{ "id": 3140011, "name": "The Counties of McLean, Livingston, Tazewell, Kane, Woodford, Stephenson, DeWitt, Lake, and DeKalb, Claimants, v. The State of Illinois, Respondent", "name_abbreviation": "Counties of McLean v. State", "decision_date": "1994-12-23", "docket_number": "Nos. 84-CC-3228, 84-CC-3398, 84-CC-3565, 84-CC-3602, 85-CC-0001, 85-CC-0137, 85-CC-0197, 85-CC-0208 & 85-CC-0355 cons.", "first_page": "92", "last_page": "106", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "47 Ill. Ct. Cl. 92" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. Ct. Cl.", "id": 8793, "name": "Illinois Court of Claims" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "37 Ill. Ct. Cl. 321", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Ct. Cl.", "case_ids": [ 5816731 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-ct-cl/37/0321-01" ] }, { "cite": "52 N.E. 982", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "year": 1898, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "983" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "28 Ill. Ct. Cl. 379", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Ct. Cl.", "case_ids": [ 5332685, 5338430 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "386" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-ct-cl/28/0379-01", "/ill-ct-cl/28/0379-02" ] }, { "cite": "37 Ill. Ct. Cl. 197", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Ct. Cl.", "case_ids": [ 5815305 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "204" }, { "page": "205-206" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-ct-cl/37/0197-01" ] }, { "cite": "35 Ill. Ct. Cl. 9", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Ct. Cl.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "33 Ill. Ct. Cl. 364", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Ct. Cl.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "35 Ill. Ct. Cl. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Ct. Cl.", "case_ids": [ 5317892 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-ct-cl/35/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "33 Ill. Ct. Cl. 281", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Ct. Cl.", "case_ids": [ 2712114 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-ct-cl/33/0281-01" ] }, { "cite": "33 Ill. Ct. Cl. 276", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Ct. Cl.", "case_ids": [ 2714161 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-ct-cl/33/0276-01" ] }, { "cite": "31 Ill. Ct. Cl. 155", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Ct. Cl.", "case_ids": [ 2722916 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-ct-cl/31/0155-01" ] }, { "cite": "115 N.E. 393", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "396" }, { "page": "396" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "277 Ill. 272", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 4861313 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "278-280" }, { "page": "279" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/277/0272-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1025, "char_count": 21600, "ocr_confidence": 0.82, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.03580807328026e-08, "percentile": 0.08875305085354397 }, "sha256": "dafa76dfd653af7cee21e912f01981af5c079992f80f42a42ea10380d9c6821e", "simhash": "1:241b95bd5d9fb934", "word_count": 3435 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:43:15.904044+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "The Counties of McLean, Livingston, Tazewell, Kane, Woodford, Stephenson, DeWitt, Lake, and DeKalb, Claimants, v. The State of Illinois, Respondent." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nSommer, C.J.\nThese nine counties have requested reconsideration of an order in which this Court pro-rated to them the amount of money remaining in the relevant appropriation and denied the balance of their claims for lack of appropriated funds. Because the legal issues in all nine claims are identical, we will select the first such claim, McLean County v. State (84-CC-3228), as an example of the factual scenario typical to these claims.\nMcLean County seeks an award for one hundred two thousand eighty-eight dollars and thirty-two cents ($102,088.32) as reimbursement pursuant to former section 7 \u2014 5 of the Juvenile Court Act of August 5, 1965, now codified at 705 ILCS 405/6 \u2014 10 (formerly Ill. Rev. Stat. ch. 37, par. 707 \u2014 5), for sums which it expended for the care and support of juveniles ordered to be placed in shelter care by the judges of its circuit court.