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Y. 171", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "23 Ill. 283", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5803402 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/23/0283-01" ] }, { "cite": "60 Ill. 119", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 8499969 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/60/0119-01" ] }, { "cite": "39 Ill. 457", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5259460 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/39/0457-01" ] }, { "cite": "49 Cal. 677", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "44 Iowa, 104", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "case_ids": [ 103857 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/iowa/44/0104-01" ] }, { "cite": "40 Iowa, 638", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "case_ids": [ 8665781 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/iowa/40/0638-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 Ill. 387", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2773270 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "458" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/86/0387-01" ] }, { "cite": "77 Ill. 309", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 821820 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/77/0309-01" ] }, { "cite": "13 Ill. 642", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2580414 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/13/0642-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 Gilm. 439", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Gilm.", "case_ids": [ 2562671 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/9/0439-01" ] }, { "cite": "110 Ill. 362", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5374529 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/110/0362-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 Wend. 229", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wend.", "case_ids": [ 2005418 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wend/4/0229-01" ] }, { "cite": "109 Ind. 415", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ind.", "case_ids": [ 1314061 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ind/109/0415-01" ] }, { "cite": "84 Pa. St. 187", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 1053584 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/84/0187-01" ] }, { "cite": "72 Iowa, 111", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "case_ids": [ 8647852 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/iowa/72/0111-01" ] }, { "cite": "91 U. S. 426", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5649005 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/91/0426-01" ] }, { "cite": "95 Ill. 583", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2722905 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/95/0583-01" ] }, { "cite": "54 Ill. 422", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5275480 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/54/0422-01" ] }, { "cite": "90 Ill. 221", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2754173 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/90/0221-01" ] }, { "cite": "47 Ill. 323", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5268846 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/47/0323-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 Ill. 299", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2728719 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/94/0299-01" ] }, { "cite": "15 Ill. 536", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 436697 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/15/0536-01" ] }, { "cite": "109 Ill. 646", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "23 Ill. 17", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5804388 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/23/0017-01" ] }, { "cite": "26 S. C. 128", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "S.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "15 Ill. 516", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "112 Pa. St. 220", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 546742 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/112/0220-01" ] }, { "cite": "3 Gilm. 368", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Gilm.", "case_ids": [ 2462652 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/8/0368-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 McLean, 601", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "McLean", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "17 Kan. 298", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Kan.", "case_ids": [ 81459 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/kan/17/0298-01" ] }, { "cite": "15 Ill. 511", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 436695 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/15/0511-01" ] }, { "cite": "116 U. S. 616", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3516335 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/116/0616-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 7457, "char_count": 530965, "ocr_confidence": 0.478, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.021382613197192e-06, "percentile": 0.9988512843799001 }, "sha256": "66e83a9a403b46768d053469f65f147ea7d7eb8a56e81ef6779d89ee7e8cbd3a", "simhash": "1:bf38f461479684fc", "word_count": 92047 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:04:49.693763+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "August Spies et al v. The People of the State of Illinois." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. Justice Magruder\ndelivered the opinion of the Court: This case comes before us by writ of error to the Criminal Court of Cook county. The writ has been made a supersedeas.\nPlaintiffs in error were tried in the summer of 1886 for the murder of Matthias J. Began, on May 4, 1886, in -the city of 'Chicago, Cook county, Illinois. On August 20, 1886, the jury returned a verdict finding the defendants August Spies, \u00a1Michael Schwab, Samuel Bielden, Albert E. Parsons, Adolph \u00a1Fischer, George Engel and Louis- Lingg guilty of murder, and fixing' death as the penalty. By the same verdict they also found Oscar W. \u00a1Neebe guilty of murder and fixed the penalty at imprisonment in the penitentiary for fifteen years.\nAbout the 1st day of May, 1886, the workingmen of Chicago and of other industrial centers in the United States were greatly excited upon the subject of inducing their employers to reduce the time, during which they should be required to labor on each day, to eight hours. In the midst of the excitement, growing out of this eight-hour movement, as it was called, a meeting was held on the evening of May 4, 1886, at the Haymarket, on Eandolph street, in the West division of the city of Chicago. This meeting was addressed by the defendants Spies, Parsons and Bielden. While the latter was making the closing speech, and at some point of time between ten and half-past ten o\u2019clock in the evening, several companies of policemen, numbering one hundred and eighty men, marched into the crowd from their station on Besplaines street, and ordered the meeting to disperse. As soon as the order was given, some one threw among the policemen a dynamite bomb, which struck Began, who was one of the police officers, and killed him. As a result of the throwing of the bomb and of the firing of pistol shots, which immediately succeeded the throwing of the bomb, six policemen besides Began were killed, and sixty more were seriously \u25a0wounded.\nIt is undisputed that the bomb was thrown and that it caused the death of Began. It is conceded that no one of the convicted defendants threw the bomb with his own hands. Plaintiffs in error are charged with being accessories before the fact. There are sixty-nine counts in the indictment. Some of the counts charge, that the eight defendants above named, being present, aided, abetted and assisted in the throwing of the bomb; others, that, not being present, aiding, abetting or assisting, they advised, encouraged, aided and abetted such throwing. Some of the counts charge that said defendants advised, encouraged, aided and abetted one Eudolph Schnaubelt in the perpetration of the crime; others, that they advised, encouraged, aided and- abetted an unknown person in the perpetration thereof.\nThe Elinois statute upon this subject is as follows (chap. 38, div. 2, secs. 2 and 3):\n\u201cSec. 2. An accessory is he who stands by, and aids, abets, or assists, or who, not being present, aiding, abetting or assisting, hath advised, encouraged, aided or abetted the perpetration of the crime. He, who thus aids, abets, assists, advises or encourages, shall be considered as principal, and punished accordingly.\n\u201cSec. 3. Every such accessory, when a crime is committed, within or without this State by his aid or procurement in this-State, may be indicted and convicted at the same time as the principal, or before, or after his conviction, and whether the-principal is convicted or amenable to justice or not, and punished as principal.\u201d\nThis statute abolishes the distinction between accessories before the fact and principals; by it all accessories before the fact are made principals. As the acts of the principal are thus made the acts of the accessory, the latter may be charged as \u25a0 having done the acts himself,- and may be indicted and punished accordingly. Baxter v. People, 3 Gilm. 368; Dempsey v. People, 47 Ill. 323.\nIf, therefore, the defendants advised, encouraged, aided or abetted the killing of Degan, they are as guilty, as though they took his life with their own hands. If any of them stood by and aided, abetted or assisted in the throwing of the bomb, those of them, who did so, are as guilty as though they threw it themselves.\nIt is charged, that the defendants formed a common purpose, and were united in a common design to aid and encourage the murder of the policemen among whom the bomb was thrown. If they combined to accomplish such murder by concerted action, the ordinary law of conspiracy is applicable, and the acts and declarations of one of them, done in furtherance of the common design, are, in contemplation of law, the acts and declarations of all. This prosecution, however, is not for conspiracy as a substantive crime. Proof of conspiracy is only proper, so far as it may tend to show a common design to encourage the murder charged against the prisoners. It may be introduced for the purpose of establishing the position of the members of the combination as accessories to the crime of murder.\nThe' questions, which thus present themselves at the threshold of. the case, are these: Did the defendants have a common purpose or design to advise, encourage, aid or abet the murder of the police ? Did they combine together and with others with a view to carrying that purpose or design into effect ? Did they or either or any of them do such acts or make such declarations in furtherance of the common purpose or design, as did actually have the effect of encouraging, aiding or abetting the crime in question ?\nThe solution of these questions involves an examination of the evidence.\nThe first inquiry, which naturally suggests itself, is: who made the bomb which killed Degan ?\nFirst\u2014The bomb was round. Zeller, a witness for the defence, says of it, as he saw it going through the air: \u201cIt seems to me it was more round and about as big as a baseball.\u201d Taylor, another witness for the defence, says: \u201cI saw the bomb enough to know it was a round bomb.\u201d\nThere is much evidence in the record as to the different kinds of bombs and as to the mode of their construction. The simplest and cheapest form is what is known as the gas-pipe bomb, the mode of constructing which is hereafter explained. The gas-pipe bomb is the one which the ordinary, unskilled laborer would be most apt to make, if he desired to use such a weapon..\nThe round bombs, however, are more expensive, and their construction is more difficult and more liable to discovery. Such a bomb consists of two semi-globes, which, if made of iron, must be obtained at a foundry, or if made of zinc or other material, require the use of brass or clay moulds and facilities for melting the metals entering into their composition. The semi-globes must be fastened together by solder or by bolts. Holes must be drilled for the insertion of the bolts and also for the insertion of the caps and fuse. Care must be taken to fill in the dynamite properly and to insert the fulminating cap into the dynamite and the fuse into the cap. The construction of such bombs requires time and skill and involves considerable expense in the purehas'e of materials.\nSecond\u2014The bomb thrown at the Haymarket was exploded by means of a projecting fuse, ignited before leaving the hand by a match or a lighted cigar. This abundantly appears from the evidence of those who saw it before it fell. One witness \u2022 says it was like a fire-cracker in the air; another, that \u201cit was like a burnt out match, that was lit yet;\u201d another, that it was a \u201cstreak of fire\u201d in the air; still another calls it \u201ca little tail of fire quivering in the air.\u201d\nAs we understand the evidence in regard to the mode of constructing a round bomb with a fuse, the method is as follows : When the two semi-globular shells are fastened together, and the dynamite is filled in through an opening made for that purpose, a fuse six or eight inches long is inserted in a detonating cap; the cap is pinched so as to hold the fuse; the cap is then inserted about two-thirds of its length into the dynamite through the opening, and five or six inches of fuse are left to project outside of the bomb.\nThere are bombs which do not have the projecting fuse. When explosion is desired from a distance, a wire and electric battery are used. A primer bomb has a percussion cap on each side, so that, when it is thrown, \u201cwhichever side strikes will explode the cap.\u201d Another kind of bomb is described in the testimony, as having the appearance of a fruit-can, containing a glass tube connected with the top by a screw, and so fixed as to explode when thrown against a hard substance.\nThe bomb with a projecting fuse of six or eight inches is made to be thrown into a crowd of men and when \u201conly a few minutes are desired to get away,\u201d and \u201conly so much fuse is required as can burn in the interval of throwing.\u201d When the fuse projects in the manner indicated it is necessary to apply a light externally to the end of the fuse before the bomb is thrown.\nThird\u2014The shell of the bomb, which exploded, was of composite manufacture. \u25a0 Pieces of the shell'were taken by the physicians from the body of Degan and from the body of officer Murphy, who had fifteen shell wounds. These pieces were subjected to chemical examination, and were found to be composed of tin and lead, with traces of antimony, iron and zinc. The Degan piece contained slightly more tin than the Murphy piece, but the ingredients of the two pieces were exactly the same. The chemists, who made the analysis here referred to, and who have given their testimony in relation to the same, swear, that there is no commercial substance which has the same composition as these pieces of shell. Commercial lead, they say, never contains tin. Solder is composed of tip. and lead, but the proportion of tin in solder to the amount of lead therein is so different from the proportions of those ingredients in the pieces of shell so analyzed, that the latter could not have been made of solder. Experiments also demonstrated that the exploded bomb could not have been made out of old lead-pipe, that had been plugged or mended with solder. The proportions of lead and tin in such case are vastly different from their proportions in the pieces of the bomh, which were subjected to examination. In the latter, lead was the basis of the preparation, but tin, or some other metal containing tin, was mixed with the lead.\nFowrih\u2014The bomb, which exploded, had upon it a small iron nut. One Michael Hahn was standing on the north-west corner of Desplaines and Randolph streets when the bomb exploded at the Haymarket meeting, and was struck by a part of it. On the morning of May 5, 1886, a surgeon extracted from his body an iron nut, threaded in the circular opening through its center, so as to fit upon the screw end of a bolt, of which it had evidently been' a part. The discovery of this nut points unerringly to the conclusion, that the two semi-globular halves of the exploded bomb had been fastened together by a bolt and had not been soldered together. The evidence shows that soldering was the usual method of fastening together the two halves of the round bomb.\nThe four characteristics of the exploded bomb, which have been thus indicated, were found to exist in the bombs, which were made by the defendant Louis Lingg.\nFirst\u2014Many of the bombs made by Lingg were round or globular in form. The defendant Lingg came to this country for the first time in the summer of 1885 from some place in Germany. In August of that year he became acquainted with William Seliger, a German carpenter, who had resided in America three years and a half. Two weeks before Christmas, 1885, he went to board and room at Seliger\u2019s house, No. 442 Sedgwick street, in the North division of the city of Chicago. More than six weeks before May 1, 1886, he brought a bomb to the house and said he was going to make bombs. Some six weeks before that date, or about the middle of March, 1886, he brought dynamite there. He had three different kinds of dynamite. He had no regular employment for about four weeks prior to May 1, 1886. During this time he was experimenting with dynamite, and with round and long or gas-pipe bombs. He exploded the latter in the woods north of the city, and \u201csays he put one right in the crotch of a tree and slit it\u2018 all up.\u201d During a period of six weeks prior to May 1, 1886, he was at work from time to time making semi-globular -bomb shells, and was often assisted in this wnrk by Seliger and by two men named Thielen and Hermann or Heumann. These semi-globes appear to have been all finished before May' 4, 1886, and, of course, were intended for round bombs, the only kind in the construction of which such shells were used. After Lingg\u2019s arrest, round bombs were found in a trunk in his room and under a sidewalk on Sigel street, 'where he is proven to have hidden them, and in the possession or under the control of one Lehmann, to whom lie is proven to have given them. It thus appears that the exploded bomb corresponded in shape and form with many of the bombs made by Lingg.\nSecond\u2014The bombs made by Lingg had the projecting fuse so as to be exploded by the external application of fire.\nOn April 30, 1886, being the Friday before the day of the Hajonarket meeting, Lingg brought to Seliger\u2019s house a large wooden box, about three feet long, from sixteen to eighteen inches high and from sixteen to eighteen inches broad, inside of which was a tin box, containing dynamite. On the next Tuesday, May 4, 1886, he was occupied, during the afternoon and until after seven o\u2019clock in the evening, in filling this dynamite into gas-pipes and globular shells, using a flat piece of wood, which he had made for that purpose. He was assisted in his labors by a number of persons, and among these were Seliger, Thielen and Hermann, already mentioned, and two men, named Huebner and Munsenberg or Muensenberger, the latter of whom was probably the blacksmith hereafter inferred to. Upwards of fifty bombs were finished that afternoon, and the work on them would appear to have been continued up to or beyond the hour on that evening for which the Haymarket meeting had been called, as hereafter stated. The rooms in Seliger\u2019s house, which were used by Lingg and his assistants for their work, are spoken of as the front room and the bedroom. The witness Lehmann visited these rooms twice on Tuesday afternoon in company with a countryman of his, a Prussian, named Smideke, who went there with him to buy a revolver. His first visit was made at five o\u2019clock in the afternoon, at which time he saw there Lingg, Seliger, Huebner, and a person of whom he speaks as follows: \u201cOne whose name I did not know; it is said that he is a blacksmith.\u201d They were in the bedroom, and each had a cloth tied around his face, but the witness \u201ccould not precisely see what they were doing.