right to decide within reasonable limits, what the amount of the bond should be.\nUnder the doctrine laid down in Henderson v. Connelly, 123 Ill. 98, and in Paulsen v. Manske, 126 Ill. 72, it is uncertain to what extent the fee of land might be subject to mechanics\u2019 liens, where a lease is made providing for the erection of a building upon the premises.\nThe object in requiring the erection of such a building as the option contemplated, was security for the payment of the stipulated \"rent.\nIt would not be unreasonable that a bond to secure the erection of a building in such a case, should be such as would secure, not only the construction of the building, but that no liens should remain on the building, or the land, whereby the value of the security should be impaired.\nGenerally, a bond to secure the performance of something costing money, is with a penalty beyond the cost of the act to be performed.\nIn view of the fact that a building to cost not less than $300,000 was to be constructed upon the premises, and of the possibility of liens in favor of mechanics and material-men, and the possible necessity, by the owners of the land, to complete a structure upon it which they might not wish, or be prepared to engage in, a bond of $150,000 was not unreasonable for them to require.\nThe bond that was tendered was for $100,000, and was rejected on the ground that it was not a good and satisfactory one.\nThat it was not satisfactory in amount, the plaintiff in error already knew; and when, as soon as it was presented, it was objected to on the additional ground that it was not good, the duty of showing it was good rested upon the plaintiff in error, if she wished to avail herself of the ad vantage, of its tender. The evidence shows that the plaintiff in error was not possessed of any considerable pecuniary means of her own; and the extent of information furnished to the defendants in error as to the financial responsibility of Mr. Leavitt, who signed the bond as surety, or of his sufficiency as surety on such a bond, consisted of a statement made by the attorney of the plaintiff in error to the attorney of defendants in error at the time the bond was tendered, that Mr. Leavitt lived in New York, and that.he had been informed that Leavitt owned property in New York and Denver.\nManifestly such a showing amounted to very little.\nBut it is contended that no surety was required; that by the terms of the option contract, the giving of an individual bond by the plaintiff in error was all that was demanded. The circumstances surrounding the making of the contract, and the purpose to be effected by the giving of a bond, forbid any such construction. It would have been an idle thing to give a bond with no surety to secure the performance by the same party of a covenant in the lease, to build. The covenant to build would have been just as good security to the owners of the property as the individual bond of the covenantor. Under such circumstances when a bond is required to be given, it is meant that a bond with surety shall be given, and when a \u201c good \u201d bond is agreed to be given, it is meant that the surety shall be good.\nThe object in requiring a bond was security, and that means something more than an agreement by the same person to pay or perform what he or she had already agreed to pay or perform. The heaping up of one agreement on top of another to do the same thing adds no force or security to the original undertaking.\nThe circumstances and purposes of the parties will be looked at to determine what was contemplated by them. Harris v. Miller, 6 Sawyer (U. S. C. C.) 319.\nSo that, if the tender of a bond was necessary before the lease was executed and ready for delivery, we entertain no doubt that the bond t mdered was not such an one as the defendants in error were bound to accept.\nWe will not decide, or discuss the question, whether the delivery or. tender of the bond contemplated by the parties, was a precedent act to be performed by plaintiff in error, or was one to be done concurrently with and dependent upon the offer of a lease, for the reason that, in our opinion, the decree dismissing the bill must be affirmed upon other and plainer grounds.\nThe plaintiff in error is asking for the specific performance of a contract. To enable a court to enforce the specific performance of a contract, the contract must be certain in all its material provisions. The court can not make a contract for the parties; that must be done by the parties themselves; and if they have failed to do so in material respects the court can not supply for them what they have left unprovided for.\nHere was a contract that the lease provided for should be \u201c amplified and extended to the satisfaction of the lessors, and shall contain such other covenants, clauses, conditions and agreements, usual and customary in the making of leases of like situate property, for the term of ninety-nine years, to the satisfaction of the lessors.