\nAfter the Department of Children and Family Services (hereafter \u201cDCFS\u201d) audited McLean County\u2019s claim, it determined that the proper dollar amount was slightly less than that sought:\nFISCAL YEAR AUDITED AMOUNT\n1982 $ 5,025.39\n1983 44,739.86\n1984 47.149.71\nTOTAL $96,914.96\nNonetheless, DCFS was unable to pay these audited sums because it had expended more than the appropriations made to it by the General Assembly and only had a total of $13,670.69 in funds remaining to apply to McLean County\u2019s claim as well as to the aggregate $344,194.72 in similar audited claims made by the eight other counties. Accordingly, this Court pro rated the total $13,670.09 in available DCFS funds to each of the nine counties. McLean County\u2019s share was $2,762.80, slightly less than 3% of its audited total claim.\nThereafter, all nine of the counties asked this Court to reconsider its decision, arguing that some language taken from a 1917 Illinois Supreme Court decision authorized this Court to award the full amount of their claims. The case which the counties cited is Fergus v. Brady (1917), 277 Ill. 272, 115 N.E. 393. Because a thorough understanding of the Fergus opinion is crucial to its application in these proceedings, we will begin our analysis with a review of the record from the Fergus litigation.\nI. Background drawn from the supreme court record in Fergus v. Brady, No. 11147.\nThis case originated in Sangamon County Circuit Court (general no. 31721) on July 9, 1915, when the complainant (Fergus), a taxpayer, sought an injunction against tire state treasurer (Russel) which was later amended to include the state auditor (Brady) as an additional party defendant.\nIn pertinent part, Fergus objected to $408,823.87 in so-called \u201cdeficiency bills\u201d passed by the 49th General Assembly which made additional appropriations to various state offices for the amounts by which they had exceeded or otherwise spent above and beyond the funds previously appropriated to them by the 48th General Assembly. There were 14 such deficiency appropriations which were the subject of Fergus\u2019 suit:\nFergus maintained that these deficiency appropriations were unconstitutional for numerous reasons, including: (1) they exceeded the revenue of the State authorized to be raised by taxation during the period ending September 30, 1915; (2) the appropriations attempted to grant additional and extra compensation, fee, and allowance, without express authority of law, and after service had been rendered and after contract had been made; and (3) because the various offices of the State government had exceeded their authority in purchasing supplies and employing personnel and otherwise becoming obligated, the heads of such departments as public officers thereby then and there became personally responsible for the sums, and the deficiency appropriations by the State to pay these bills was an attempt upon the part of the State to assume the now personal debts and liabilities of such public officials.\nThe trial court rejected Fergus\u2019 arguments and held: (1) that the term \u201crevenue\u201d included all revenue from any source; and (2) that the deficiency appropriations were constitutional and legal.\nII. Synopsis of the supreme court\u2019s opinion in Fergus v. Brady as correlated to the trial court record.\nThe supreme court affirmed the trial court\u2019s construction of the term \u201crevenue\u201d and held that deficiency appropriations are constitutionally permissible for State expenditures which were within the direct, definite, and explicit scope of the \u201cparticular and specific\u201d mission of the State officer or department involved. (277 Ill. at 278-280, 115 N.E. at 396.) As an example of an expenditure deemed constitutionally worthy of a deficiency appropriation, the supreme court cited in dicta one of the appropriations which the 49th General Assembly had made to the Southern Illinois Penitentiary:\n\u201cThe authorities in control of the penitentiary are required by law to receive, feed, clothe, and guard prisoners convicted of crime and placed in their care, involving the expenditure of money, which may vary on account of the cost of clothing, food, and labor beyond the control of the authorities, and which could not be accurately estimated in advance for that reason or by determining the exact number of inmates.