\u201d\nThe second visit was made to the rooms at seven o\u2019clock in the evening, and lasted about ten minutes. At this time Lehmann did not get into the bedroom, but they were busy there as at the first visit. He saw Heubner working at some coil of fuse, which looked like strings or white cord; he was cutting it into pieces; they were putting fuse into caps in the front room. During one of these visits Lingg gave to Lehmann a small leather hand-satchel or trunk, which the latter took home and placed in his woodshed, and, at three o\u2019clock next, morning, after he had learned of the destruction wrought at the Haymarket, carried \u201caway to the prairie,\u201d there burying its contents. The satchel contained a tin box or can nearly full of dynamite, and three round bombs, some caps, and two coils of fuse. Another circumstance may be mentioned in this connection. After ten o\u2019clock on Tuesday night, wheh Lingg and Seliger were on Larrabee street, just south of North avenue, in the North division of the city, a patrol wagon passed them, which was manned with policemen, and-had been summoned to the Haymarket by a call through the telephone.. Lingg proposed to throw among the policemen in the wagon, a bomb, which he had about his person, and, for the purpose-of exploding it, demanded a light of Seliger, who was smoking-a cigar at the time. It thus appears, that the bombs made-by Lingg were made with the projecting fuse, and, so, corresponded with the second feature of the exploded bomb, as. already noticed.\nThird\u2014The shells of the round bombs made by Lingg were-constructed of composite metal.\nTheir correspondence in this particular with the shell of' the exploded bomb tends very strongly to show, that the same-hand, which made them, also made the exploded bomb. Lingg, Seliger, Thielen and Hermann were frequently engaged in \u201cmelting and casting\u201d in Seliger\u2019s kitchen during the six weeks, before May 1, 1886. Lingg melted lead or some other metal in a ladle on the kitchen stove. A pan is identified, as one-which was used by him in making the semi-globes, found in his round bombs. He also made use for such purpose of clay molds, constructed by himself. One of these clay molds could only be used twice.\nPieces of bomb shells proven to have been made by Lingg in the manner and with the materials here indicated, were subjected to chemical analysis. They were composed of' a. certain percentage of tin, and the remainder was lead, with traces of antimony, iron and zinc. Out of four bombs examined, the percentage of tin in the different bombs varied slightly in three, and in the fourth considerably more than in the other three. As a result of the chemical analysis, the piece of shell taken from Degan\u2019s body, and the pieces of the shells, discovered in Lingg\u2019s possession after his arrest, were shown to be composed of exactly the same -ingredients.\nAfter May 4 there were found in Lingg\u2019s room a metal cup, a cold chisel, a file, shells, loaded cartridges, \u201cmetal and also some lead,\u201d \u201csome babbitt-metal, some sheets of lead,\u201d bolts, pieces of metal in a Japan dinner box with four dynamite gas-pipe bombs, two loaded and two empty, a Remington rifle, a round dynamite bomb, loaded, two pieces of solder, a blast hammer and a smaller pointed hammer, a couple of iron bits and drills, a two-quart pail with sawdust in the bottom, a tin quart basin with fuse and sawdust or dynamite in it, two long cartridges of dynamite and some fuse already fixed, fuse about four inches long and caps, a\u201cbig coil of fuse in the trunk, a piece of block tin, a piece of candlestick. Babbitt-metal is an alloy of copper, tin and zinc. Many of the articles found were chemically analyzed. The candlestick or toy proved, upon analysis, to contain tin, lead, antimony, zinc and a trace of copper. All.the ingredients necessary to make up the composite material, out of which the exploded shell was constructed, were thus discovered to be in Lingg\u2019s possession.\nThe shell of the globular bomb, if entirely of lead, would be soft and yielding, and on this account would fail to furnish that degree of resistance to the dynamite, which appears from the evidence to be necessary, in order to make the explosion effective. It was evidently for this reason, that some other \u25a0substance, such as tin, was combined with the lead to give the shell a firmer consistence and make its effects more deadly. \"With the same end in view, nails and wire, as will be hereafter seen, were recommended by the defendant Engel to be put around the gas-pipe bombs.\nIt appears, that, of the bombs made by Lingg, which were analyzed, each differed slightly from the others in the amount of tin, \"though all contained the same ingredients. It also appears, that the two halves of the same bomb would differ somewhat in the proportions of the metal present, and this accounts for the fact, that the piece from Degan\u2019s body eoniained a very little more tin than the piece from Murphy\u2019s body, each evidently coming from a different half of the bomb.\nThese slight differences are such as would naturally be expected, when shells were made with the rude materials with . which Lingg worked, melting his metals in a small ladle on ' a kitchen stove, casting half a shell- at a time, making use (of clay molds made by himself, each one of which could only \u25a0be used twice.\nFourth\u2014The semi-globular halves of each round bomb made by Lingg were fastened together by a bolt, upon one end of \u25a0which was screwed a small iron nut, showing a remarkable correspondence between the Lingg bombs and the exploded bomb in the fourth peculiarity of the latter, which has been heretofore mentioned.\nOn the morning of Tuesday, May 4, Lingg left Seliger\u2019s house to go to a meeting on the West Side and did not return until one o\u2019clock in the afternoon. Before leaving he instructed Seliger to go to work at the bombs, remarking that they would be taken away that day. He gave Seliger a bolt, and said \u201cthat he had not enough of those bolts,\u201d and told him to go to Clybourne avenue and \u201cget there some that he had already spoken to the man about.\u201d About fifty of the bolts were procured in- accordance with the directions thus given. Seliger was engaged in the forenoon in drilling holes in the shells already on hand for the bolts to pass through. He was chided hy Lingg, upon the latter\u2019s return, for having progressed so slowly with the work, and was informed, that they would \u201chave to work very diligently during the afternoon.\u201d\nThe evidence shows, that the bolt used by Lingg was a metallic pin running through the bomb, that a head was formed on one end of this pin, and on the other end there was cut a thread, upon which was screwed a moveable piece called a nut, the head at one end and the nut at the other holding the two semi-globes together. These bolts were found in the bombs afterwards taken from the possession of Lingg, and proven by the undisputed testimony in the ease to have been made by him.\nThe nut taken from the body of Hahn, and which was a part of the exploded bomb, was applied to the threaded end of one of the bolts taken from a bomb made by Lingg and was found to fit it exactly. This can not be regarded otherwise than as a circumstance of very grave significance.\nIn view of the considerations thus far presented, and of others which will suggest themselves as the examination proceeds, we think the jury were warranted in believing from the evidence that the bomb, which killed Began, was one of the bombs made by the defendant Lingg.\nThis conclusion receives indorsement from the fact, that the making of such bombs as have been described is a new, unusual and dangerous occupation. There are no bomb manufactories. A bomb is not an article, which can be bought in the market like a revolver. He, who would use such a weapon, must make it himself.\nAccording to the evidence in this record, dynamite is composed of nitro-glyeerine and clay or sawdust; it must be handled with care; it will explode, if subjected to too great a degree of heat; it should not be exposed to the rays of the sun, or placed too near the fire; if kept for any length of time, it must he stored with caution, for instance, it is recommended that it be wrapped in oil paper, placed in a box of sawdust and buried in the cellar; when, in handling it, it gets upon the skin, headache is produced; if its dangerous gases are inhaled, frightful pains in the head will be the result. Moreover, information as to its peculiarities and as to the safest mode of handling it is limited and, to some extent not accessible.\nFor these reasons so hazardous a business as filling bomb shells with dynamite will not usually be engaged in. Hence, when a murder is the result of the explosion of a dynamite bomb, and, about the time of the murder, a man is found making such bombs near the scene of the explosion, his responsibility for the crime, viewed in connection with other criminating circumstances which may exist, will be a more natural inference than where some more common weapon of destruction has been used.\nThe next question to be considered is: why did the defendant Lingg make the bomb, which killed Began?\nIn order to satisfactorily answer this question, it becomes necessary to examine the character and purposes of an association, with which all the defendants in this case were connected.\nThe record shows the existence of an organization, known as the International Workingmen\u2019s Association, or the International Arbeiter Association, generally called the \u201cInternationals,\u201d and sometimes designated for brevity as the I. A. A.\nThe platform or declaration of principles adopted by this organization was published by a certain bureau of information and by certain newspapers, called the \u201cAlarm\u201d and the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d which are more particularly referred to hereafter. It appeared in all the issues of the latter paper during the months of February, March and April, 1886. It is too long for insertion here. It urges, that the present' system, under which property is owned by individuals, should be destroyed, and that all capital, which has been produced by labor, should be transformed into common property. It says: \u201cIt is only when capital is made common and indivisible that fl.11 can be made to partake fully and freely of the fruits of common activity; only by the impossibility of acquiring individual (private) capital can every one be compelled to work who claims the right to live.\u201d It charges, that the government, the law, the schools, the churches, the press, are in the pay and under the sway of the property-owning and capitalistic classes, and that the laboring classes must achieve their deliverance through their own strength.\nThis international platform thus addresses the workingmen: \u201cAs in former times no privileged class ever relinquished its tyranny, no more can we take it for granted, that the capitalists of the present day will forego their privileges and their authority without compulsion. . . . It is therefore self-evident, that the fight of proletarianism (the laboring classes) against the bourgeoise (the middle classes) must have a violent revolutionary character, and that mere wage conflicts can never lead to the goal. We could show, by numerous illustrations, that all attempts, which have been made in the past to do away with the existing monstrous social system through peaceable means, for example, through the ballot-box, have been entirely useless and will be so in the future. ... We know, therefore, that the ruling classes will not voluntarily relinquish their prerogative, and will make no concessions to us. Under all these circumstances, there is only one remedy left\u2014force! . . . Therefore, it is your right, it is your duty, says Jefferson, to arm yourselves. Agitation, with a view to organization, organizations for the purpose of rebellion; herein is indicated, in a few words the way which workingmen must take, if they would rid themselves of their \u25a0chains.\u201d\nIt is here admitted, that the property of each individual in the community could not be taken away from him and put into a common fund to be divided among all the members of the community without a resort to revolution and force. The way to the result, sought to be reached by the International platform here referred to, leads, through the crimes of robbery, theft and murder, to the destruction of the existing system of social order and of all the laws and institutions upon which that system is based.\nThe association, whose principles are thus outlined in its \"platform, was divided into groups, of which there were eighty in the United States in March, 1885, located principally in the centers of industry. For some time prior to May 1, 1886, there was a number of these groups in Chicago. The following are spoken of by different witnesses: The North Side group, which met at No. 58 Clybourne avenue in the North division of the city; the North-west Side group, which met at Thalia Hall, No. 636'Milwaukee avenue, in the north-western part of the city; the American group, which met generally at No. 54 West Lake street, in the West division of the city, but sometimes at Baum\u2019s Pavilion at the corner of Cottage Grove avenue and Twenty-second street in the South division of the city, and at No. 45 North Clark street, No. 106 Randolph street, and on the Lake Front; the group \u201cKarl Marx, \u201d which met at No. 63 Emma street in the West division; the group \u201cFreiheit,\u201d which met on Sherman street in the South division; the South-west Side group, which met at No. 611 Throop street in the south-western part of the city; the group, \u201cJefferson No. 1,\u201d which met at No. 600 Milwaukee avenue.\nThe defendants Schwab, Neebe and Lingg belonged to the North Side group, the defendants Epgel and Fischer to the North-west Side group, and the defendants Spies, Parsons and Fielden to the American group. Spies had also belonged to the North-west Side group.\nThe members of these groups were known by numbers and not by names. The members of the North Side group began to be known by numbers in July, 1884. The number of the witness Seliger, who belonged to the North Side group, was 72. Certain members of these groups were armed with rifles and drilled regularly once a week at their respective places of meeting, taking their rifles home with them after drill. These armed members were known _ and designated as the \u201carmed sections\u201d of the groups. The North Side group met every Monday night at 58 Clybourne avenue, and the aimed section drilled there every Sunday morning. The armed section of the American group met every Monday evening at No. 54 West Lake street. The North-west Side group met Thursday evening at No. 636 Milwaukee avenue. The South-west Side group met every Saturday evening at No. 611 Throop street.\nThere was also a certain armed socialistic organization, called the Lehr und Wehr Verein, whose members seem to have been members also of the International groups, but to have been of a higher rank and to have attained a higher grade in the perfection of their drill than was the case with the ordinary members of the \u201carmed sections.\u201d The evidence does not disclose the exact number of those, who belonged to the Lehr und Wehr Verein at the time of the trial, but in 1819 it had one thousand men. Its members were armed with Springfield rifles and were known by numbers. They conducted their drills and military exercises at Thalia Halfi No. 636 Milwaukee avenue, where the North-west Side group, the most radically anarchistic of all the groups, held its meetings.\nThe Lehr und Wehr Verein had four companies in Chicago. The witness August Krueger, whose number was 8, was orderly sergeant and corresponding secretary of the second company. G-odfried Waller, whose number was 19, and Bernard Schrade, whose number was 32, were members of this second company. Schrade also belonged to the North-west Side group, and says they drilled once a week and kept their Springfield rifles at home. The third company seems to have had a drill every Thursday evening at a workingmen\u2019s hall on West Twelfth street.\nThe \u201carmed section\u201d of the American group was called the \u201cInternational Rifles:\u201d After one of its drills on August 24, 1885, at No. 54 West Lake street, ten men, dressed in blue blouses and each armed with a Springfield rifle, and who belonged to the first company of the Lehr und Wehr Verein, were introduced into the room and drilled for the benefit of the new members of the \u201cInternational Rifles.\u201d It was then and there stated, that, in case of a conflict with the authorities, the International Rifles were to act in concert with the Lehr und Wehr Yerein and obey the orders of its officers. From this it would appear, that the Lehr und Wehr Yerein or its officers were to direct the movements of the ordinary \u201carmed sections,\u201d when occasion should require.\nIn the spring of 1885 there were in the city of Chicago three thousand of these armed socialists, of whom the defendant Parsons then said that \u201cthey were well-armed with rifles and revolvers and would have dynamite and bomhs when they got ready to use them.\u201d As they Were known by numbers, no record was kept of their names, and a system was adopted by which the members would be as little known to each other as possible.\nThese groups were represented by a general committee, composed of delegates from all the groups of the International Association in Chicago. This committee met every two weeks in a building in the South division of the city, known as No. 107 Fifth avenue, and called hy the witnesses the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung Building,\u201d or the building of the International Arbeiter Association. The meetings of this committee were held in a library ro&m which is spoken of by one of the witnesses as belonging to the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d newspaper hereinafter mentioned, and which was located in the rear of the office room of that paper. In August, 1885, at the time of what is called the \u201ccar-drivers\u2019 strike,\u201d the witness Seliger was present in this room, as a delegate from the North Side group to the meeting of the general committee, and speaks of the defendant Spies as being there present on that occasion.\nThe members of the general, committee had been in the habit of meeting in this library-room for a number of years, certainly since 1880. One Hirschberger was the librarian.\nAn exception should be made to the statement that all the groups appointed delegates to the general committee. The North-west Side group did not do so, and the reason given for this by Fricke, who was at one time a member of that group and for two years book-keeper of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d was, that the principles of the North-west Side group were more strongly anarchistic than those of the other groups. It was called an \u201cautonomous\u201d group.\nA newspaper, called the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d and conducted in the interest of the German-speaking groups of the International Arbeiter Association, was published in -the building No. 107 Fifth avenue,- and had its office and editorial rooms there. Its superintendent and chief editor was the defendant Spies. The defendant Schwab was co-editor, and wrote some of the most important of the editorials. The defendant Fischer ' was a type-setter in the office, and about the 1st of May, 1886, was the head foreman of the printing department. This paper was owned by a corporation, in which Spies, Schwab, Fischer and Neebe were stockholders. It was printed in the German language, and, besides its daily issue, had a Sunday edition, called the \u201cFackel,\u201d and a weekly edition called the \u201cVorbote.\u201d\nIts circulation was about thirty-six hundred. Notices of the meetings of workingmen were inserted in its columns without charge.\nAnother newspaper by the name of the \u201cAlarm,\u201d owned by the International Arbeiter Association, and conducted in the English language in the interest of the English-speaking groups, was also published at the same building, No. 107 \u2022 Fifth avenue. Its editor and manager from October, 1884, to May, 1886, was the defendant Parsons. The defendant Fielden owned some of the stock in the corporation which controlled it. Its circulation was about two thousand. It was-first issued as a weekly, and afterwards as a semi-monthly paper. Still another newspaper, called the \u201cAnarchist, \u201d was started in January or February, 1886, by the North-west Side group and two of the South Side groups. It was under the management of the defendant Engel. Its origin was announced as being due to the fact, that the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d was not outspoken enough in its anarchistic principles. Its efforts were directed to the same ends as those contemplated by the other papers mentioned.