\u201d\nThe bill says nothing as to what are usual and customary covenants in leases for ninety-nine years, or that in fact there are any such usual and customary covenants. Shall the court say that there are such customary covenants as that parties by bare reference may be supposed to have contracted with reference to them? If so, what are they? The bill gives no information upon the subject, and this court does not know what they are.\nShall there be a right of re-entry reserved ? If so, after how long a default? If the taxes and assessments are not paid by the lessee, may the lessors pay them and add the amount to the next, or any other, installment of rent ? If so, shall the tax and assessment warrants be conclusive as to the legality of the taxes and assessments, or must the lessors prove the proceedings as in the case of ejectment on a tax title ? At the end of the term what shall be done with the building ? Shall the lessors pay the value of it, or a percentage, and what percentage of its value, and, if either, how shall such value be ascertained ? It has already been seen that the plaintiff in error did not accede to the giving of a bond in the sum required by defendants in error. Iiow can the court make her give a bond, such as was required of her ?\nMany other questions might be put, but these are enough to show that the point is well made, that the court can not make a contract for the parties, but can only enforce one they themselves have made.\nAgain, the contract provides for the construction of a building to cost not less than $300,000, according to plans and specifications to be drawn by architects.\nOn the one hand, the lessors are entitled to have a building erected at a cost of not less than $300,000, and on the other, the lessee is not bound to erect one at any greater cost. Common experience teaches that it would be impossible for a court to settle upon plans, to be prepared, the cost of execution of which should exactly equal the sum named, and it would be beyond its power to force the lessors to accept a less costly structure, or to require the lessee to build one at greater expense.\n\u201cAn agreement for building a house of a certain value, is not one which this court will direct to be specifically performed.\u201d Brace v. Wehnert, 25 Beavan, 348. That was a case where the contract provided for the erection of buildings \u201c of the value of \u00a31,400 at the least.\nHumerous other questions and difficulties present themselves in connection with the contract in question, but we think we have shown that so much that is material still rests in treaty between the parties, as to \u2022 render the contract incapable of being specifically enforced in equity.\nThe decree of the Circuit Court, dismissing the bill, will therefore be affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mb. Presiding Justice Shepaed" } ], "attorneys": [ "Brief of Plaintiff in Error, Moran, Kraus & Mayer, Attorneys.", "Brief of Defendants in Error, Pence & Carpenter, Attorneys." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Barnes v. Ludington et al.\n1. Option Contracts\u2014Right to Fix the Penalty of a Bond.\u2014Where parties entered into an option contract for a lease of premises for ninety-nine years at a yearly rental of $15,000, and upon which a building was to be erected by the lessee of the value of P00,000, within a time specified in the contract, for the construction of which a good and satisfactory bond was to be given, but no amount was fixed for the penalty of the bond, it was held, that the contract contemplated that the parties giving the option should have the right to decide within, reasonable limits what the amount of the bond should be.\n2. Specific Performance\u2014Requisites of the Contract.\u2014To enable a court to enforce the specific performance, the contract must be certain in all its material provisions. The court can not make a contract for the parties; that must be done by the parties themselves; and if they have failed to do so in any material respects, the court can not supply for them what they have left unprovided for.\n3. Specific Performance\u2014 Contracts Not Susceptible of\u2014Illustration.\u2014An agreement, as for instance, the building a house of a certain value, is not one which a court will direct to be specifically, performed.\nMemorandum.\u2014Bill for specific performance. In the Circuit Court of Cook County; the Hon. Oliver H. Horton, Judge, presiding. Bill dismissed for want of equity; complainant brings error. Heard in this court at the March term, 1893, and affirmed.\nOpinion filed July 12, 1893.\nThe opinion of the court, states the case.\nBrief of Plaintiff in Error, Moran, Kraus & Mayer, Attorneys.