\u201d 277 Ill. at 279; 115 N.E. at 396.\nBecause the penitentiary dicta was selected by the supreme court as its benchmark for a constitutionally permissible deficiency appropriation and was later looked to by the Court of Claims to develop its own Fergus doctrine, some additional scrutiny of that appropriation is warranted. The Southern Illinois Penitentiary\u2019s deficiency appropriation amounted to $19,035.50. Of that sum, a total of $13,750.72 had been granted by the auditor and paid by the treasurer prior to the initiation of Fergus\u2019 suit, and there remained $3,783.37 in unpaid and outstanding warrants drawn against the deficiency appropriation, detailed in part as follows:\nThe record does not provide an itemization of the $13,750.72 previously paid, but recites that it was for generally similar expenses:\n\u201cto engage and employ a large number of clerks, assistant wardens, keepers, engineers and other servants\u201d; and\n\u201cto contract with various persons and for numerous articles and supplies and to obtain services from various corporations and individuals, including contracts for office supplies, printing, stenographic services, express and other matters.\u201d\nThus, these are the sort of expenditures which the supreme court considered to be within the direct, definite, and explicit scope of the \u201cparticular and specific\u201d mission of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary.\nIII. The Fergus doctrine as articulated in the Court of Claims.\nAlthough the supreme court\u2019s opinion in Fergus v. Brady clearly stated that it was the legislature which possessed the constitutional authority to make deficiency appropriations, our predecessors on the Court of Claims used the supreme court dicta concerning the Southern Illinois Penitentiary\u2019s deficiency appropriation to evolve a doctrine through which the Court of Claims either awarded or denied claims stemming from deficiency expenditures of various state agencies'. All of these \u201cpseudo-Fergus\u201d claims, it must be emphasized, related to expenditures not addressed by deficiency appropriations from the General Assembly; rather, the \u201cpseudo-Fergus\u201d claimants bypassed the legislature and came directly to the Court of Claims. The Court, in turn, then compared each claim against the prison dicta in Fergus to reach conflicting, seemingly irreconcilable results. Examples abound, but four cases from the Court of Claims are noteworthy for the problems caused by this doctrine of the Court s own creation:\n(1) Beane v. State (1976), 31 Ill. Ct. Cl. 155: After the Fair Employment Practices Commission had exhausted both an original appropriation as well as a deficiency appropriation, its hearing officers and court reporters brought claims for the remaining $13,737.19 not covered by the two appropriations. Following five pages of discussion of the Court of Claims' prior applications of Fergus, this decision turned on a single inquiry which was summarily answered in the affirmative:\n\u201cWas the obligation under \u00b0 \u00b0 \u00b0 the Fair Employment Practices Act analogous to the situation where the prison officials had no choice but to feed, clothe, and house the prisoners assigned to their care?\" We believe that they were. 33 Ill. Ct. Cl. at 161.\nAwards were made.\n(2) Kankakee County Sheriff\u2019s Police Department v. State (1979), 33 Ill. Ct. Cl. 276: These claims were for expenditures which the sheriff had made for travel to other jurisdictions to return fugitives for prosecution. As with all \u201cpseudo-Fergus\u201d claims, there were insufficient funds remaining in the appropriation to reimburse the sheriff. In an opinion reciting verbatim much of Beane\u2019s discussion of the Fergus doctrine and its progeny, the Courts analysis again was based on a summary comparison to the prison dicta:\n\u00b0 \u00b0 This Court is of the opinion that the decision to incur the [extradition] expense for which claim is here made is discretionary and not analogous to the situation where the prison officials had no choice but to feed, clothe and house the prisoners assigned to their care. It would therefore follow that the claims should be denied.\" 33 Ill. Ct. Cl. 281.