\nAll the bills for the printing of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d and the \u201cAlarm\u201d were made out to the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d and were paid by the defendant Spies, occasionally by check, but generally in currency.\nThere was a bureau of information of the Internationals. This also had its headquarters at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d building. The bureau of information, designated to act for the years 1885 and 1886, consisted of the defendants Spies and Parsons, the librarian Hirschberger, one Belthazer Bau, an advertising agent of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d and one Joseph Bach, a member of the North Side group and afterwards a director of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung.\u201d Letters were always addressed to Spies, as a member of this bureau, at 107 Fifth avenue.\nBesides the regular weekly meetings of the groups heretofore mentioned in their respective halls, there was occasionally a meeting of all the \u201carmed sections\u201d of the different groups at No. 54 West Lake street, known as Greif\u2019s Hall.\nThese meetings of the armed sections, whose members were located in the North, South and West divisions of the city, were irregular. They were called by a signal, given by the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung.\u201d This signal was: \u201cY.\u2014Komme Montag Abend,\u201d or \u201cY.\u2014Come Monday night.\u201d Whenever these words appeared in the letter-box column of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung, \u201d they were understood to be a summons to the \u201carmed sections\u201d to meet on Monday night at Greif\u2019s Hall.\nThe evidence in the record shows, that there were in the city of Chicago twenty-five or thirty labor unions, containing from fifteen thousand to sixteen thousand laborers, and that delegates from these unions constituted a body called the Central Labor Union. The large majority of those, who belonged to the labor unions, were well-meaning workingmen, whose designs were not unlawful, and the object of whose organization was to better their own condition. They did not all belong to the groups of the International Association. But the members of those groups were, as a general thing, also members of the different labor unions.\nIt thus appears, that the branch of the International Workingmen\u2019s Association, which existed in Chicago during the year 1885, and up to May 4, 1886, was a compact, well-disciplined organization. At the head of it was a general or central committee. Next to the committee came the Lehr und Wehr Verein, a secret military organization divided into companies. Next to the Lehr und Wehr Verein came the \u201carmed sections\u201d of the various groups, practicing their weekly drills at night and on Sunday in various parts of the city, and, in some instances, under the direction of the officers of the Lehr und Wehr Verein. Next came the unarmed members of the groups, who were constantly in contact with their armed brethren and in hearty sympathy with their purposes and principles. As to some of the groups, however, all the members seem to have been engaged in arming and drilling.\nThere can be no doubt that the organization here described was an unlawful conspiracy.\nFirst\u2014Its purpose was unlawful. It designed to bring about a social revolution. Social revolution meant the destruction of the right of private ownership of property, or of the right of the individual to own property; it meant the bringing about of a state of society in which all property should be held in common. As a court, we are not concerned with the question, whether it was right or wrong to adopt and advocate an abstract theory in regard to the ownership of property, such as is here indicated. But this abstract theory assumed a concrete and practical form. The police and militia were looked upon as protectors and guardians of the form of ownership in property, which was objected to. Hence, \u201csocial revolution\u201d meant war upon the police and militia. The destruction by force of the police and militia in the city of Chicago was the practical' object which this organization proposed to accomplish in that city.\nSecond\u2014Its methods were unlawful. \u2022 The arming and drilling of the groups were in violation of the Militia law of the State of Illinois, which provides that \u201cit shall not be lawful for any body of men whatever, other than the regular organized volunteer militia of this State and the troops of the United States, to associate themselves together as a military company or organization, to drill or parade with arms in any city or town of this State without the license of the Governor thereof,\u201d etc. It is not pretended, that any such license-was ever issued to these groups by the Governor of the State.\nThe central or governing authority of this International organization had its headquarters in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d building and in a room connected with the office of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d newspaper. From that place mainly its policy was dictated and the orders, which controlled its movements, were issued. Among the principal persons, who shaped its policy and outlined its course of action, were the defendants Spies, Schwab, Engel, Lingg, Fielden, Parsons, Fischer, and, in a subordinate degree, Neebe.\nThese defendants sought to use the organization for the purpose of bringing about the \u201csocial revolution,\u201d and, to that end, endeavored to increase its membership and perfect its discipline so as to hurl it against the police and militia, as the representatives of law\u2019and order. Among the means, employed to accomplish this, were, \u201cagitation with a view to organization,\u201d and \u201corganization for the purpose of rebellion.\u201d The object of \u201cagitation\u201d was to increase the ranks of the \u201carmed sections\u201d of the International groups by recruits from the \u201cLabor Unions\u201d and other associations of workingmen. The meaning of \u201corganization\u201d was the arming of such recruits with dynamite and revolvers.\nDuring the years 1885 and 1886 the defendants Spies, Schwab, Parsons, Engel and Fielden by numerous speeches, and by articles published in the newspaper organs above mentioned, persistently advised and encouraged the workingmen to arm themselves for a conflict with what were called the property-owning classes and ydth the police and militia, who were regarded as the special protectors of those classes. These speeches were made at picnics, in workingmen\u2019s halls, at gatherings of the International groups, in Market square, and from the windows of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d building. They 1 denounced the police and militia. They inveighed against the \u201cprivate right of property.\u201d They advised the purchase of rifles and dynamite.\nExtracts from the-\u201cAlarm,\u201d the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d and the \u201cAnarchist,\u201d and from speeches of Schwab, Spies, Parsons, Fielden and Engel, are set out in the statement which precedes this opinion.\nThe articles in the \u201cAlarm\u201d were\" most of them, written by the defendant Parsons, but some of them by the defendant Spies. The articles, quoted from the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d were written by the defendants Schwab and Spies. The single extract from the \u201cAnarchist\u201d was written by the defendant Engel.\nThe articles and speeches so collated are of the most violent and incendiary character. They seek to inspire a feeling of hatred among the workingmen against the police and militia and the property-owning classes. They not only recommend the workingmen to arm themselves with dynamite and rifles, but they give specific instructions how to handle and use dynamite and how to make bombs and how to procure weapons. They recommend the workingmen to attend the meetings of the International Arbeiter Association and read its organs. They advise the formation of special groups for committing deeds of violence, which are called \u201crevolutionary actions,\u201d and point out the means of avoiding discovery after such deeds are committed. In the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d articles will be found such expressions as these: \u201cEach workingman ought to have been armed long ago;\u201d \u201cDaggers and revolvers are easily to be gotten, hand grenades are cheaply to be produced; explosives, too, can be obtained;\u201d \u201cThe workingmen ought t\u00f3 take aim at every member of the militia;\u201d \u201cYour passport to it, Eden, is that banner which calls to you in flaming letters the word \u2018Anarchy; \u2019 \u201d \u201cTherefore, workingmen, do arm yourselves with the most effective means;\u201d \u201cThere is no other way than to become immediately soldiers of the revolutionary army and establish conspiring groups, and let the ruins fall on the homes of such;\u201d \u201cWe wonder whether the workingmen . . . will at last supply themselves with weapons, dynamite and prussic acid;\u201d \u201cWorkingmen, arm yourselves;\u201d \u201cEnough is said about the importance of being armed. . . . We are to go to work to supply ourselves as quickly as possible with these useful things. . \u2019 . . Dynamite bears several names here in America; among others it is known in trade also under the names of Hercules powder and giant powder;\u201d \u201cThere marched a strong company of well-armed comrades of the 'various groups; . . . the nitro-glycerine pills were not missing;\u201d \u201cThere exists to-day an invisible net-work of fighting groups;\u201d \u201cEvery trades-union should make it obligatory to every member to keep a good gun at home and ammunition;\u201d \u201cIf we do not bestir ourselves for a bloody revolution, we can not leave anything to our children but poverty and slavery. Therefore prepare yourselves in all quietness for the revolution.\u201d\nThe following expressions will be found in the extracts from the \u201cAlarm:\u201d\n\u201cOne man, armed with a dynamite bomb, is equal to one regiment of militia,\u201d etc.; \u201cEvery man, who is master of these explosives, can not be approached by an army of men;\u201d \u201cHow can all this be done? Simply by making ourselves masters of the use of dynamite; then. . . . administer instant death, by any and all means, to any and every person, who attempts to continue to claim personal ownership in anything. . . . Our war is not against men, but against systems; yet we must prepare to kill men who will try to defeat our cause. . . . The rich are only worse than the poor because they have more power to wield this infernal \u2018property-right\u201d \u201cDynamite is the emancipator! in the hands of the enslaved it cries aloud, \u2018Justice or annihilation.\u2019 But, best of all, the workingmen are not only learning its use, they are going to use it. They will use it, eand effectually, until personal ownership, property-rights are destroyed, etc. . . . Hail to the social revolution! Hail to the deliverer Dynamite \u25a0\u201cNothing but an uprising of the people and a bursting open of all stores and store-houses to the free access of the public, and a free application of dynamite to every one who opposes, will relieve the world of this infernal nightmare of property and wages\u201cSeeing the amount of needless suffering all about us, we say a vigorous use of dynamite is both humane and \u25a0economical. . . . It is upon this theory that we advocate the use of dynamite. It is clearly more humane to blow ten men into eternity than to make ten men starve to death;\u201d \u25a0\u201cDynamite! of all the good stuff, this is the stuff. Stuff several pounds of this sublime stuff into an inch pipe, gas or water-pipe, plug up both ends, insert a cap with a fuse attached, place this in the immediate neighborhood of a lot of rich loafers, who live by the sweat of other people\u2019s brows, and light the fuse. A most cheerful and gratifying result will follow;\u201d \u201cThe next issue of the \u2018Alarm\u2019 will begin the publication of a series of articles concerning revolutionary warfare, viz.: \u2018The Manufacture of Dynamite Made Easy,\u2019 \u2018Manufacturing Bombs,\u2019 \u2018How to use Dynamite Properly,\u2019 \u201d \u2022etc. \u201cAll governments are domineering powers, etc. . . . Assassination will remove the evil from the face of the earth. _ . . Assassination properly applied is wise, just, humane and brave. For freedom, all things are just;\u201d \u201cThough everybody nowadays speaks of dynamite, . . . few have any knowledge of the general character and nature of this explosive. For those, who will sooner or later be forced to employ its destructive qualities in defence of their rights as men, and ' from a sense of preservation, a few hints may not be out of place. Dynamite may be handled with perfect safety, if proper care is used,\u201d etc. (Then follows.a series of minute directions.)\nDuring the months of December, 1885, January, February and March, 1886, the following notice appeared in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung: \u201d ,\n\u201c \u2018Exercise in Arms.\u2019 Workingmen, who are willing to exercise in the handling of arms, should call every Sunday forenoon, at half past nine, at .No. 58 Clybourne avenue, where they will receive instructions gratuitously.\u201d\nIn the \u201cAlarm,\u201d from August 17, 1885, to April 24, 1886, appeared the following notice:\n\u201cThe armed section of the American group meets Monday night, at No. 54 West Lake street.\u201d\nOne Herr Most had prepared a treatise or book, entitled \u201cEevolutionary Warfare,\u201d containing instructions, that entered into the minutest details, as to the best mode of preparing dynamite and other explosives, and of making bombs and other weapons. From time to time in 1885 and 1886, the \u201cAlarm\u201d and the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d published translations and extracts, from this book, for the evident purpose of communicating the information in it to the members of the groups and to their other readers among the workingmen. Specimen extracts from this treatise are set out in the statement which prefaces this opinion.\nIn the extract from the \u201cAnarchist\u201d will be found the following expressions: \u201cAll government we hate. . . . Complaints should be sent to G-. Engel. . . . Workingmen and fellows: . ... he, who would war successfully, must equip himself with all implements adapted to destroy his opponents. . . . We strive towards the overthrow of the existing order,\u201d etc.\nThe defendant Schwab, in a speech delivered on April 26,' 1886, about a week before the Haymarket meeting, said: \u201cEverywhere police and murderers are employed to grind down workingmen. For every workingman, who has died through the pistol of a deputy sheriff, let ten of those executioners fall. Arm yourselves!\u201d\nThe defendant Spies, in a speech made in October, 1885, said that \u201cthere were nine millions of people engaged in industrial trades in this 'country; there were but one million of them as yet organized, while there were two millions of them unemployed; to make a movement, in which they were engaged a successful one, it must be a revolutionary one; don\u2019t let us . . . forget the most forcible argument of all\u2014the gun and dynamite.\u201d\nIn speeches made by him, the defendant Parsons said, in February, 1885: \u201cWe need no president, no congressmen, no police, no militia and no judges; they are all leeches sucking the blood of the poor, who have to support them by their labor; I say to you, rise, one and all, and let us exterminate them all. Woe to the police or the militia whom they send against us!\u201d In April, 1885, he said: \u201cThe only way to convince these capitalists and robbers is to use the gun and dynamite.\u201d Again he said, in April, 1885: \u201cIf we would achieve our liberation from economic bondage and acquire our natural right to life and liberty, every man must lay by a part of his wages, buy a Colt\u2019s navy revolver, a Winchester rifle, and learn how to make and to use dynamite. Then raise the flag of rebellion, the scarlet banner of liberty, fraternity, equality, and strike down to the \u2018earth every tyrant, that lives upon this globe. Tyrants have no rights, which we should respect. Until this is done, you will continue to be robbed, to be plundered, to be at the mercy of the privileged few; therefore agitate for the purpose of organization, organize for the pur pose of rebellion, for wage-slaves have nothing to lose hut their chains.\u201d And in August, 1885, referring to the street-car strike, he said: \u201cIf but one shot had been fired and Bonfield had happened to be shot, the whole city would have been deluged in blood and the social revolution would have been inaugurated. \u201d\nThe defendant Bielden, in speeches made by him, said in March, 1885 : \u201cI want all to organize; every workingman in Chicago ought to belong to our organization; it is of no use to go and beg of our masters to give us more wages or better times. When I say, \u2018organize,\u2019 I mean for you to use force; it is of no use for the working people to hope to gain anything by means of the ordinary weapons; every one of you must learn the use of dynamite, for that is the power with which we hope to gain our rights.\u201d In October, 1885, he said: \u201cYou must all organize and use force; you must crush out the present government, as by force is the only way, in which you better your present condition. \u201d He said in January> 1886: \u201cIt is quite true, that we have lots of explosives and dynamite in our possession, and we will not hesitate to use it, when the proper time comes. We care nothing either for the military or police, for these are in the pay of the capitalist.\u201d Again in March, 1886, he said: \u201cWe are told that we must attain our ends and aims by obeying law and order. Damn law and order! We have obeyed law and order long enough. The time has come for you, men, to strangle the law, or the law will strangle you.\u201d\nThe defendant Engel made a speech in German in February, 1886, to a crowded hall of workingmen, of which one witness says: \u201cHe advised everybody\u2014\u2018every man wants to join them, to save up three or four dollars to buy revolvers to shoot every policeman downhe says he wants every workingman, whom he could get, to join them, and then advise every body you know\u2014you save up three or four dollars to buy a revolver that was good enough for shooting police'men down;\u201d and again in the same month he made a speech \u25a0to the North Side workmen at Neff\u2019s Hall, 58 Clybourne ave,nue, where the North Side group met, as already stated, in which he said \u201cthat those who could not arm themselves and \u25a0 could not buy revolvers, should buy dynamite; that it was very cheap and easily handled; he gave a general description how bombs could be made, how gas-pipes could be filled; that a gas-pipe was to be taken and a wooden block put into the end, and it was to be filled with dynamite; then the other end is also closed up with a wooden block, and old nails are tied around the pipe hy means of wire; then a hole is bored into one end of it and a fuse with a cip is put into that hole; that the nails should be tightened to the pipe, so that when it explodes, there will be many pieces flying around; that gas-pipe could be found on the West Side from the river, near the bridge.\u201d\nThe utterances by printed and spoken words, of which the , quotations above made are specimens, were addressed to work.'ingmen, of whom the defendant Spies says that they were \u201cstupid and ignorant.\u201d While the members of the International groups were reading and hearing the appeals, thus made to their prejudices, they were discussing their condition in weekly meetings, and very many of them participating in weekly drills with arms.\nThe time, when the war against the police was to be inaugurated, was not an indefinite period in the future. The evidence shows, that the date, fixed for the inauguration of the social revolution, was the 1st of May, 1886.\nTwo years before May 1, 1886, the working people had \u201cresolved that the eight-hour system should be introduced in the United States\u201d at that date. The defendants in this case and the more radical members of the International groups had no faith in the eight-hour movement. This abundantly appears from the testimony in the record. Gruenhut swears, that Spies did not consider the movement as amounting to anything; that he regarded it as \u201conly a palliative measure, not radical enough.