{
  "id": 5177422,
  "name": "East St. Louis Connecting Ry. Co. v. Calvin Reames",
  "name_abbreviation": "East St. Louis Connecting Ry. Co. v. Reames",
  "decision_date": "1898-03-01",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "28",
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      "cite": "75 Ill. App. 28"
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    "id": 8837,
    "name": "Illinois Appellate Court"
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:19:06.025093+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
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  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "East St. Louis Connecting Ry. Co. v. Calvin Reames."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Mr. Justice Worthington\ndelivered the opinion oe the Court.\nThe declaration avers that the appellant was operating a railroad in the city of East St. Louis, and that an ordinance in the city required all freight locomotives and cars to be run at a speed not to exceed six miles an hour, and that the bell should be ringing constantly while running on any track within the city limits; that plaintiff was passing over Front street in the said city, with due care and diligence, and that defendant, without ringing the bell or sounding the whistle, negligently and wantonly ran and drove said locomotive against plaintiff with great force, at a high and dangerous rate of speed, to wit, twenty miles an hour, by means of which plaintiff was struck and run over by the locomotive, and his left leg severed from his body. It avers that he was also thereby injured in his head, spine and back and other parts of his body; that the injuries are permanent; that he was unable to attend to his vocation, and incurred great expense, to wit, $500, to his damage of $15,000. .\"Defendant pleaded the general issue. Judgment was recovered for $6,500.\nThe accident occurred on Front street in East St. Louis. This street is sixty feet wide and runs north and south. On the east side of the street there is a sidewalk ten feet wide. West of this sidewalk there is a paved strip thirty feet wide, bounded on each side by curbing. West of this paved strip is an unpaved portion upon which there is one track and the east rail of another track of appellant\u2019s road. The west rail of this second track is within six inches of the west line of the street. The distance between these two tracks is eight feet and ten inches. Appellee ran a boarding-house, and was in the habit of taking dinner to Hart, one of his boarders who was employed on one of appellant\u2019s engines. On the 13th of November, 1895, a rainy day with a strong wind, appellee, hunting for Hart to give him his dinner, and not knowing exactly where he was, crossed over the paved part of Front street, first walked south and then turned and walked north, between the two tracks, looking for the engine where Hart was to be found. Appellant\u2019s road is a terminal road over which switch engines, with and without cars, are frequently passing. As appellee walked north, a switch engine, on which were five of appellant\u2019s employes on their way to dinner, came north on the west track behind appellee and struck him as he walked between the tracks, or just as he turned to the west track, the evidence conflicting on this point.\nThe conflict of testimony, both as to rate of speed and as to ringing of the bell is sharp, and can not be explained. It is plain that the appellee was not a trespasser, the accident occurring on a street of the city. The engineer and fireman of the engine that struck appellee were examined as witnesses, but, singularly, neither of them- was asked or testified as to \u25a0 the speed of the engine. The switching crew, consisting of the fireman and two helpers were riding on the engine on their way to dinner. They testified that its speed was not over five miles an hour. Rowland, one of the crew, upon cross-examination, said: ' \u201cIt might have been going as fast as a slow horse could run.\u201d Sweeney, the fireman, testified that \u201c A speed of five or six miles an hour could not throw anybody in the air.\u201d Shea, the yardmaster, was four hundred feet north of the engine, looking at it as it came toward him. He testified that the speed was not over five miles an hour, but it is evident that his position was not the best for estimating its speed.\nFor appellee, Robison, located nearly opposite the place where the accident occurred, states the speed at about forty miles an hour; that he \u201c happened to be looking right at the place when the accident happened. Just as they hit the man, I heard somebody shout from the engine, \u2018 Look out,\u2019 and at that time I looked and saw the fellow up in the air.\u201d\nHe also testifies that the bell was not ringing, and that he spoke of it immediately after the accident. He corroborates Hart and appellee in their statements as to circumstances prior to the injury, indicating that he saw and remembered what occurred. Mrs. Corcoran testifies that \u201c There was no bell rung or whistle sounded,\u201d and that the engine \u201c was running faster than a horse could run.