\n(3) Clifton F. Hall, M.D. v. State (1979), 35 Ill. Ct. Cl. 1: This claim was initially reported at 33 Ill. Ct. Cl. 364 as an unpublished opinion but then was later published in volume 35. The doctor had rendered $314 in medical services to inmates at the Stateville prison. The Court repeated large portions of its Fergus discussion from Beane and summarily commented that the doctors services were \u201cin line with the example set out by the Illinois Supreme Court in Fergus v. Brady.\u201d (35 Ill. Ct. Cl. 9.) However, in reaching its decision, the Court carefully avoided Fergus and went on to rely on the State Finance Act. The Court found that the particular appropriation at issue had not been exhausted and held that sufficient funds actually remained available to pay the doctor\u2019s claim.\n(4) Eastern Cyclone Industries, Inc. v. State (1984), 37 Ill. Ct. Cl. 197: This claim related to laundiy equipment installed at a State hospital for which, as always, insufficient funds were appropriated. The Court reiterated portions of its Fergus doctrine discussion as originally set forth in Beane but began to realize the constitutional infirmities inherent in the Fergus doctrine:\n\u00abo o = For us t0 make an award 0 \u00b0 \u00b0 could only be described as making a deficiency appropriation and a usurpation of the legislative prerogative.\n\u00b0 \u00b0 \u00b0 [The Fergus] exception ' \u2018 ' is extremely narrow and must be cautiously applied.\u201d 37 Ill. Ct. Cl. at 204.\nHowever, in resolving the Fergus issues against the claimant, the Court chose to attempt to articulate clearer standards for the doctrine instead of invalidating it altogether:\n\u201cAuthorization for virtually every expenditure of State funds can be traced to a statute or an inference to be drawn from [a] statute. The question is often one of degree. The situation here \u00b0 \u00b0 * we do not feel, rises to the level described in Fergus, supra. The obligation should contain the same element of need and exigent circumstances or at the very least be a clear and unequivocal directive to pay or incur an obligation. \u00b0 * \u00b0\nWe cannot make an award \u00b0 \u00b0 \u00b0 despite the obvious equities in favor of the Claimant under the facts of this case. To do so would be to condone irresponsible overspending by State agencies.\u201d 37 Ill. Ct. Cl. at 205-206.\nThe Court dealt a glancing blow to the Fergus doctrine which for a decade now has begged the constitutional question.\nIV. Is the Fergus doctrine, as utilized by the Court of Claims, a constitutionally invalid usurpation of the General Assembly\u2019s prerogative to make deficiency appropriations?\nThe following colloquy between the Court and counsel for one of the other counties having a similar claim for partially-unfunded DCFS shelter care expenses frames the issue:\n\u201cJudges Poch: The legislature appropriates the money.\n[Tazewell County attorney]: That's correct, Judge.\nJudge Poch: And you are now asking the Court to set an amount for the legislature to pay?\n(Tazewell County attorney]: That is pursuant [to Fergus v. Brady]\nJudge Poch: They first have to legislate. They have to appropriate \u00b0 \u00b0\nJudge Patchett: How is it any different [from] a child [who] is a ward of the State [and receives] Public Aid, for instance? [We] have thousands of claims that come in for public aid where a child is taken to a hospital or somebody is given medical treatment, and the claim comes through here, and we order it paid out of appropriated funds or funds that have funds. But what if the Public Aid Department didn\u2019t have any money appropriated sufficient to handle that medical claim? We would have to deny the claim, I think \u201d \u00b0\nDo you follow me? We can really run into a hundred million dollars. If the State runs out of money, and they only appropriate so much, [and] the Public Aid Department places $100 million [more] for medical care than the legislators appropriate, how would this Court order the State to pay that? It can be projected well beyond this one little problem [of your county] \u201c \u00b0\nI don\u2019t see how we can continually tell [the General Assembly that] they have to pay money after they refuse to appropriate sufficient funds.\n[Tazewell County attorney]: I believe the legislature [put sufficient safeguards in the shelter care statute to avoid \u2018rampant overspending\u2019] because they recognized that they are dealing with an area that cannot be accurately forecast as far as expenditures. They know they can\u2019t predict how many minors are going to be detained and placed [in shelter care] during any given year.