\u201d A want of confidence in it on the part of the defendant Spies is apparent from the language of some resolutions, introduced hy him on October 11,1885, at a meeting at the Twelfth street Turner Hall, one of which began in this wise:\n\u201cResolved, That, while we are skeptical in regard to the benefits that will accrue to the wage-workers in the introduction of an eight-hour work day,\u201d etc. At a speech made at the same meeting Fielden said: \u201cThe eight-hour law will be of no benefit to the workingman.\u201d An article in the \u201cAlarm,\u201d dated April 3,-1886, in which the defendant Parsons gives an account of a speech made by him to the American groups, shows that he only valued \u201cthe attempt to inaugurate the eight-hour system,\u201d because he thought it \u201cwould break down the capitalistic system and bring about such disorder and hardship, that the \u2018social revolution\u2019 would become a necessity.\u201d\nEngel said in the \u201cAnarchist:\u201d \u201cWe reject reformatory measures as useless play. . . . All endeavors of the working classes not aiming at the overthrow of existing conditions of ownership . . . are to us reactionary,\u201d etc.\nThe 1st of May was fixed upon as the date for the inauguration of the \u201csocial revolution\u201d because of the strikes and disturbances, which were then expected to grow out of the demand for the eight-hour working day. It was anticipated, that many workingmen would then be out of employment and that their discontent and sufferings would drive them into an adoption of the revolutionary plans of the International groups.\nThe witness Johnson says, that, at the meetings of the armed section of the American group, \u201cthe 1st day of May was frequently mentioned as a good opportunity\u201d for the revolution.\nIn a speech in December, 1885, at Twelfth street Turner Hall, Fielden said:\n\u201cThe 1st of May will be our time to strike the blow; there \u25a0are so many strikes and there will be fifty thousand men out of work.\u201d\nSpies said that the conflict between the police and the \u25a0\u201cdynamiters\u201d would probably occur, when there should be an universal strike for the eight-hour law.\nThe international groups and other associations of workingmen were frequently urged to prepare to demand the eight-hour law on the 1st of May, 1886, with arms in their hands. They were told that such demand would be the more readily acceded to, if made by armed men.\nIn an article published in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d on the \u25a0afternoon of Tuesday, May 4, 1886, only a few hours before the Haymarket meeting occurred, the defendant Spies said: '\u201cSix months ago, when the eight-hour movement began, there were speakers and journals of the I. A. A. who proclaimed and wrote: \u2018Workmen, if you want to see the eight-hour system introduced, arm yourselves. If you do not do this, you will be sent home with bloody heads, and birds will sing May songs on your graves.\u2019\u201d\nLooking into some of the statements, made by the journals \u2022and speakers referred to, we find the following:\nThe \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d said on January 22, 1886: \u201cWith \u25a0empty hands the workingmen will hardly be able to cope with the representatives of the club, in case, after the 1st of May \u25a0of this year, there should be a general strike; . . . but if the workingmen are prepared to eventually stop the working of the factories, to defend himself with the aid of dynamite and bombs against the militia, which will of course be employed, then and only then can you expect a thorough success of the eight-hour movement.\u201d It said on January 23, 1886: \u201cTherefore, comrades, armed to the teeth,\" we want to demand our rights on the 1st of May; in the other case there are only blows of the club for you.\u201d It said on March 2, 1886 : \u201cWho wants to attack capitalism in earnest must overthrow the body-guards of it, the well-drilled and well-armed \u2018men of order,\u2019 and kill them, if he does not want to be murdered himself. But for this is needed an armed and systematically drilled organization;\u201d and on the same jDage are these words: \u201cThe time up to the 1st of May is short-Look out!\u201d\nThe \u201cAlarm\u201d said on September 5, 1885 : \u201cNow in regard to the proposed strike next spring, a few practical words to our comrades. . . . Will the manufacturing kings grant the-modest request ? . . . No, sir, . . . they will then, draw from the army of unemployed; the strikers will attempt to stop them. Then comes the police and the militia. . . - Say, workingmen, are you prepared to meet the latter; are you armed?\u201d\nThe defendant Spies, on October 11, 1885, at the meeting, at Twelfth street Turner Hall, already referred to, introduced,, in a speech made by him, the following resolution:\n\u201cWhereas, a general move has been started among the organized wage-workers of this country for the establishment of an eight-hour work day, to begin May 1, 1886. And\n\u201cWhereas, it is to be expected that the class of professional idlers, the governing class, who prey upon the bones and marrow of the useful members of society, will resist this attempt, by calling to their assistance the Pinkertons, the police and. the State militia,\n\u201cResolved, That we urge upon all wage-workers the necessity of procuring arms before the inauguration of the proposed eight-hour strike, in order to be in a position of meeting our foe with his own argument\u2014force.\u201d\nA little over two months after this resolution was introduced, to-wit, on December 29, 1885, the North Side group, to which Schwab, Lingg and Neebe belonged, held a meeting: at No. 58 Clybourne avenue and adopted the following resolution: \u201cThis assembly declares that the North Side group, I. A. A., pledges itself to work with all means for the introduction of the eight-hour day, beginning on the 1st of May, 1886. At the same time the North Side group cautions the workingmen not to meet the enemy unarmed on the 1st of May,\u201d etc.\nBesides the publication of extracts from Herr Most\u2019s book in the \u201cAlarm\u201d and \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d the book itself was extensively circulated among the groups and other workingmen. The \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d inserted, without charge, on March 2, 15, 18 and 25, 1886, the following notice: \u201c \u2018Revolutionary Warfare\u2019 has arrived and is to be had through the librarian at 107 Fifth avenue, at the price of ten cents.\u201d Hirschberger, the librarian here referred to, sold this book at picnics, where the defendants Fielden, Parsons, Spies, Schwab, Fischer and Neebe were present. It was distributed at meetings of workingmen. It was seen at such meetings in the Twelfth street Turner Hall, at Greif\u2019s Hall and at 106 Randolph street, at all of which places Fielden and Parsons made speeches, and where the American group, to which they belonged, held meetings. The \u201cbooks were sold there. The chairman had charge of the books.\u201d\nOne of the witnesses says he saw copies of Herr Most\u2019s book at meetings of the North Side group and that \u201cthe North Side group bought and sold them.\u201d\nThe efforts of the defendants to prepare for the disturbances expected to grow out of the eight-hour movement on or about May 1, 1886, were not confined to speeches or newspaper articles. Nor was the circulation of Herr Most\u2019s book on Revolutionary Warfare the only step taken towards the instruction of the groups in the mode of preparing and using dynamite. The record discloses the adoption by the defendants of other and more practical measures in the work of preparation.\nIn the fall of 1885 the defendant Engel called on a gunsmith \u25a0and inquired what a hundred or possibly two hundred large revolvers could be purchased for, stating that they were wanted for some society. He bought and paid for one of the pistols for the purpose of presenting it at a meeting of the society. After the Haymarket meeting a machine, which was intended to be used for the purpose of making bombs, was found by the police at Engel\u2019s house. The proof shows, that, in the late spring or early summer of 1885, a part of this machine was made by a tinner on Milwaukee avenue in pursuance of an order therefor given by Engel in person.\nA witness engaged in the gun business, swears, that in February or March, 1886, the defendant Parsons called at his store and stated, that he wanted to buy forty, or fifty revolvers. Upon being shown the samples on hand, he declared that they were not what he desired, but that he wanted \u201cold remodeled Bemington revolvers.\u201d The witness wrote for quotations as to the prices and gave them to Parsons upon his calling after-wards. He came in again once or twice, but did not finally make the purchase.\nThe testimony shows, that in the summer of 1885 the defendants Fielden and Parsons participated in the drilling exercises, at No. 54 West Lake street, of the armed section of the American group, to which they both belonged, and of which Fielden was the secretary and treasurer. A drill occurred at that place on August 24, 1885. Fielden and Parsons were present and took part. Suspected persons were ejected, the doors were closed, and the company was drilled for half or three-quarters of an hour by a German drill-master, going through the regular manual of drill, marching, counter-marching, turning, forming fours, wheeling, etc. It was on that occasion that the ten members of the first company of the Lehr und Wehr Verein, armed with Springfield rifles, were introduced, and drilled before the members of the \u201carmed .section\u201d of the American group. On that occasion, also, the \u201carmed section\u201d adopted the name of the \u201cInternational Rifles,\u201d of which one Walters was elected captain, and the defendant Parsons lieutenant. The International Rifles there agreed, as heretofore stated, to act in concert with the Lehr und Wehr Verein and obey the orders of its officers in the event of a conflict with the authorities. At that meeting, the drill-master exhibited two specimens of the latest improved dynamite bombs for the examination of those present. They were about the size and had the appearance of ordinary preserve fruit cans. The top part unscrewed, and the inside of the cans was filled with a light-brown mixture. There was also a small glass tube inserted in the center of the can. The tube was in connection with the screw, and it was explained that where the can was thrown against any hard substance it would explode.\nAt a subsequent meeting at the same place on August 31, 1885, the defendants Fielden and Parsons were present and participated in another drill under Walters, which lasted an hour and a half. A consultation was had as to the best means of procuring arms. It was proposed that each member should pay so much a week, until enough should be raised to buy a rifle for each. The defendant Parsons proposed that a raid be made at night upon the armory of the militia.\nIt furthermore appears from the evidence, that the defendants Spies, Schwab, Fielden, Parsons and Fischer were engaged in handling bombs and experimenting with dynamite. Samples of bombs were kept at the rooms of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung.\u201d Improved kinds of bombs were several times left there for the inspection of the defendant Spies. At one time two bombs, whose shells were of iron, and which were so made as to be exploded by percussion, were left with the defendant Spies at his office in the building No. 107 Fifth avenue. At another time two bombs, known as the czar bombs, were brought to Spies at the same office and left' there with him.\nThe defendant Spies admits in his testimony that he purchased bars of dynamite and caps and fuse for the purpose of experimenting with them. On the morning after the Haymarket meeting there were found at the office aforesaid a coil of fuse, two bars of dynamite and a box containing fulminating caps for the explosion of dynamite.\nThree witnesses swear that they were at the office of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d in April, 1885, on the evening of what is known as the board of trade demonstration, and after the demonstration had ended; that Spies, Parsons, Fielden and Schwab were present; that a dynamite cartridge, a coil of fuse and a fulminating cap were taken' by Spies from a drawer in the desk and handed to Parsons, by whom they were exhibited to the witnesses. On that occasion Parsons said, that they were preparing for a warfare against the police and militia with bomis and dynamite and rifles and revolvers; and Fielden, who was standing at the elbow of Parsons, said that \u201cthe next time the police attempted to interfere with them they would be prepared for them,\u201d \u201cand perhaps in the course of a year or so.\u201d\nIn August, 1885, Seliger was present at the office of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d at a meeting of the general or central committee of the International Association. He was there as a delegate from the North Side group. The committee met in the evening in the library room belonging to the International Workingmen\u2019s Association. The defendant Spies was present. Seliger saw there two bombs, one round one and one long one. They were below the counter. Eau, the advertising agent of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d was exhibiting them, while the delegates were present.\nOn Thanksgiving, day in November, 1885, there was a meeting of workingmen on Market square. On that day at Thalia Hall the defendant Fischer gave to Godfried Waller, a member of the Lehr und Wehr Verein, a gas-pipe bomb, seven or eight inches long, saying that it was to be used on Market square in case of an attack by the police. Waller kept the bomb in his house two weeks, and then gave it to a member of the Lehr und Wehr Yerein, who exploded it in the woods in a hollqw tree.\nSpies and other members of the organization, to which he belonged, were in the habit of going out into the country in the summer and practicing with bombs. Their practice was directed to'the two-fold object of learning how to throw the bombs and also of learning how to explode them. An instance is referred to in the evidence, where one of them was exploded in a grove and demolished some of the trees.\nOne of the witnesses testifies, that, in January, 1886, at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office, he had an interview with the defendant Spies, at which one of the czar bombs, heretofore referred to, was produced and shown by Spies, and afterwards carried away by the witness. On that occasion Spies stated, that bombs were sometimes distributed through the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office, and that the one then shown was one of the samples dhey kept there. He also then stated, that a fuse bomb with a detonating cap inside, such as was the czar bomb, had been proven to be the best kind, and that shells made of compound metal were much better than shells made of all lead or all metal. He spoke of a body of tall, strong men in their organization, who could throw bombs, weighing five pounds, one hundred and fifty paces.\nHe stated that the bombs in question were to be used in ease of conflict with the police or militia.\nComing back to the defendant Lingg, we think it quite apparent from the testimony, that his efforts in the matter of constructing bombs, as heretofore narrated, were made under the auspices of the International Association, and in furtherance of its objects and purposes. What he did was merely a part of that general preparation, which the other defendants and the groups already described, were making for the conflict expected to take place in the early part of May, 1886.\nThat this is so will appear from.several considerations.\nFirst\u2014In March, 1886, the carpenters\u2019 union had a ball at Floras Hall, No. 73 West Lake-street. A profit was made on the beer sold at this ball, and it was there suggested, that the money representing that profit should be used to buy targets, lead, etc., for some shooting practices, that were expected to take place. The money was, however, turned over to the \u201carmed section\u201d of the carpenters\u2019 union, that is to say, to those members of the carpenters\u2019 union, who belonged to the armed sections of the different International groups. Several of these members came together at a subsequent meeting and resolved to buy dynamite and practice with that, instead of shooting at targets. The la'st-named meeting also took place at Floras Hall, and Lingg and Lehmann, who both belonged to the \u201carmed section\u201d of the North Side group, were present. Lehmann says: \u201cIt was unanimously resolved, that we were to buy dynamite with it, and experiment with it to find out how it was used; how it was handled. We were unanimous that some one should take the thing in hand, and Lingg was intrusted with it, and he took the money and bought dynamite with it.\u201d\nIt was just about this time, to-wit, the middle of March, 1886, when Lingg first brought a bomb and dynamite to Seliger\u2019s house and began to melt and cast and make shells, as heretofore set forth.\nIt thus appears, that about two months or six weeks before the Haymarket meeting the defendant Lingg was selected by certain members of the armed sections of the International groups as their agent to buy dynamite with their money, and experiment with it and learn how to use and.handle it.\nThe reason why Lingg was \" selected for this work is quite manifest.. Although he was only twenty-one or twenty-two years old at the time of the trial, and, prior thereto, had lived in this country only about nine or ten months, he seems to have taken an active interest in the movements of the International Association. He had been a socialist in Europe \u201cever since he could think.\u201d As already stated, he belonged to the armed section of the North Side group. He was not only a member of the carpenters\u2019 union, but its financial secretary. He was seen at meetings on the Lake Front, where some of the defendants already named were making speeches. He was present at meetings of the Central Labor Union. He made a speech on April 4, 1886, at 650 Blue Island avenue, at the second meeting of the lumber .shovers\u2019 union. He was seen at almost every meeting of the carpenters\u2019 union at Zepf\u2019s Hall from September, 1885, to May, 1886. At a meeting of that union at Zepf\u2019s Hall on the night of May 3, 1886, he is said to have made a lengthy report as to the organization of the carpenters at the different shops, and to have had the floor two or three times in the discussion of the eight-hour movement. On the morning of May 3, young men came to his room,at Seliger\u2019s house and had their names entered upon the list of the union. He was well known to Bach and Spies; the former had known him five or six months. He carried reports of anarchist meetings to the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d and had gone to that paper for that purpose at least five times. He was present on the afternoon of May 3, 1886, at the attack hereafter mentioned of a mob of strikers upon a manufacturing establishment in the south-western part of the city, and must have heard the address of Spies on that occasion. He claimed, after his arrest, to have been clubbed by the police at that disturbance.\nSecond \u2014 Thielen, Lehmann, Seliger, Hermann or Heumann, and Huebner, who were with Lingg on Tuesday afternoon, while he was filling the bombs, and some of whom were assisting him in his work, were all prominent members of the \u201carmed sections\u201d of the International groups. Huebner was the librarian of the North Side group, and had charge of the distribution of Herr Most\u2019s book. Seliger, with whom Lingg had boarded for months, and who was his main assistant in making the bombs, was a member of the general committee, which stood at the head of all the groups, and, as has already been stated, had been present with Spies at a session of that committee when Ban was exhibiting to its members samples of round and long bombs, such as Lingg himself afterwards made.\nThird\u2014One of the czar bombs, which was in the possession of Spies in January, 1886, was produced upon the trial of this cause in the court below. It is similar in all respects to the bombs made by Lingg, and to the bomb which exploded at the Haymarket. We find photographic views of it in the record. It consists of two semi-globular shells fastened together by a metallic bolt, with a head at one end and a nut at the other.\nIt has the ,fuse and detonating cap, the latter pinched to hold the fuse, just as appears in the photographic representations, to be found in the record, of the bombs made by Lingg.