\u201d\nThe jury saw the witnesses in the stand, heard them testify and found for appellee. There is evidence to sustain the verdict if his witnesses told the truth. The jury believe that they did. The verdict too, has the sanction of the trial judge who passed upon the application for a new trial. Under these circumstances, we are not prepared to say that the verdict was a result of. .misapprehension, passion or prejudice.\nAppellant urges that as the declaration avers that the defendant wantonly ran and drove its Locomotive, etc., and as the jury in a special finding said that the defendant did not willfully or wantonly injure appellee, that the general verdict is controlled by the special finding.\nWe think not. The declaration avers that defendant \u201c negligently and wantonly,\u201d etc.\nLf appellant \u201c negligently,\u201d etc., as alleged in declaration, caused the injury, it is liable although not caused wantonly. \u201c The plaintiff may aver in his declaration as many grounds of recovery as he sees proper but it is not necessary to prove all that is alleged. It is sufficient to prove enough of the negligence charged to make out a case.\u201d Illinois Steel Co. v. Schymanowski, 162. Ill. 458.\nA declaration averring two causes of action in one count may be bad on demurrer for duplicity. But when the general issue is pleaded, the plaintiff is entitled to prove either cause of action alleged.\nIt is also urged that as appellant\u2019s employes were on the engine, going to their dinner, that they were at the time using appellant\u2019s engine for a private purpose, and were not engaged upon their master\u2019s business. Chicago, B. & Q. R. R. Co. v. Magee, 60 Ill. 529.\nThis point is not well taken. They were in charge of the engine, operating it upon appellant\u2019s road .by virtue of their employment as servants of appellant. If they had not been it is fair to say that they would not have used the engine for this purpose. They would have had no control over it or opportunity to use it. A master .is .responsible for the acts of his servants when done within the scope of his authoritjr.\nBo outsider seeing the engine moving along the track could have told whether it was going for a train of cars or to a stand for the dinner hour. Bor is there any testimony to indicate that it was not a part of the service of appellant to use the engine to which the crew was attached to take the crew to their meals, in order that they might sooner return to their work. Lake S. & M. S. R. R. Co. v. Brown, 123 Ill. 162.\n\u201c If the act'is done while the servant is at liberty from bis service, and is pursuing his own needs exclusively, there can be no question of the master\u2019s freedom of all responsibility, even though the injury could not have been committed without the facilities afforded to the servant by his relation to his master. On the other hand, when the servant is allowed by his master to combine his own business with that of the master, or even to attend to both at substantially the same time, no mere inquiry will be made as to which business the servant was actually engaged in when a third person was injured by his negligence, but the master will be held responsible unless it clearly appears the servant could not have been directly or indirectly serving his master in the act, the negligent performance of which caused the injury.\u201d Shearman and Red. on Reg., Sec. 147.\nThere was no error in admitting the ordinance regulating the rate of speed of a passenger train .or car within the limits of the city. The Supreme Court in East St. Louis Con. Ry. Co. v. O\u2019Hara, 150 Ill. 580, has clearly decided that a locomotive is a \u201c car,\u201d under the meaning of this ordinance:\nIt is also urged that the damages are excessive.\nAppellee testifies, \u201c I was there (in the hospital) about fifteen weeks. I paid five dollars a week for medicine and attendance. I don\u2019t know exactly what they charged for cutting off my leg. I received good care and attention by skilled nurses. Dr. De Hass was my surgeon. I had dislocation of the back, which caused spinal affection, and for a time they did not hope to save my life. I have suffered a great deal of pain. I am injured from my hip down, and my leg is very weak.\u201d\nThis is all the testimony in reference to injuries. Assuming it to be true, -we can not say that the damages are excessive.\nThe judgment is affirmed.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Mr. Justice Worthington"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Charles W. Thomas, attorney for appellant.",