\nJudge Patchett: The legislature did a good job in doing all that. But the legislature consistently refuses to [properly fund] their own statute[s]. And, you know, maybe that is a political decision. They made a political decision when they passed the statute and they make a political decision each and every time they don\u2019t appropriate sufficient money [to fund it].\u201d\nIndeed, as Judges Poch and Patchett correctly inferred, the Constitution of 1970 unilaterally gives the General Assembly the authority to make deficiency appropriations. Two portions of Article VIII, read in conjunction with section 30 of the State Finance Act, mandate such a result:\n\u201cThe General Assembly by law shall make appropriations for all expenditures of public funds by the State. \u00b0 \u00b0 \u00b0\u201d Constitution of 1970, Article VIII, section 2(b).\n\u201cThe State 0 * \u00b0 shall \u00b0 0 \u00b0 make payments from public funds only as authorized by law 0 \u00b0 Constitution of 1970, Article VIII, Section 1(b).\n\u201cNo officer, institution, department, board or commission shall \u00b0 \u00b0 \u00b0 assume to bind the State in an amount in excess of the money appropriated 0 \u00b0 30 ILCS 105/30.\nThus, the Court of Claims Act cannot confer jurisdiction to make deficiency appropriations, for that is a function which is exclusively within the legislatures domain. See also, Illinois Education Association v. State (1973), 28 Ill. Ct. Cl. 379, 386.\nInterestingly, in Mr. Fergus\u2019 arguments to the Illinois Supreme Court back in 1916, he warned of the fiscal evils which could result from a failure to properly construe the Constitution:\n\u201c[Opposing] Counsel in their brief have laid much stress upon an inevitable calamity which would befall the State if the prison officials were not allowed to go in debt for supplies. [T]hey draw a terrible picture of murderers, robbers, and thieves who are turned loose to prey upon the public. This is the old argument so often made \u2014 the hard case which would make bad law. The court is asked to legislate to change the Constitution to meet a contingency.\u201d\nIn Chicago v. McDonald, 176 Ill. [404,] 409, [52 N.E. 982, 983 (1898)] the court said:\n\u201cThe question has frequently arisen whether a municipal corporation can incur an indebtedness in excess of 5 percent of its taxable property for necessary supplies, such as light and water.\u201d\nThe argument there presented was that the city could not exist without light and water, but the court said:\n\u201cTo so construe the Constitution would be to add a provision in the nature of an exception to the Constitution, which the framers of that instrument did not see proper to insert.\u201d\nWe note that little is said in the argument concerning the appropriations to the [thirteen] other departments of the state government. Counsel do not find a great calamity if the insurance superintendent, or other officers, are not allowed to incur debts. We do not believe it is possible to draw a distinction between one class of over-buying and another class. Under the Constitution, they are all right or all wrong. If they are all right, then every public official has a legal right to secure as much credit as he desires, and the legislature has full power to make [deficiency] appropriations for any of these debts, and the State of Illinois will never at any time know the nature or extent of its outstanding obligations.\nSimilarly phrased in terms of the Fergus doctrine which has evolved in the Court of Claims, one would logically conclude that, if the doctrine were constitutionally sound, no proper distinction could be drawn between one class of deficiency expenditure and another class. In other words, if it could have been permissible under Fergus for the Court of Claims to award a deficiency appropriation to a penitentiary for such sundry items as lawn mower repairs, postage stamps, a florist, and a gardener (see pages 7-8 above), how then could this Court possibly deny reimbursement of a county sheriffs expenses in returning fugitives for prosecution or deny a State hospitals laundry equipment expenses? Or, to use the better hypothetical posed by Judge Patchett, how could this Court differentiate the $100 million medical expense deficiency from McLean County\u2019s $96,914.96 shelter care expenses? The obvious answer is that if any one such deficiency expenditure were proper, all would have to be proper, and no restraint could be imposed by this Court on a department or agency\u2019s disregard of its budgeted appropriation.