\nThe nut, taken from the body of Hahn, corresponded as exactly with the nut upon the czar bomb as with the nuts upon the Lingg bombs. \"\nA chemical analysis was made of the material of the shell of the czar bomb, and such material was found to be of the same composite manufacture, as that which characterized the Lingg bombs and the Haymarket bomb. The \u201cSpies bomb\u201d or czar bomb \u201cwas found like the others to consist also chiefly of lead with a small quantity of tin, and traces of the same antimony, iron and zinc.\u201d This circumstance, taken in connection with the declaration of Spies, that members of the International groups had, by practice and experiment, demonstrated the superiority of compound metal in the construction of bomb shells, points very strongly to the conclusion, that the czar bomb, retained by Spies in his possession in January, 1886, was used by Lingg as a sample, and was the same bomb, which Seliger saw at his house in Lingg\u2019s hands more than six weeks before May 4,1886.\nFourth\u2014Another circumstance is worthy of mention in this connection. In a communication upon the subject of making bombs, published by Spies in the \u201cAlarm\u201d on June 27, 1885, lie says: \u201cWhen filling bombs . . . tie a handkerchief \u25a0over mouth and nose, so that you may not inhale the dangerous gases. ... In filling bombs use a little wooden stick,\u201d etc.\nIt has already been stated, that when Lingg and Huebner were filling bombs on the afternoon of Tuesday May 4, 1886, each of them had a cloth tied around his face, and Seliger and Lingg used a flat piece of wood, made by Lingg for the purqiose of putting dynamite into the shells'. Thus the instructions given by Spies in the \u201cAlarm\u201d were literally complied with by the bomb-makers on May 4, 1886.\nWe think the jury were warranted in believing from the evidence, that the bomb, which exploded at the Haymarket, was made by the defendant Lingg in furtherance of the conspiracy already described.\nThe question, which next suggests itself, is, whether the bomb, so made, was thrown at the Haymarket by a member of \u25a0said conspiracy, or by some one acting under its direction and in pursuance of its designs.\nIn order to solve this question, it will be necessary to make \u25a0a preliminary investigation as to the disjiosition, which Lingg and his assistants made of the bombs, constructed by them, after they were prepared for use.\nThe bombs, made and filled on Tuesday afternoon and evening, were carried by Lingg and Seliger on that evening from Seliger\u2019s house over to No. 58 Clybourne avenue, known as Neff\u2019s Hall. The trunk or satchel in which they had been placed, was carried a part of the way by Lingg and Seliger by means of a stick drawn through the handle. They were met on the way, however, by Muenzenberger, who has been heretofore spoken of, and he seems to have then taken the trunk and -carried it the rest of the way on his shoulder. It was about ten minutes\u2019 walk from 442 Sedgwick street to Neff\u2019s Hall. Neff says, that they reached his saloon at ten or fifteen minutes after eight, but Seliger states that they started from his house with the bombs at half-past eight.\nAt No. 58 Clybourne avenue the front room on the first floor is a saloon. Back of the saloon is a hall or assembly room. Between the saloon and hall is a passage-way, which can be entered by doors leading from the saloon 'and hall, and also by a door opening upon a walk that leads along the side of the building into the street. On this evening a meeting of painters was in session in the hall. Lingg, Seliger and Muenzenberger first went into the saloon, and Lingg inquired of Neff if any one had been there and asked for him, to which he received a negative reply. Lingg and Seliger, accompanied by Muenzenberger, with the satchel or trunk, then went from the saloon into the passage-way above referred to. The trunk was placed upon the floor in this passage-way or hall-way, and opened. Seliger says: \u201cSeveral persons came and took: bombs. There were different ones there who took bombs out for themselves.\u201d He saw three or four take them. He himself took two and carried them in his pocket, until after the explosion that night, when he buried them under the sidewalk on Sigel street, where they were afterwards found, as shown by the testimony of several witnesses.\nLingg and Seliger then went out of the building. No. 58 Clybourne avenue, leaving the open satchel with the bombs in it in the passage-way, where it had been deposited.\nMuenzenberger also disappeared. The latter seemed to be a stranger; Neff, the keeper of the saloon, never saw him, until he brought the satchel there that night; Lehmann did not know him, as has already been stated. Although he was at Seliger\u2019s house that afternoon from four to six o\u2019clock working at bombs, Seliger did not know his name and did not learn it until some time afterwards. .This circumstance naturally calls to mind the instructions in regard to revolutionary actions, published in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d on March 16, 1885, and set forth in the statement hereto prefixed, one sentence of which is as follows: \u201cIn the commission of a deed, a comrade who does not live at the place of action, that is, a comrade, of some other place, ought, if possibility admits, to participate -in the action, or, formulated differently, a revolutionary deed \u25a0ought to be enacted where one is not known.\u201d\nIn this narration in regard to the disposition of the bombs \"two facts are noticeable. First\u2014They were carried to and left at No. 58 Clybourne avenue. Why? Neff\u2019s Hall was known as the \u201cShanty of the Communists.\u201d There the communists and anarchists and all the various shades of the socialistic organizations were in the habit of meeting. Some statements already made in regard to this place may be here briefly recapitulated. It was the place where the members of the North Side group met every Monday evening and advised \"together and reviewed what had happened among the workingmen during the week, and drilled with hunting-guns and shotguns, and some of them, on Sundays, with rifles. It was the place where the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d requested workingmen, willing to exercise in the handling of arms, to call every Sunday for the purpose of receiving instructions gratuitously. It was the place, where the North Side group had adopted a resolution cautioning the workingmen \u201cnot to meet the enemy unarmed on May 1st,\u201d etc. The manner, in which the bombs were left at this particular place and there exposed to view, considered in connection with all the other circumstances heretofore and hereafter mentioned, points strongly to the conclusion, that they were intended for the use, on that evening, of ihe members of the conspiracy, whose principles and purposes have already been outlined.\nSecond\u2014The fact, that as soon as the trunk was opened and deposited in the hall-way, men came forward and took bombs therefrom, indicates an expectation, that bombs would be found at that place at that time. The prompt appearance of these men at No. 58 Clybourne avenue as soon as Lingg arrived there, and their immediate appropriation of the bombs placed before them, are circumstances, which tend to establish the existence of some more specific plan for the use of the bombs than that which has heretofore been pointed out. To ascertain what this specific plan was will require an examination of. the events immediately preceding the explosion of the bomb at the Haymarket.\nUp to the last days of April, 1886, the conspiracy, in which the defendants were engaged, was general in its character. Its. object was the destruction of the police and militia of Chicago. The forces to be used in the accomplishment of this object were the International groups ahd such of the workingmen as could be induced to join those groups. The time, when the conflict between the workingmen and the police was to be precipitated, was about the 1st of May and in the midst of the excitement, which should prevail during the efforts of the laborers to-shorten their hours of work.\nThe preparations for the expected conflict became more definite, as the eight-hour movement approached its culmination. Inside of the general conspiracy already described, and growing naturally out of it, a more detailed plan for securing the ends sought to be attained was originated, adopted and partially executed.\nEarly in the evening of May 3, 1886, the commander of the Lehr und Wehr Verein rented the basement of the building, known as No. 54 West Lake street, and also called Greif\u2019s. Hall, for the purpose of holding there on that evening a meeting of the \u201carmed sections\u201d of the International groups.\nThe meeting was held in pursuance of the arrangement so-made. It was secret. A guard was placed in front of the building, and another was also stationed in the rear, to prevent any entrance into the basement by outsiders.\nSome seventy or eighty members of the \u201carmed sections\u201d from the North, South and West divisions of the city were present. The session lasted from eight o\u2019clock to eleven o\u2019clock. The members present at this gathering discussed and adopted the plan hereinafter set forth.\nOn the day before, that is to say, on the morning of Sunday, May 2, 1886, at ten o\u2019clock, the members of the second company of the Lehr und Wehr Yerein and of the Nortlnwest Side group had met at Bohemian Hall on Emma street in the northwestern part of the city. On that occasion the defendants Engel and Eischer were both present. Engel had there submitted to this Emma street meeting \u201ca plan of his own conception, according to tvhich, whenever it icould come to a conflict between the police and the north-tvestern groups, that bombs should be thrown into the police stations, and the riflemen of the Lehr und Wehr Verein should post themselves in line at a certain distance, and whoever would come out should be shot doten\u2014 all those that would come out of the station or stations, he said; then it should proceed in that way until we would come to the heart of the city. Within the heart of the city, of course, the fight should commence in earnest.\u201d It was also arranged, that the members of the North-west Side groups should \u201cmutually assist themselves to make an attack upon the police,\u201d and \u201cif any one had anything with him he should use it.\u201d\nThis plan of Engel had been submitted by him to the Emma street gathering in the form of a resolution and had been adopted.\nOn the next evening, that is to say, on the evening of Monday, May 3, 1886, Engel and Eischer were also present at the meeting in the basement of Greif\u2019s Hall, and actively participated in the proceedings there taken. Among those assembled at this meeting there had been distributed a certain circular, written that afternoon by the defendant Spies, known as the \u201cRevenge Circular.\u201d This circular will be hereafter more particularly referred to. It alleged that six workingmen had been killed by the police on that very afternoon at a disturbance in the south-western part of the city, and called upon the workingmen to arm themselves and \u201cavenge the atrocious murder, which has been committed upon your brothers to-day and which will likely be> committed upon you to-momio.\u201d\nThe contents of the circular were discussed and suggestions were made as to what should be done within the next few days. The defendant Engel then presented to the representatives of all the groups the plan, which had been accepted, at his suggestion, on the day before by the North-west Side group alone. There was some opposition to it. One member \u201cthought that there were too few of us, and it would be better if we would place ourselves among the people and fight right in the midst of them. There was some opposition to that, to be in the midst of the crowd, as we could not know, who would be our nearest neighbor of the crowd; there might be a detective light near us or some one else.\u201d The plan of Engel was, however, finally adopted. The several features of the plan adopted on Monday evening deserve special consideration, in view of the occurrences at the Haymarket on the succeeding evening.\nFirst\u2014As to the attacks upon the police and the police stations. It was Engel\u2019s suggestion, that the members of the armed sections should come to the assistance of the workingmen, whenever a collision between them and the police should grow out of the eight-hour strike then in progress; that a bomb should be thrown into each police station in the city, beginning with that on North avenue in the North division, and, the policemen, as they rushed out of the station on account of the explosion of the bomb so thrown, should be shot down by the riflemen of the Lehr und Wehr Verein, stationed in line for that purpose; that the police would thus be prevented from coming from their respective stations to the scene of conflict, when they should be summoned by the authorities to do so; that the different \u201cInternational\u201d bodies, after storming the stations and shooting down the police, should march; inward towards the center of the city, destroying whatever should oppose them; that the telegraph wires, and the hose of the firemen, should be cut; that the ranks of the Internationals would gain large accessions from the workingmen, as soon as these attacks upon the police should be begun.\nSecond\u2014As to the signal for the inauguration of the attacks upon the police. The defendant Fischer suggested the German word \u201cBuhe,\u201d the signification of which, in English, is \"\u201crest\u201d or \u201cpeace,\u201d as a signal word to be adopted by the meeting. His proposition was agreed to. By the terms of it, whenever the word \u201cBuhe\u201d should appear in the letter-box \u2022column of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d it was to be understood, that the \u201csocial revolution\u201d had begun; the publication of that word in the paper named was to be a signal to the members of the \u201carmed sections\u201d of the various groups, that they were to arm themselves and repair to certain specified meeting places, and, when they should there be informed by report from a committee hereinafter named, that a collision or conflict had taken place between the police and the workingmen, they were then to proceed to attack the stations and the policemen therein with bombs and rifles, as already stated.\nThird\u2014As to the Haymarket meeting. . The third feature of the meeting of the armed sections on Monday night was the arrangement made for a mass meeting on Tuesday evening at the Haymarket square. The chairman, who presided on Monday night, suggested the holding of the mass meeting on the next morning, that is to say Tuesday morning, at ten-o\u2019clock, in the Market' square in the South division of the city. The defendant Fischer, however, objected to both the time and place designated by the chairman. He advocated the holding of the mass meeting on Tuesday evening rather than Tuesday morning, and at the Haymarket square instead of the Market square. His proposition was adopted by the members of the armed sections, and it \"was then and there agreed, that the Tuesday evening meeting should be announced through a hand-hill. The defendant Fischer was commissioned to have this hand-bill printed, and for that purpose, left the Monday night meeting while it was in session. He returned in about half an hour, and reported that the printing office was closed. He, however, had the hand-bill printed the next day, as will he seen hereafter.\nLeaving for the present the discussion of the provisions made on Monday night for the gathering at the Haymarket, it will be necessary to notice\u2014\nFonurth\u2014The appointment by the armed sections of a committee. As a part of the plan adopted on Monday night, a committee, consisting of one or two from each group, was appointed, the business of which was to be present at the Haymarket and \u201cto observe the movement not only on the Haymarket square, but in the different parts of the city, and, if a conflict should happen, \u201d to report to the members of the armed sections at their various meeting places, as above indicated. This committee was also intrusted with the task of publishing the word \u201cBuhe\u201d in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d when, in their judgment, the occasion for doing so should arise. As we understand the evidence, this same committee was to have the general control of the Haymarket meeting.\nFifth\u2014A resolution was passed, that the details of the plan, adopted by those present on Monday night, should be communicated to absent members, who could be relied upon.\nBudolph Schnaubelt, whom a part of the evidence tends to identify as the thrower of the bomb on Tuesday night, sugr gested that the plan adopted should also be communicated to comrades living in other cities, so that the revolution should commence in other places as well as in Chicago. This suggestion, however, does not seem to have been acted upon by the Monday night meeting.\nBeturning now to a consideration of the appointment of the Haymarket me\u00e9ting, considered as a part of the Monday night plan, we think the jury were warranted in believing, from the evidence, that that meeting was not intended by those, who made the arrangements for holding it, to be a peaceable assemblage.\nFirst\u2014The resolution, which provided for calling it, was adopted by a secret gathering of the armed sections of the International groups. The record reveals many circumstances, tending to show that a conflict was to be pfeeipitated between the police and the twenty-five thousand workingmen, who were expected to be present at the Haymarket. As one of the witnesses expresses it, it was to be held \u201cto cheer up the workingmen so that they would be prepared if a conflict should happen.\u201d\nSecond\u2014The defendant Fischer, in the discussion on Monday night, assigned as a -reason why the proposed mass meeting should not be held at Market square, that the latter place was a \u201cmouse-trap.\u201d This remark, under all the circumstances of the case, could have had no other meaning than that the conflict, which was expected to occur, might be too easily quelled by the authorities if it took place at Market square. If the assemblage was to be entirely peaceable and lawful in its character, it could make no difference whether the place of its meeting was a \u201cmouse-trap\u201d or not. That the spot selected was not a mouse-trap will appear from an examination of the locality and its surroundings, as they are shown upon the following plat or diagram:\nThe Haymarket is a widening of Randolph street, which runs east and west. It begins on the east at Desplaines street and terminates on the west at Halsted street, the latter streets running north and south and crossing Randolph street at right angles.\nThe speakers were not on the Haymarket itself, but on Desplaines street, at a point a little more than a hundred feet north of the eastern end of the Haymarket. They made their speeches from a truck wagon, which stood on the east side of Desplaines street, next to the sidewalk, and at a point about five or six feet north of the western end of Crane\u2019s alley, the pole end of the wagon looking to the north and the rear end to the south. Crane\u2019s alley begins on Desplaines street at a point ninety feet north of Randolph street, and runs east a short distance and then turns south into Randolph street. Lake street is the next street north of and parallel with Randolph street; and between it and Crane\u2019s alley is still another alley, running east from Desplaines street to Jefferson street, and tapped at a point half way between the latter streets by an opening extending north to Lake street. Between the Haymarket on the south and Lake street on the north, a small street, called Eagle street, runs westward from Desplaines street to Halsted street, crossing Union street, which runs north and south between the two streets last named.\nBetween Crane\u2019s alley and the alley north of and parallel with it is the manufacturing establishment of Crane Bros.,, a large building, closed and unlighted at night, and in the shadow of which stood the wagon of the speakers. Some boxes had been placed on the edge of the east sidewalk of Desplaines street a few feet south of the alley, furnishing a protection from the observation of those in the middle of the street.