      "M. Millard and F. C. Smith, attorneys for appellee; James M. Dill, of counsel."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "East St. Louis Connecting Ry. Co. v. Calvin Reames.\n1. Verdicts\u2014Misapprehension, Passion and Prejudice. \u2014Where there is evidence to sustain a verdict, if the jury believe the witnesses, and it has the sanction of the trial judge upon an application for a new trial, the Appellate Court is not prepared to say that it was the result of misapprehension, passion and prejudice.\n2. Pleading\u2014Different Grounds of Recovery.\u2014A plaintiff may aver in his declaration as many grounds of recovery as he sees proper, but it is not necessary to prove all that is alleged; it is sufficient to prove enough of the negligence charged to make out a case.\n3. Special Findings\u2014When Not Inconsistent with the General Verdict.\u2014Under a declaration alleging that the defendant \u201c negligently and wantonly \u201d caused the injury, a general verdict upon proof of negligence alone is not inconsistent with a special finding that the defendant did not \u201c willfully or wantonly injure the plaintiff.\u201d\n4. Same\u2014Duplicity.\u2014A declaration averring two causes of action in one count may be bad on demurrer for duplicity, but when the general issue is plead, the plaintiff is entitled to prove either cause of action alleged.\n5. Master and Servant\u2014Scope of Liability.\u2014A master is responsible for the acts of his servant when done within the scope of his authority, but if the act is done while the servant is at liberty from his service and is pursuing his own needs exclusively, it is otherwise.\n6. Same \u2014Liability for the Acts of the Servant.\u2014When the servant is allowed by his master to combine his own business with that of his master. or even to attend to both at substantially the same time, no mere inquiry will be made as to which business the servant was actually engaged in when a third person is injured by his negligence, but the master will be held responsible, unless it clearly appears that the servant could not have been directly or indirectly serving his master in the act, the negligent performance of which caused the injury.\n7. Words and Phrases\u2014Locomotive is a Car.\u2014A locomotive is a car within the meaning of an ordinance regulating the speed of railroad trains within the limits of a city.\n8. Damages\u2014Sixty-Five Hundred Dollars Held Not Excessive.\u2014 Plaintiff was struck and run over by a locomotive and his left leg severed from his body, his back was dislocated, causing spinal affection, etc. Held, that $6,500 was not excessive.\nTrespass on the Case, for personal injuries. Appeal from the Circuit Court of St. Clair County; the Hon. Alonzo S. Wilderman. Judge, presiding.\nHeard in this court at the August term, 1897.\nAffirmed.\nOpinion filed March 1, 1898.\nCharles W. Thomas, attorney for appellant.\nA master is not liable for the act of his servant unless it was done for the purpose and as a means of doing what the servant was employed to do. An act done by a servant while engaged in his master\u2019s work, but not done as a means for the purpose of performing the work, is not deemed to be the work of the master. If a servant deviates or departs from his employment and engages in affairs of his own the master is not liable. Monographic Notes to Gloodloe v. Memphis, etc., R. R. Co., 54 Am. St. Rep. 71 et seq.\nSo a railroad company was held not answerable for stock killed by one of its locomotives in use at the time by a servant of the company for his own purpose and outside the line of his service. Cousins v. Hannibal, etc.; R. R. Co., 66 Mo. 572.\nAnd when a railroad station agent was charged with the duty of exploding torpedoes for the purpose of signaling trains, the railroad company was held not to be liable for injuries inflicted upon a bystander when the agent exploded the torpedoes for his own amusement. Smith w. Hew York C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 78 Hun, 524.\nThe master is not answerable for the act or neglect of his servant, when doing something the master has not ordered done, if he has not authorized the servant to exercise a discretion in determining what to do. Notes to Goodloe v. Memphis, etc., R. R. Co., 54 Am. St. Rep. 80.\nM. Millard and F. C. Smith, attorneys for appellee; James M. Dill, of counsel.\nA master is responsible for the acts of his servant when done within the scope of his authority, actual or apparent, and this is so notwithstanding there may be private instructions which are intended to limit his implied powers. The scope of their employment is what it appears to be to third persons. Lake Shore & M. S. v. Brown, 123 Ill. 162.\nAs to the contention that the plaintiff can not recover without showing the injury was wantonly inflicted we refer to the following as a sufficient answer: Illinois Steel Co. v. Schymanowski, 162 Ill. 458; New York C. & St. L. R. R. Co. v. Blumenthal, 160 Ill. 40; Weber Wagon Co. v. Kehl, 139 Ill. 656; City of Rock Island v. Cuinely, 126 Ill. 40S; Roth v. Eppy, 80 Ill. 283."
  },
  "file_name": "0028-01",
  "first_page_order": 28,
  "last_page_order": 34
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