\nThe law, thankfully, is otherwise. The Constitution gives the General Assembly \u2014 not the agencies, not the departments, and not even the Court of Claims \u2014 the exclusive authority to exercise its discretion in determining whether to make deficiency appropriations and, if so, in what amounts. True, those who deal with State offices which exceed appropriated expenditures may find themselves becoming involuntary, unpaid creditors of those agencies. But that is what the Constitution allows. That is the very protection which the Constitution provides to control against overspending, and it is not for this Court to re-draft the Constitution.\nV. Conclusion.\nThe Court of Claims\u2019 Fergus doctrine is a constitutionally infirm principle which had its origin in nothing more than dicta taken out of proper context. As such, the Fergus doctrine never should have been adopted, and it is hereby abolished. This Court\u2019s practice of referring deficiency appropriation claims to the General Assembly is the only constitutionally-proper procedure.\nAccordingly, the Court finds that it does not have subject matter jurisdiction to award any sums beyond the $13,670.69 in pro-rations previously made to these nine counties. It is ordered that the motion to reconsider is denied. Should these nine counties choose to approach the General Assembly for a deficiency appropriation, we find the net dollar amount of their deficiency to be $427,438.99 ($441,109.68 DCFS\u2019 aggregate audited total less the $13,670.69 awarded by this Court\u2019s previous order).\nEntered in Woodford County v. State, 85-CC-0001 (Cons.).\nThe other counties' claims are:\nFergus separately objected to other appropriations which were part of an Omnibus Bill. Since tire Omnibus Bill was not related to the 14 deficiency appropriations, it will not be examined in this discussion of Fergus\u2019 litigation.\nHowever, the trial court did sustain Fergus\u2019 objections to the appropriations made in the Omnibus Bill and enjoined their payment. The appeal to the supreme court was filed by the auditor and treasurer as to those items, and Fergus took a cross-appeal on the 14 deficiency appropriations which the trial court had upheld.\nIt should be noted that these pro-rations were made prior to this Court\u2019s adoption of the first-in/first-out (\u201cFIFO\u201d) policy set forth in Aurora College v. State (1985), 37 Ill. Ct. Cl. 321, 323 and that lapsed balances are no longer pro-rated among all claimants. In denying the instant motion to reconsider, the Court is not in any manner reversing its policy as articulated in Aurora College.", "type": "majority", "author": "Sommer, C.J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Ronald C. Dozier, for Claimant McLean County; Ronald Bernardi, for Claimant Livingston County; Bruce W. Black, for Claimant Tazewell County; J. Patrick Jaeger, for Claimant Kane County; G. Patrick Riley, for Claimant Woodford County; Charles R. Hartman, for Claimant Stephenson County; Stephen H. Peters, for Claimant DeWitt County; Fred L. Foreman, for Claimant Lake County; T. Jordan Gallagher, for Claimant DeKalb County.", "Roland W. Burris, Attorney General (Suzanne Schmitz, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel), for Respondent." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(Nos. 84-CC-3228, 84-CC-3398, 84-CC-3565, 84-CC-3602, 85-CC-0001, 85-CC-0137, 85-CC-0197, 85-CC-0208 & 85-CC-0355 cons.\nThe Counties of McLean, Livingston, Tazewell, Kane, Woodford, Stephenson, DeWitt, Lake, and DeKalb, Claimants, v. The State of Illinois, Respondent.\nOpinion filed December 23, 1994.\nRonald C. Dozier, for Claimant McLean County; Ronald Bernardi, for Claimant Livingston County; Bruce W. Black, for Claimant Tazewell County; J. Patrick Jaeger, for Claimant Kane County; G. Patrick Riley, for Claimant Woodford County; Charles R. Hartman, for Claimant Stephenson County; Stephen H. Peters, for Claimant DeWitt County; Fred L. Foreman, for Claimant Lake County; T. Jordan Gallagher, for Claimant DeKalb County.\nRoland W. Burris, Attorney General (Suzanne Schmitz, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel), for Respondent." }, "file_name": "0092-01", "first_page_order": 226, "last_page_order": 240 }