\nOn Lake street, just north of the wagon, were many gathering places of the workingmen, such a Greif\u2019s Hall, Zepf\u2019s Hall and Florus Hall. There were also several such places to the south on Randolph street. On Tuesday night the halls and saloons in the neighborhood were crowded with workmen, who were out of employment by reason of the strikes and other disturbances, incident to the eight-hour movement, and whose feelings at this time were hostile to the police by reason of the efforts made by the latter to stop the attacks of strikers upon non-union laborers.\nIt will thus be seen, that all the surroundings of the wagon, in the way of streets, alleys, halls, buildings, sympathetic crowds, etc., furnished easy means of approach, escape and concealment. As a mere strategical point, no better position could have been selected for the occurrences, which actually' took place on Tuesday night, than the spot, where the speakers\u2019 wagon was located.\nThird\u2014The language of the hand-bill, calling the Haymarket meeting, which was issued in pursuance of instructions from the armed sectipns assembled in Greif\u2019s building on Monday night, shows that the meeting was not intended to be altogether peaceable. On Tuesday morning at a quarter past seven o\u2019clock, Fischer \"Went to a printing office at the corner of Randolph and Market streets, and procured the hand-bill in question to be printed. It is as follows:\nATTENTION, WORKINGMEN!\nGBEAT MASS MEETING To-night, at 7:30 o\u2019clock,\nAT THE Haymabket, Randolph St. bet. Desplaines and Halsted.\nGood speakers will be present to denounce the latest atrocious act of the police, the shooting of our fellow-workmen yesterday afternoon.\nWorkingmen, Arm Yourselves and Appear in Full Force!\nThe Executive Committee.\nThe testimony is abundant, that many copies of this handbill, containing the words: \u201cWorkingmen, arm yourselves and appear in full force,\u201d were printed in German and English and distributed among the workingmen throughout the city on Tuesday, May 4,1886. Why urge men to come armed to an assemblage, if the assemblage is to be peaceful, especially when such arming is in violation of the law of the State ?\nIt is true, that, at a later hour in the day, on Tuesday, a number' of hand-bills were distributed, which were exactly the same as the above, with the exception that the words \u201cArm yourselves and appear in full force\u201d were omitted. But the evidence shows, that the objectionable words were only left out of the second set of hand-bills, through fear that they might deter some of the workmen from attending the meeting.\nAll the hand-bills, however, both those with and those without the objectionable words, declared the object of the meeting to be, not to discuss the eight-hour movement, but to \u201cdenounce the latest atrocious act of the police, the shooting of our fellow-workmen yesterday afternoon.\u201d What was the act of the police on Monday afternoon for which they were to be \u00b0 denounced ?\nA manufacturing company in the south-western part of the city had employed certain laborers, belonging to organizations styled \u201cUnions,\u201d and hence called \u201cUnion laborers.\u201d These \u201cUnion\u201d workmen had inaugurated a strike and quit work. The company employed in their places' other workmen, not connected with the \u201cUnions,\u201d and called \u201cNon-union\u201d workmen. The \u201cstriking\u201d \u201cUnion\u201d laborers and certain \u201clumber shovers\u201d had made a most violent attack not only upon the \u201cNon-union\u201d laborers, but upon the buildings and property of the company. The police had been summoned to quell the riot, and, as the result of then efforts to do so, one person, and not six, had died from the effect of wounds received on that occasion.\nThe city authorities did their duty, when they ordered the. police to stop this unjustifiable attack of the union workmen, re-enforced by striking lumber-shovers, upon men, who were -pursuing their lawful business. It follows, that the Hay-market meeting was called for the purpose of denouncing the officers of the law, because they had done their duty.\nFourth\u2014The testimony of Waller and Seliger shows, that some trouble, not clearly defined in the language of unlearned witnesses speaking through an interpreter, was exp\u00e9cted to take place at the Haymarket meeting. The discussions at the Monday night meeting indicated such an expectation. What other construction can be placed upon such language as this, used at that meeting: \u201cIt would be better if we would place ourselves among the people and fight right in the midst of them; we could not know who would be our nearest neighbor \u00f3f the crowd; there might be a detective right near us,\u201d etc.?\nOne of the witnesses says, that \u201cit was planned to attack the police stations to prevent the police from coming to aid, if there should be a fight in the city,\u201d and that those present Monday night expected there would be a fight. That this fight was expected to take place at or near the Haymarket would appear from the fact, that, as soon as the stations were blown up, the armed men and the workmen joining them should march \u201cto the heart of the city,\u201d where the fight would commence in earnest. The Haymarket was in the heart of the city. - Lingg stated to Seliger on Tuesday night \u201cthat there\"* should be made a disturbance everywhere on the North Side to prevent the police from going over on the West Side.\u201d If the place, to which the police were to be kept from going' by the attacks upon the stations, was in the heart of the city and on the West Side, it could not have been very far from the Haymarket square.\nFifth\u2014The same committee, which had charge of the Hay-market meeting, and had the power to call together the armed men at their meeting places by the insertion of the word \u201cBuhe\u201d in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d was also instructed to attend at the Haymarket and from there carry reports to them at their meeting places. The thing they were to report to the armed men was a conflict with the police. As they were to attend at the Haymarket and report from there, a conflict must have been expected there.\nThat the plan adopted on Monday night, with its provisions for bomb-throwing, shooting, meeting places, signal, committee, mass meeting, communication with absent members, etc., was an unlawful conspiracy, there can be no doubt.\nThe question now arises whether the murder of Began was committed in pursuance of this conspiracy and as one of the objects to be attained by it, and whether the murder occurred while the parties to the conspiracy were engaged in such prosecution of it that Began\u2019s death is to be considered the natural and necessary outcome and consequence of that prosecution. In other words, were the occurrences of Tuesday night the result of the conspiracy of M\u00f3nday night ? Was that which was done on Tuesday night done for the purpose of carrying out the plan of Monday night ?\nFirst\u2014The main feature of the Monday night plan was the provision for throwing a bomb into each police station and then shooting down the policemen, as they should come out. This provision had two parts: first, a bomb was to be thrown, creating destruction and confusion; second, in the midst of the confusion following upon the explosion of the bomb, the members of the armed sections and the riflemen of the Lehr und Wehr Verein were to fire into the policemen and destroy them, before they could recover from their surprise. Did this feature correspond with either or any of the events of Tuesday night? In order to determine whether it did or not, it is necessary to notice some of the occurrences, which took place at the Haymarket meeting.\nThe crowd in attendance there was in the middle of Desplumes street, and on the Desplaines street sidewalks to the south of the wagon, and extended around into the Haymarket to the west, and up into Lake street to the north. Those appearing to be most in sympathy with the speakers were near the mouth of Crane\u2019s alley and on and around the wagon.\nThe station, where the policemen had been holding themselves in readiness during the evening, was located on the west side of Desplaines street, seventy-five feet south of the Hay-market and some three hundred feet or more south of the wagon, and between Eandolph street on the north and Washington street on the south, the latter being the next street south of and parallel with Eandolph street. Some electric lights in front of a theater on Desplaines street, south of the station and in the neighborhood of Washington street, served to light up at least that portion of Desplaines street south of the Hay-market.\nThe police formed in line on Waldo place, a small street running west from Desplaines street and on the south side of the station house. They marched in regular order\u2014with their hands down, clubs in their belts, and pistols in their pockets \u2014northward upon Desplaines street, across the eastern end of the Haymarket, until they came \u201cabout to the mouth of Crane Bros.\u2019 alley.\u201d Here they halted, their front line being only a few feet south of the south end of the wagon. One of the officers in command then gave an order to disperse, as has already been stated.\nThe language, in which the order was uttered, is as follows: \u201cI command you, in the name of the People of the State of Illinois, to immediately and peaceably disperse. \u201d These words are the same as those used in section 253 of division 1 of the Criminal Code of this State, which provides that \u201cwhen twelve or more persons, any of them armed with clubs or dangerous weapons, or thirty or more, armed or unarmed, are unlawfully, riotously or tumultuously assembled in any city, ... it shall be the duty of each of the municipal officers . . . to go among the persons so assembled . . . and in the name of the State command them immediately to disperse.\u201d\nIf the police officers had improperly intruded upon the meeting in question, such intrusion would have furnished no justification for the attack hereinafter mentioned. Persons injuriously affected hy such improper intrusion or illegal dis-. persion had their remedies at law for damages sustained; or they could have demanded an investigation before the proper authorities, and, upon proving their charges, could have obtained the dismissal of officers guilty of infringement upon the lights of citizens.\nWe can not say, however, that, in view of all the facts and -circumstances surrounding the occasion, the police officers were justly chargeable with exceeding then authority in the premises. Much disturbance and disorder existed in the city. Many strikes had recently occurred among the laboring men, many of whom were out of employment and smarting under feelings of discontent. It had been reported to the authorities, that the riot already referred to of the proceeding afternoon in the south-western part of the city had been mainly incited hy a speech delivered to some \u201clumber shovers\u201d on the \u201cBlack Boad\u201d by the defendant Spies, who was observed to be the most active spirit at the Haymarket meeting. Copies of the '\u201cBevenge Circular\u201d and of the hand-bill, prepared by the defendant Fischer, had fallen into the hands of the police. A rumor had also come to their headquarters that it was the intention of parties at the Haymarket meeting to proceed to \u2022some neighboring railroad freight-houses, where non-union laborers were employed, and blow them up. In addition to all this, it was reported to the officer in command of the force at the Desplaines street station, that the defendant Fielden, who was then speaking, had just used the following language: \u201cYou have nothing more to do with the law except to lay hands on it and throttle it, until it makes its last kick. . . . Keep your eye upon it, throttle it, kill it, stab it, do everything you can to wound it;\u201d and that the use of these words had produced great excitement and caused noisy demonstrations around the wagon. Upon the reception of this report, the officer in command decided upon the dispersion of the meeting, and his men made the movement for that purpose, as already stated.\nAs soon as the order to disperse was given, the defendant Fielden descended from the wagon, making use of the words, \u201cwe are peaceable.\u201d Whether or not these words were uttered as the English equivalent of the German signal-word \u201cBuhe, \u201d which meant \u201cpeace,\u201d the evidence does not conclusively show.\nCertain it is, that no sooner had Fielden said \u201cwe are peaceable\u201d than the bomb exploded, and, in dfew seconds thereafter, a volley of shots was fired.\nWhether the crowd, which, upon the advance of the police in the middle of the street, had scattered to the north of the wagon and to the sidewalks upon the east and west sides of Desplaines street, fired into the police or not, is one of the disputed questions in the ease. According to the testimony for the State, persons in the street and upon the sidewalks discharged their revolvers into the midst of the police, some of the witnesses estimating the number of shots at seventy-five or one hundred. On the other hand, witnesses for the defence swear, that the only shooting, which was done, came from the ranks of the police themselves. That the latter fired into the crowd after the explosion is an admitted fact, but the prosecution claims that they did not do so, until after they were fired into.\nWe think the weight of evidence is in favor of the position of the State upon this subject. If it be conceded, that the witnesses for the prosecution, who are, for the most part, policemen, are interested on one side of the question, and that, the witnesses for the defence, who are, for the most part, \u25a0 partisans of or sympathizers with the prisoners, are interested. on the other side of the question, there is yet other evidence which seems to us to be decisive of the matter.\nThe testimony of the surgeons, who are entirely disinterested, shows that two police officers died from the effects of bullet wounds, and that many more, who did not die, received bullet wounds. As the policemen were a solid body of well-drilled men, standing together in the street in well-formed lines and orderly ranks, it is impossible that they should have shot into their own midst. This being so, the bullet wounds received by them, must have been caused by shots from the crowd in their front and on their sides.\nIn addition to this, it has already appeared that many of the persons around the wagon had been preparing for a long time for the events expected to grow out of the eight-hour movement on May 1, 1886, by exercises in drilling, by the purchase of arms, by experiments with dynamite, and had been \u2019 repeatedly urged in speeches, in newspaper articles, and by the circulars already mentioned, to meet those events in a state \u25a0 \u2022of armed preparation.\nMoreover, several of the newspaper reporters, who were present, confirm the \u2022 statements of the policemen, that shots were fired from the sidewalks into the police. One of the reporters saw several men around the wagon boldly exhibiting their revolvers, while the speaking was going on. A revolver was found on the sidewalk near the wagon, several barrels of which had been discharged.\nIt is apparent from this review of the evidence, that just such an attack was made at the Haymarket, as was contemplated and arranged for by the conspiracy of Monday night. First, a bomb was thrown among the policemen; next, shots were fired into their ranks by armed men, belonging to the organization heretofore described and who had been gathered around the wagon during the evening. In the order of time, the shooting occurred a few seconds after the bomb exploded. This was the order, in which the onset with the two different kinds of weapons was to be made, according to the terms of the conspiracy. The mode of attack, as made, .corresponded with the mode of attack, as planned.\nIt is true, that the plan adopted contemplated the throwing: of a bomb into each station and then shooting down the police, as they should come out. This was to be done, however, not only at the North avenue station, but at the stations \u201cin other-parts of the city.\u201d The Desplaines street station was a station, in one of the \u201cother parts of the city,\u201d and was as much embraced within the scope of the plan as the rest of the stations.. It- was in sight of the speakers\u2019 wagon and only a short distance south of it. If a bomb had been thrown into the station, itself and the policemen had been shot down while coming out, a -part of the conspiracy would have been literally executed, just as it was agreed upon. It could make no difference in the guilt of those, who were parties to the conspiracy, that the man, who threw the bomb, and his confederates, who fired the shots, waited, before doing their work, until the policemen in. the station had left it and had advanced some three hundred, feet north of it.\nIf A hire B to shoot C at the Sherman House in the city of Chicago on a certain night, but B, seeing C enter the Tremont House on. the same night, shoots him there, A is none the less, guilty of aiding, abetting, advising and encouraging the murder of C. If-there is a conspiracy to kill policemen at a station, house, but the agents of the conspiracy kill the policemen a short distance away from the station house, there is no such departure from the original design as to relieve the conspirators-of responsibility.\nA plan for the perpetration of a crime or for the accomplishment of any action, whether worthy or unworthy, can not. always be executed in exact accordance with the original conception. It must suffer some change or modification in order to me'et emergencies and unforeseen contingencies.\nThe International groups, as will be seen hereafter, had. received information that the police intended to hold themselves in readiness for the expected outbreak at their respective stations. The presence of one hundred and eighty policemen at the Desplaines street station, only seventy-five feet south of the Haymarket, seemed to contradict the correctness of this information, and to indicate a concentration instead of a scattering of forces on the part of the authorities. Such action by the authorities may have operated to change the original conspiracy for separate attacks upon the stations, and may have led to the concentration of a larger number of armed men at the Haymarket than was at first intended.\nThis appears from the language of Spies in his speech from the wagon, when he said: \u201cIt seems to have been the opinion of the authorities that this meeting has been called for the purpose of raising a little row and disturbance,\u201d etc., and when he asked \u201cwhat meant this array of Gatling guns, infantry ready to arm, patrol wagons and policemen?\u201d It. appears from the excited demeanor of Schwab, who says, that he went from the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office to the Haymarket, passing through the tunnel and walking on Washington street, and that he turned from Washington street north on Desplumes street. This course would take him by the Desplaines street station, where he must have seen the policemen forming on Waldo place. Just after this, he is described by two witnesses as rushing along hurriedly and almost running into, the mayor; and by one witness as engaged in a conversation a few moments later with Spies, in which the word \u201cpolice\u201d was used. Fischer and Waller, also, noticed the mounting of patrol wagons on Waldo place, and indulged in some conjectures as to what it meant. Some change of programme would also seem to be indicated by the delay in opening the meeting. It was not called to order until half-past eight or nine o\u2019clock, although the hour stated in the hand-bills was half-past seven. It was not actually opened until Lingg had deposited the bombs at No. 58 Clybourne avenue. He was evidently slow in his preparations. Mrs. Seliger says that her husband and Lingg, and Huebner and Thielen, and Hermann, and some others, whose names she did not know, were at work on the bombs at her house until past seven o\u2019clock. Prom the fact that Seliger and Lingg were met on the way to Neff\u2019s Hall by Muenzenberger, the blacksmith, it would appear that the latter had been sent forward to hasten their movements.\nThe various details here related tend to show, that some occurrence had taken place which had not been expected or provided for.\nBut notwithstanding the fact, that the Monday night conspiracy may have been varied somewhat to suit the new conditions, we think the jury were warranted in believing, that the bomb was thrown and the shots were fired as a part of the execution of that conspiracy.