\nThe plaintiff contended that the option of August 25, 1891, resting as it did, upon a consideration paid, though not of itself imposing any obligation upon plaintiff in error until she should signify her intention to claim the right she had purchased, was yet binding upon defendants in error. It was an offer, for the refusal of which within the time limited, plaintiff in error had paid the agreed price. If within that time she accepted the offer, there then arose between the parties a completed contract imposing mutual obligations, which a court of equity will specifically enforce. Waterman on Spec. Perf., Sec. 200; Fry on Spec. Perf., 3d Ed., Sec. 445; Beach on Mod. Eq. Juris., Sec. 587; Johnston v. Tripp, 33 Fed. Rep. 530; Hawralty v. Warren, 18 N. J. Eq. 124; Miller v. Cameron, 45 N. J. Eq. 95.\nWhen plaintiff in error, on December 31, 1891, notified defendants in error of her election to accept the terms of the option, and of her readiness and willingness to discharge the obligations which it imposed upon her, and tendered the $5,000, it devolved upon defendants in error to prepare, execute and tender the lease, and indicate to plaintiff in error the kind of bond that would be satisfactory to them. Buckmaster v. Grundy, 1 Scam. 310; Headley v. Shaw, 39 Ill. 354; Cooper et al. v. Hamilton, 52 Ill. 119; Baston v. Clifford, 68 Ill. 67; Tinny v. Ashley, 15 Pick. 546; Doyle v. Harris, 11 R. I. 539; Longworth v. Taylor, 1 McLean (U. S. C. C.) 395.\nBrief of Defendants in Error, Pence & Carpenter, Attorneys.\nThe rule established in this State is that specific performance of a contract as to real estate will not be enforced unless it appears that the complainant is not, and that the defendant is in default at the time of filing the bill, and that the complainant is ready, able and willing to perform the contract on his part. Doyle v. Teas, 4 Scam. 202, 265; Brown v. Cannon, 5 Gil. 174; Board of Supervisors v. Henneberry, 41 Ill. 179; Phelps v. Ill. Cent. R. R., 63 Ill. 468; Cronk v. Trumble, 66 Ill. 428; Kimball v. Tooke, 70 Ill. 553; Brink v. Steadman, 70 Ill. 241; Hoyt v. Tuxbury, 70 Ill. 331; Brixv. Ott, 101 Ill. 70; Woods v. Evans, 113 Ill. 186.\nA contract which provides that a good and satisfactory bond shall be given for construction of a building, means that a bond satisfactory to the owners of the property should be furnished. The power is reposed in the owner to determine what is a good and satisfactory bond. Here a bond was offered with one surety, and he a non-resident, and no evidence has been offered by plaintiff in error upon whom the burden rested, that the bond was good as to surety and amount, and none to show bad faith on the part of defendants in error in refusing to accept the bond tendered. The evidence shows that the plaintiff in error understood that the agreement required her to furnish bond with sureties, and that she and her solicitors acted accordingly. Singerly v. Thayer, 108 Pa. 296; Seeley v. Welles, 120 Pa. 74; Zaleski v. Clark, 44 Conn. 224; Gibson v. Cranage, 39 Mich. 49; Harris v. Miller, 6 Sawyer, 319.\nA court can not make a contract for the parties. All the terms and provisions of this lease were not agreed upon. The penalty of the bond was not agreed upon.\nThe plans and specifications of the lease were not agreed upon. This rendered the contract uncertain and incapable of specific performance. Brace v. Wehnert, 25 Beav. 348; Taylor v. Portington, 7 De G., M. & G. 328; Stewart v. Lond. & N. R. R., 15 Beav. 513; South Wales Ry. Co. v. Wythes, 5 De G., M. & G. 880; Hodges v. Horsfall, 1 Russ. & Myl. 117; Huff v. Shepard, 58 Mo. 242-247; McKibbin v. Brown, 1 McCarter (Ch.), 13; Nichols v. Williams, 22 N. J. Eq. 63; Tiernan v. Gibney, 24 Wis. 190; Riley v. Farnsworth, 116 Mass. 223; Colson v. Thompson, 2 Wheat. 336; Blanchard v. D. L. & L. M. Ry. Co., 31 Mich. 43; Fitzpatrick v. Beatty, 1 Gil. 454; Bowman v. Cunningham, 78 Ill. 51; Brix v. Ott, 101 Ill. 70; Gosse v. Jones, 73 Ill. 508; Woods v. Evans, 113 Ill. 186; Wollensak v. Briggs, 20 Brad. 56; same v. same, 119 Ill. 465; Story, Eq. Juris., Secs. 741.\nThere is a want of mutuality of remedy in this contract; also there are particular parts thereof which can not be specifically enforced in a court of equity. In either case a court of equity will refuse to specifically enforce any part thereof. 3 Pomeroy Eq. Jur., Sec. 1405; Gervais v. Edwards, 3 Dru. & War. (Sugden\u2019s Decisions) 80; Stocker v. Wedderburn, 3 Kay & J. 393; Pickering v. Bishop of Ely, 2 Younge & Coll. Ch. 249; Johnson v. Shrewsbury & Birmingham Ry. Co., 3 De G., M. & G. 914; Hills v. Crolls, 2 Phill. Ch. 59; Ogden v. Fossick, 4 De G. F. & J. 421; Lawrenson v. Butler, 1 Sch. & Lef. 13; Benedict v. Lynch, 1 John. Ch. 369; Marble Co. v. Ripley, 10 Wall. 339-358." }, "file_name": "0090-01", "first_page_order": 86, "last_page_order": 95 }