\nSecond \u2014 The second feature of the Monday night conspiracy was the publication of the signal-word \u201cBuhe\u201d in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d an afternoon paper, issued every day at two o\u2019clock. The word \u201cBuhe\u201d was published in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d on the afternoon of Tuesday, May 4, 1886, about five hours and a half before the hour for which the Haymarket meeting was called. It appeared in the letter-box column in heavy type and heavily underscored. Its publication announced the arrival of the \u201csocial revolution.\u201d It was a call issued to the \u201carmed sections\u201d to arm themselves and repair to their meeting places and await orders. Here certainly was an execution of a part of the conspiracy shortly before the opening of the meeting, at which the murder of Began took place.\nIt is clear that the publication of the word \u201cBuhe\u201d in a German paper might not be notice to the armed members of the American group, who presumably could \"not speak or read German. The \u201cAlarm\u201d at this time was only issued every half month. Accordingly, on Tuesday afternoon, at about the same time when the word \u201cBuhe\u201d appeared in the \u201cArbelter Zeitung, \u201d there also appeared in one of the afternoon English papers of the city the following notice: \u201cAmerican group meets to-night, Tuesday, 107 Fifth avenue. Important business. Every member should attend; 7:30 o\u2019clock sharp. Agitation Committee.\u201d\nThe question which here naturally suggests itself, is: Was there a gathering of the armed men at their meeting places in obedience to the call, implied in the word \u201cBuhe ?\u201d\nThe evidence does not disclose how many meeting places there were, nor the location of all of them.\nThe meeting place selected for the members of the Northwest Side group would appear to have been Wicker Park. But whether they actually met there on Tuesday night, or whether the arrangement for their doing so was given up in view of some alteration of plan, such as has already been hinted at, the record does not disclose. A large number of the members of this group were at the Haymarket on that evening.\nAccording to the testimony of Seliger as to the declarations of Lingg, Greif\u2019s Hall, or 54 West Lake street, was a designated meeting place for some of the armed men. This hall was crowded on Tuesday night with workingmen, many of whom went over to the Haymarket.\nIt was only two blocks east from Desplaines street, and distant only a few minutes\u2019 walk from the wagon of the speakers. A gathering there was, in effect, a gathering at the Haymarket itself.\nThe meeting place for the American group on that evening was the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office, at 107 Fifth avenue. Twelve or fifteen members of that group met there pursuant to the published notice.\nAt least six of those present, including the defendants Parsons and Fielden, belonged to the armed section.\nThey all left and came over to the Haymarket meeting some time between half-past eight and nine o\u2019clock Tuesday evening.\nThe meeting place of many of the armed members' of the \u25a0North Side group on Tuesday evening was Neff\u2019s Hall. Lingg, Seliger, Lehmann, Smideke, Thielen and others were there on that evening between eight and half-past nine o\u2019clock.\nMany went there to get bombs. Thielen, who had received two loaded bombs, some cartridges, and two cigar boxes full of dynamite from Lingg on that afternoon, was there a considerable portion of the evening, and is spoken of by Neff as \u201changing around out in front of the saloon on the sidewalk.\u201d\nWe think the evidence warrants the conclusion, that 58 Clybourne avenue was one of the meeting places, to which the members of the armed sections repaired in pursuance of the arrangement made on Monday night.\nSome of the meeting places were to be at certain \u201ccorners.\u201d The armed men were to go from their meeting places to attack the stations. They were to attack the stations, in order to-prevent the policemen from getting out of them so as to go to-the scene of conflict, when they should be summoned. Hence,, many of the meeting places would be near the stations.\nOne of the stations to be attacked, and which was specifically named at the Monday night assemblage, was the North avenue station. The evidence shows, that Lingg, Seliger, Lehmann, Smideke, Thielen, and two large men, belonging-to the Lehr und Wehr Verein, all of whom were armed with, bombs, were seen standing and moving between eight and ten o\u2019clock on Tuesday night, at corners and on streets in the near neighborhood of the North avenue station.\nSeliger and Lingg were also that night still further north in the neighborhood of a police station near the corner of Webster and Lincoln avenues. Others, who left 58 Clybourneavenue just after the bombs had been deposited there, \u201cwent ahead\u201d of Seliger and Lingg, so that the course taken by them must have been still further northward and in the neighborhood of Deering, where the defendant Schwab made; a speech to some striking workingmen about ten o\u2019clock on that night after he had left the Haymarket.\nOne or more of these meeting places or corners was in the neighborhood of the Desplaines street station. A group of about twenty-five men were standing, on Tuesday evening, at the south-west corner of Halsted and Eandolph streets, two blocks west of the Desplaines street station, and one of the witnesses speaks of seeing Spies and Schwab going into the thickest of this group between eight and nine o\u2019clock. \u201cAbout an hour previous to the meeting\u201d at the Haymarket, Engel and Fischer, both members of the armed sections, were seen at the corner of Desplaines and Eandolph streets. During the evening Fischer and Waller, the latter of whom is proven to have had a revolver, and both of whom belonged to the Lehr und Wehr Verein, were so near the Desplaines street station as to observe the mounting of five or six patrol wagons with policemen. The speakers\u2019 wagon itself was only a short distance north of that station, and armed men were gathered around it all the evening, as has already been shown.\nThus it is proven, that armed men did gather at certain corners and meeting places on Tuesday night. There is evidence, which would warrant the jury in believing, that such gatherings took place in obedience to the call agreed upon at the Monday night meeting.\nThird\u2014The third feature of the Monday night conspiracy was the appointment of a mass meeting at the Haymarket. The meeting was held and its general character has already been discussed.\nFourth\u2014The fourth branch of the conspiracy had reference to the action of the committee, that was charged with the double duty of publishing the signal-word \u201cEuhe\u201d and of reporting to the armed men at their meeting places any conflict or collision that might occur at the Haymarket or elsewhere. Did this committee attend at the Haymarket and carry reports thence to those gathered at the \u201ccorners\u201d and other meeting places?\nUpon the reception of these reports, attacks were to he made upon the police. The thing to be reported was any collision o\u00ed conflict, that might happen to occur between the police and the workingmen. Such collisions ordinarily grew out of attempts to protect employers or non-union laborers against strikers. But that an act of interference with a meeting of workingmen would be regarded as coming within the meaning of the word \u201cconflict\u201d or \u201ccollision,\u201d as here understood, is apparent from Lingg\u2019s statement, made to Seliger when he first brought a bomb to the latter\u2019s house and showed him| pipes and shells. This statement was, that the bombs would be used not only \u201con occasions of strikes, \u201d but \u201cwhere there were meetings of workingmen and they should be disturbed by the police.\u201d\nAt the Haymarket the collision grew out of an attempt to disperse a meeting that appeared to have been called for an illegal purpose. The movement of the police upon the crowd for the purpose of effecting this dispersion was such a coming together of policemen and workingmen, as would very naturally' be construed by many of the conspirators or their unlearned agents to be within the meaning of the Monday night plan; To regard the advance of the police into the midst of those standing around the wagon as authorizing and justifying the attack contemplated by the terms of the Monday night conspiraey was a natural interpretation of those terms, in view of all the circumstances and of the character of the parties concerned.\nAs the march to the wagon and the order to disperse did fiot occur, until the station had been left, the police were out \u25a0 of the station, before the occasion for the attack arose, and' \u25a0hence the throwing of the bomb into the station itself was an unnecessary act.\nEven if it be true, that the committee already named made no report to the armed men at their meeting places, as contemplated by the terms of the conspiracy, it may be said that such report was unnecessary, so far as those posted near the Desplaines street station were concerned. The only object of such reports was to give information of a conflict or collision. The armed men at the Haymarket themselves saw the collision and heard the order to disperse, and were therefore informed of the arrival of the occasion for an attack without any report from the committee.\nHowever this may be, the evidence tends to show, that certain parties did go from the Haymarket to one or more of the meeting places on Tuesday night, and that they so went, as bearers of some message or communication. Whether the communication, suggested by this passage of persons from point to point, had any reference to the large gathering of policemen at the Desplaines street station, does not appear.\nBelthazar Rau, the advertising agent of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d was one of the most active men in the promotion of the schemes of the Internationalists. As has already been stated, he exhibited a specimen bomb in August, 1885, to the central committee in session at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office, when Seliger was present as a delegate. The written copy of the words \u201cY.\u2014Homme Montag Abend,\u201d published in the \u201cDie Eackel\u201d on Sunday, May 2, and calling the meeting of the armed men on Monday night, was in his handwriting. He introduced Spies to the chairman of the meeting of the lumber shovers on Monday afternoon. He distributed the \u201cRevenge Circular\u201d Monday evening at Zepf\u2019s Hall. He knew the meaning of the signal \u201cRuhe,\u201d and, according to the testimony of Spies, talked with the latter about it . on Tuesday afternoon. On Tuesday night he was seen moving among the crowd on the Haymarket. On that evening he made two trips between the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office and the Haymarket, once in company with Schwab, and again in company with Fielden, Parsons and Snyder. He was seen at Zepf\u2019s Hall just after the explosion. He was in consultation with Spies, Schwab, Friclie and others at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office on Tuesday afternoon between five and seven o\u2019clock; and, on Tuesday morning between nine and ten o\u2019clock, he was present at the same place with Fischer, Spies, Schwab and Grueneberg at an interview in reference to the hand-bills heretofore mentioned. Gruenhut speaks of him as being on an agitation committee and on the committee for the Internationalists. Special mention is made of him by Herr Most in his letter to Spies.\nThis same Ban on Tuesday night went from the Haymarket to the meeting of the American group then in session at the office of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung, \u201d and, in obedience to a notice from him, all those gathered there went over to the speakers\u2019 wagon on Desplaines street. .\nParsons, in speaking of what took place at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office, says: \u201cSome one, I understood it was a committee, came over from the Haymarket; they stated that they came from the Haymarket- or some one told me- they did.\u201d Fischer stated after his arrest, that he was at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office that night, and he was a member of the executive committee, that called the Tuesday night meeting, as shown by the signature to the hand-bill.\nThus there is evidence, from which the jury were warranted in believing, that Fielden and Parsons and their associates were called from their meeting place to the Haymarket by the summons of a committee.\nFurthermore, about eight o\u2019clock or a little before that time on Tuesday evening, the defendant Schwab was at the office of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d and several telephone messages passed between him and a letter-carrier of that paper in the north-western part of the city. He went over to the Hay-market and, leaving there later in the evening, took a Clybourne. avenue ear at the court house, and went to Deering, at or near the corner of Clybourne and Fullerton avenues. When he arrived at his destination, he was standing on the back platform of the ear. During his journey he passed by No. 58 Clybourne avenue, where men had just been helping themselves from the open satchel of loaded bombs, where Lingg had just inquired of Neff, the saloon-keeper, if \u201csome one had been there asking for him,\u201d where Thielen, who had been with Lingg that afternoon, while he was making bombs, was \u201changing around . . . out in front of the saloon on the sidewalk.\u201d During this journey, he passed the intersection of Larrabee street and Clybourne avenue about the time when Seliger, Lingg, Smideke and Lehmann were standing there. He passed the intersection of North avenue with Clybourne avenue a short distance west from the North avenue station, which had been especially singled out for attack. His course was near the spot, where two large men, armed with bombs, members of the Lehr und Wehr Verein, had been seen standing on that night, and from which they had gone ahead towards the north. It was said at the Monday night meeting, that, when the police stations should be attacked, the Internationals hoped to gain accessions from the workingmen. S chwab went late on Tuesday evening to address several thousand \u201cstriking\u201d workingmen, assembled at a point not a great distance north from the stations visited on that evening by Seliger and Lingg, and, in order to reach the point in question, went directly by the meeting place of the North Side group, to which he himself belonged, and among the corners where armed members of that group had been hovering all the evening, as if in expectation of some order or signal.\nThere is no direct or positive evidence, that he passed by No. 58 Clybourne avenue and the corners in its neighborhood, as a member of the committee referred to, for the purpose of summoning to the Haymarket some one or .more of those, who had helped themselves to Lingg\u2019s bombs. But there are circumstances, which, taken in connection with all the other evidence in the case, point very strongly in the direction here indicated.\nThe evidence of the defence tends to show, that Schwab\u2019s trip to Deering had no other object than an address to the workingmen, that Ban\u2019s visit to the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d was for the sole purpose of getting speakers for the Haymarket, and that the American group met at the office of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d on that evening to effect an organization of the. sewing-girls. It was for the jury to say whether the evidence of the defence upon this subject was of greater weight than the various circumstances already detailed, which, we think, the jury had a right to look at in the light 'of the principles advocated by the International organization, and in the light of the peculiar methods, recoriitnended by that organization for concealing its real designs. The \u201cArbeiter Zeitung, \u201d in its instructions \u201cabout revolutionary deeds\u201d as found' in its issue of March 16, 1885, says, that where a special group is formed - for the purpose of action, the public groups \u201chave to serrve as a covering, as a shield behind which one of the most effective weapons of revolution is bared;\u201d that \u201cthe danger of discovery ought to be weakened as much as possible, and, if it can be, should be reduced to naught.\u201d\nFifth\u2014The fifth feature of the plan under consideration was the resolution to communicate its details to absent members.\nThe record furnishes no direct evidence upon this subject, but it shows that persons, who were present at the meeting on Monday night, were in the company of several of the defendants on Tuesday and Tuesday night. Budolph Schnaubelt was in consultation with Schwab and Spies -on Tuesday night, and was on the wagon that evening with Bielden and Parsons. During the day on Tuesday Bafi and Fischer were in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d building with Spies and Schwab, and were there in the evening while Bielden and Parsons were in attendance upon the gathering of the American group.\nWe have thus reviewed somewhat in detail a number of the events of Tuesday night with a view of seeing whether they took place in accordance with and in pursuance of the provisions of thte Monday night plan. Viewed as evidences of a correspondence between what was done and what was planned, some of the occurrences here noted may be unimportant, but taking all the circumstances together, the jury were justified in finding that the actors upon the stage of Tuesday night\u2019s tragedy were playing the parts assigned to them in the conspiracy of the previous night, and that the death of Began occurred as a part of the execution of that conspiracy, and while the parties to it were engaged in carrying it out.\nThe last and most important question to be considered is: Were the plaintiffs in error parties to the conspiracy formed on the evening of Monday, May 3, 1886 ?\nLingg:\nThe jury were warranted in believing from the evidence, that the plaintiff in error Louis Lingg, was a party to the Monday night conspiracy.\nAccording to the testimony of the captain of the police, Lingg admitted after his arrest, that he was present on that evening in the basement of Greif\u2019s Hall. If he was, then his presence there, taken in connection with his subsequent conduct, would tend strongly to establish his connection with the plot. It is claimed by the defence, that he was in attendance all the evening at a meeting of the carpenters\u2019 union at Zepf\u2019s Hall on Lake street at the north-east corner of Lake and Desplaines streets, two blocks west of Greif\u2019s Hall and about half a block north of the spot where the speakers\u2019 wagon was located on the next night. He certainly was at Zepf\u2019s Hall during a part of the evening, but may have gone over to the other meeting in session at Greif\u2019s Hall. A public announcement was made to those assembled in Zepf\u2019s Hall, requesting all who belonged to the armed sections to go over to the basement of 54 Lake street. Sobrade says he went to the latter place from the gathering of the carpenters\u2019 union because of an announcement that \u201cthe members of the L. u. W. V. should go around to the meeting on Lake street/ This announcement certainly informed Lingg, that the armed sections were in session at a place just two blocks east of him.\nIt would make no difference, however, in view of his acts and declarations whether he was at the meeting Monday night or not. \u201cThough the common design is the essence of the charge of conspiracy, it is not necessary to prove, that the defendants came together and actually agreed in terms to have that design and to pursue it by common means. If it be proved, that the defendants pursued by their acts the same object, often by the same means, one performing one part and another another part of the same, so as to complete it, with a view to the attainment of that same object, the jury will be justified in the conclusion, that they were engaged in a conspiracy to effect that object.\u201d 3 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 93.\nLet us examine some of Lingg\u2019s acts and declarations:\nThe plot of Monday night required the use of bombs to carry it into effect; Lingg and his assistants were making bombs on Tuesday. He brought dynamite to Seliger\u2019s house on Friday, but made no preparations to fill bombs with it until the day. of the Haymarket meeting. He knew all about the details of the conspiracy. On Tuesday night he told Seliger the meaning of the word \u201cBuhe,\u201d and that its insertion in the- paper had been provided for. in the meeting of the previous night. He took a copy of the paper at Seliger\u2019s house and showed him the signal-word in the letter-box column. On Monday night about the time the meetings at Zepf\u2019s Hall and Greif\u2019s Hall were adjourning, he came up behind Lehmann and several other members of the armed sections, who were standing on the sidewalk at the entrance to Greif\u2019s Hall, and reproached them for their stupidity, calling them fools and oxen. When Lehmann, who had been standing guard most of the evening on the outside to prevent intruders from entering the basement, asked him what had taken place at the meeting they were just leaving, he said in reply, that if they wanted to know something they should \u25a0come to 58 Clybourne avenue the next evening. Lehmann \u2022did go to 58 Clybourne avenue the next evening in obedience to this injunction. As has been already stated, Lingg carried loaded bombs there and spread them out, so that members of the International groups could help themselves to them. His remark to Lehmann shows that what he did on Tuesday night was done in pursuance of a resolution formed on Monday night. Thielen, Hermann, Huebner and Lehmann, who were with him \u2022on Tuesday afternoon, while he was \u25a0 making bombs, were all present at the Monday night meeting.\nWe regard it as a very significant circumstance, as showing -the connection between the conspiracy of Monday night and the bomb-making of Tuesday afternoon, that parties who are proven without any contradiction whatever to have been at the meeting in the basement of Greif\u2019s Hall on Monday night and to have belonged to the band of conspirators that met there, went to Seliger\u2019s house on the very next afternoon and were there associated with Lingg in making the bombs that he carried to Neff\u2019s Hall Tuesday night.\nIt was as late as eleven o\u2019clock on Monday night when Lingg told Lehmann and several other members of the armed \u25a0sections to come the next night to Neff\u2019s Hall. It was as early as seven o\u2019clock on the very next morning when he set Seliger to drilling holes in the bomb shells and instructed him to get bolts to fasten the shells together, accompanying his instructions with the statement, that the bombs would be taken away that day.\nLingg. said on Tuesday afternoon, while he and his assistants were at work at the bombs, that they were to be carried to 58 Clybourne avenue as soon as they were finished and were to be used that night, and that they were \u201cgoing to be good fodder for the capitalist and the police when they came to protect the capitalists.\u201d When he returned to Seliger\u2019s house from the West Side at one o\u2019clock on Tuesday, he reproached Seliger with the slow progress he had made in his. work.\nIt may be here stated, that six weeks before this time, when. Lingg first brought dynamite to Seliger\u2019s house, he remarked that every workingman should have dynamite and learn to' handle it, as there was to be considerable agitation.\nBetween nine and ten o\u2019clock on Tuesday night Lingg and. Seliger appeared before the North avenue station, and Lingg proposed to Seliger to throw a bomb into the station and shoot down the policemen, two of \u201c whom were sitting in front, of the building. Whether their failure to carry the proposition into effect proceeded from a want of courage, or from disappointment at not receiving some message or signal, that, was expected at Neff\u2019s Hall, is not disclosed by the evidence. But the proposition itself bears a startling resemblance to the first and main feature of the Monday night plot as already noticed.\n\u25a0 Lingg\u2019s conduct during Tuesday and on Tuesday night shows, that he expected a disturbance to occur Tuesday evening. He and Seliger and Lehmann and Smideke were standing on Larrabee street near Clybourne avenue about half past nine o\u2019clock, when either Lingg or Seliger remarked that \u201c \u2018we should not keep together, we four,\u2019 and then we went, apart.\u201d He became wild with excitement after the patrol wagon, manned with policemen, had passed him and he had been unable to light his bomb soon enough to throw it at the wagon. \u25a0 After that, during the evening, he frequently referred to what was going to happen on the West Side and at the Haymarket, and was with difficulty restrained by Seliger from going to the West Side.\nSeliger swears, that he was present at the meeting of the carpenters\u2019 union on Monday night and was there at the same time with Lingg; he also states, that, before he went, he learned that there was to be a meeting at the Haymarket on the night of the 4th of May. It would thus appear, that \u00a1Fischer's proposition to hold a mass meeting at the Haymarket was the subject of consultation and arrangement among the members of the groups, before he went to the gathering of the armed men on Monday night.\nThe proof discloses two circumstances, occurring after the explosion of the bomb on Tuesday night, which tend to show Lingg\u2019s connection with the Haymarket crime. About eleven o\u2019clock on that evening the Lehmanns, the Hermanns, the Hagemanns and Hirschberger, the librarian, were in Neff\u2019s saloon. Some of them had just come from the Haymarket and they were talking about the explosion of the bomb. In the midst of their conversation Lingg and Seliger entered the saloon, when one Hermann said in an energetic voice to Lingg: \u201cTon are the fault of all of it\u201d or, \u201cthat is your fault.\u201d Thereupon, a subdued conversation took place between Hermann and Lingg. This circumstance is sworn to by both Seliger and Neff, and is competent testimony as against Lingg.\nAfter this, when Seliger and Lingg were on their way home from Neff\u2019s saloon, Lingg \u201cmade the remark that he was even now scolded\u2014chided\u2014for the work he had done.\u201d\nThe details of the plan adopted on Monday night, as the same are herein set forth, are proven by testimony which is uncontradicted. The evidence introduced by the prosecution as to the acts and declarations of Lingg on Tuesday and Tuesday night and during several weeks prior thereto, is also uncontradicted by any testimony offered on the part of the defence, so far as we have been able to discover. What are the inferences to be drawn from these uncontroverted facts? The jury, who are the judges of the facts in criminal as well as in civil cases, have a right to draw from proven circumstances such conclusions as are natural and reasonable.\nThe intentions of men can only be determined from their acts. \u201cMurder is the unlawful killing of a human being, in the peace of the people, with malice aforethought, either expressed or implied.\u201d (Criminal Code, sec. 140.) We said, in Davison v. The People, 90 Ill. 221: \u201cMalice is always presumed, where one person deliberately injures another. It is. the deliberation, with which the act is performed, that gives it. character. It is the opposite of an act, performed under uncontrollable passion, which prevents all deliberation or cool reflection in forming a purpose.\u201d\n\u2022 Here is a man, connected with a certain organization, engaged in arming and drilling for a conflict with the police. He is experimenting with dynamite and in -the construction of bombs under the direction of armed members of that organization. He makes bomb \"shells, fills them with dynamite, takes-them to the meeting place of armed members of that organization, pnts them*where access to them can be easily had, using such precautions as such dangerous explosives naturally require. At once, certain of these armed members, such as the two large men of the Lehr find Weln: Yerein already spoken of, come forward and take bombs and go their several ways. In a little more than an hour afterwards, one of these very bombs is thrown into a crowd of policemen and explodes and kills one of them. Was not the conduct of this man, who-thus coolly and carefully prepared the weapons for one definite class of men to use in the murder of another definite class of men, marked by \u201cdeliberation,\u201d as that term is defined in the authorities ?\nIt was a fair conclusion from the evidence that Lingg knew that the bombs he was making would -be thrown among the police. It was a fair conclusion from the evidence, that he intended the bombs he placed in the hall-way to be used by the members of the International groups, not only in the interest of the general movement against the police with which he was connected, hut in the interest of the particular conspiracy, that was concocted on Monday night.\nEven if he did not know the name of the particular individual who was to throw the bomb, he knew that it would be thrown by some one belonging to the sections or groups already described, and this was sufficient to affect him with the guilt of advising, encouraging, aiding or abetting the crime charged in the indictment.\nHe may not have known what particular policeman would be killed, whether Matthias J. Began, or another. But when he opened the loaded satchel at Neff\u2019s Hall on Tuesday night, that act, viewed in the light of all the antecedent, attendant and subsequent occurrences, was virtually a designation of the body or class of men, who were to be attacked. When one of such class was killed, the guilt was the same as though a person bearing a particular name had been pointed out as the victim.\nEven if he did not know that one of the bombs would be thrown on that evening at a particular place called the Hay-market, it was sufficient that he knew it was to be used at that point in the city, where a collision should occur between the workingmen and the police. Such a collision did occur at the Haymarket.\nCounsel for the defence claim, that there is no proof showing the bomb to have been thrown by any one of the members of the organization, for whose use Lingg may have made it; that the bomb may have been thrown by some person outside of that organization and having a private grievance of his own against the police; in other words, that the bomb-thrower has not been identified as a member of the conspiracy or as a person employed by it or acting in its interest.\nWe think, however, that the jury were justified in believing from the evidence, that the man, who threw the bomb, was either a member of the conspiracy, or an agent employed by it. This appears from the facts already recited. Three circumstances especially served to identify him as being connected with the conspiracy. First, the bomb, that exploded, was one of the bombs made by Lingg; second, the bombs made by Lingg were finished and distributed so short a time before the explosion, that they could hardly have been obtained elsewhere than from his possession, or by others than those for whose use he intended them; third, the throwing of the bomb occurred almost at the same time with the firing of the shots; the latter followed so closely upon the former, that the two can not be regarded otherwise than as parts of a joint attack, showing that the man, who threw the bomb, and the men, who fired the shots, were acting in unison with each other; this negatives the idea of independent action by an outside individual having a private grudge; the character of the attack as a joint one and the concert of action between those making it identify it as that kind of an attack, which the conspirators planned to make. Moreover, there is no evidence in the record of the making of bombs by anybody except Lingg and those associated with him.\nEngel and Fischer:\nAs to the defendants Engel and Fischer, it has already been shown, that they originated the Monday-night plan and procured its adoption first by the North-west Side group and second company of the Lehr und Wehr Verein on Sunday morning, and afterwards by the representatives of all the groups on Monday night. They advised and induced a band of seventy or eighty armed and drilled men to enter into a plot to murder the police with bombs and pistols in a certain contingency, and to agree to certain details as to committee, signal-word, fiiass meeting, hand-bill, meeting places, etc., with a view of carrying that plot into effect. The murder of Began took place as the legitimate consequence of an attempt to accomplish the objects of the conspiracy originated and planned by themselves. Therefore they aided, abetted, advised and encouraged the commission of that murder. Both were present at the Haymarket meeting on Tuesday night.\nThe evidence tends to show that Engel was at his home on Milwaukee avenue near the Haymarket, when the explosion occurred. That some of the conspirators might be at home, when the collision with the police should happen, was a contingency that was provided for by the terms of the plot; in the event of a collision at night, the committee appointed to watch the movement was to report to the armed men at their homes.\nIt has already been stated, that Fischer was at the Hay-market early in the evening, and was seen walking about on Desplaines street and in front of the station, and was present while Fielden, the last speaker, was talking. There is testimony on the part of the prosecution tending to show that he was in the neighborhood of the wagon and near the mouth of Crane\u2019s alley, when the bomb was thrown. There is also testimony on the part of the defence tending to show, that at that time he was in the saloon at Zepf\u2019s Hall. Zepf\u2019s Hall was just a few steps north of the wagon and in sight from it. The hall was crowded that night with workmen, and on the upper floors several meetings, among others that of the furniture workers, were in session. Between it and the Hay-market persons were passing back and forth. Fischer may have stepped into the saloon a few moments before the explosion and may have been there at the precise moment of its occurrence, although one of the newspaper reporters, who was in the saloon at the time, says he did not see him.\n\u00edt would make no difference, however, in the degree of responsibility, with which Engel and Fisher are chargeable under the facts already narrated, that they were not actually among those who stood around the wagon, when the bomb was thrown. Where persons combine to stand by one another in a breach -of the peace with a general resolution to resist all opposers, and, in the execution of their design, a murder is committed, all of the company are equally principals in the murder, though at the time of the act, some of them were at such a distance as to be out of view, if the murder be in furtherance of the common design. Wharton on Homicide, (2d ed.) sec. 338; Williams v. The People, 54 Ill. 422.\nOn the morning after the Haymarket massacre about ten or eleven o\u2019clock the defendant Fischer was arrested while coming down the stairs of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d building. The officer found upon his person a 44-caliber, self-acting revolver loaded and also a file. He wore a belt and sheath under his coat, the belt having a brass buckle upon it with the letters. \u201cL. & W: V.,\u201d a buckle of the Lehr und Wehr Verein society. \u201cThe file, an old-fashioned, three-cornered file, ground to a sharp edge, very sharp on the point, with a wooden handle, was in. the sheath; the revolver was stuck in a slit in the belt ; there were ten cartridges in his pocket; there was also a fuse cap\u2014a fulminating cap\u2014in his pocket; the fulminating cap was bright.\u201d At Fischer\u2019s house after his arrest were found a. box of nearly fifty 44-caliber cartridges and a light blue blouse, such as is worn by the Lehr und Wehr Verein.\nSpies and Schwab: v\nWe will now consider the relations of the defendants Spies- and Schwab to the Monday night plot.\nBy the terms of the plot, the word \u201cBuhe\u201d was to be published in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d as a signal to the members-of the armed sections to arm themselves and gather at their meeting places, there to be ready to attack the police when the committee appointed should give information of a disturbance. That word was published in the paper, which was-issued on the afternoon of Tuesday, May 4. Its publication, was the act of the defendant Spies. He wrote with his own hands the words \u201cBrief Kasten\u2014Buhe\u201d\u2014the former of which means \u201cletter-box\u201d in German\u2014and, from the original manuscript so written by himself, the printers set up the type from which the words were printed in the paper of Tuesday afternoon. \u201cRuhe\u201d was not only in his handwriting, but he underscored it twice, as if to give it greater emphasis and prominence. If he knew its meaning as a signal-word and the object of its insertion in the paper, as explained on the night before by his own foreman, the defendant Fischer, then he was lending himself by its publication to the execution of the plan of Monday night. \u201cNor is it necessary to prove that the conspiracy originated with the defendants, or that they met during the process of the concoction; for every person entering into a conspiracy or common design, already formed, is deemed in law a party to all acts done by any of the other parties, before or afterwards, in furtherance of the common design.\u201d 3 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 93.\nThere is evidence tending to prove, that Spies inserted this word in the International organ as a member of the committee, whose business it was to do so, because that same committee was in charge of the Haymarket meeting, and he was the most active man in the management of that meeting. He himself inserted among the editorial notices in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d on Tuesday afternoon the following notice in almost the same words used in the hand-bill, printed by Fischer: \u201cAttention, workingmen! Grand mass meeting this evening at half-past seven o\u2019clock on the Haymarket, Randolph, between Desplaines and Halsted streets. Good speakers will denounce the latest rascally deed of the police in killing our brethren yesterday afternoon, in shooting our brethren yesterday afternoon.\u201d He organized the Haymarket meeting and addressed it. He mounted the wagon and called for Parsons. He selected, as the speaker\u2019s, stand, the wagon with all its advantages of location, as already specified. He moved among the workingmen on the Haymarket and pressed them north into Desplaines- street to the neighborhood of the wagon so selected. In his address he spoke confidently as to the. intentions of the committee,- charged with the double duty already indicated, saying among other things: \u201cThe committee that called the meeting wanted to tell you certain facts,\u201d etc.\nIn explanation of the publication of the word \u201cBuhe,\u201d the defendant Spies swears that its meaning was stated to him for the first time by Bau, his advertising agent, and Fischer, his foreman, on Tuesday afternoon after its appearance in the paper, and that he instructed them to speak to the armed men of its insertion at that time, as a mistake. Bau and Fischer were not placed upon the stand to confirm this explanation, and whether it was credible, in view of his printed utterances on that day and several previous days and in view of all the other features of his conduct, as disclosed in the record, was a matter for the jury to determine. If they did not believe his explanation as against the evidence, which tended to contradict it, then they were justified in finding, from the circumstances already mentioned and those hereafter stated, that he was as much a party to the plot as Engel and Fischer and Lingg.\nThat plot, as has already been shown, contemplated the throwing of a bomb into each police station, and then, in the confusion, using, fire-arms against the policemen. In an article upon the riot of Monday afternoon, written by the defendant Spies and published in the same Tuesday afternoon edition, in which the word \u201cBuhe\u201d appeared, he says: \u201cIf brothers, who defended themselves with stones (a few of them had little snappers in the shape of revolvers) had been provided ivith good weapons and one single dynamite bomb, not \u2022one of the murderers would have escaped his well-merited fate.\u201d Here is a suggestion of that very mode of attacking the police, which was the main feature of the Monday night conspiracy. This suggestion was made to the workingmen Tuesday afternoon. Tuesday night the very thing suggested took place, that is to say, a bomb was thrown not into a station, but among the police a few feet from a station, and, after it was thrown, \u201cgood weapons\u201d were fired into them, killing several and wounding several more. The article in question did not stop, however, with a suggestion of an attack upon the police in the mode specified. It closed by saying: \u201cLast night thousands of copies of the following circular were distributed in all parts of the city,\u201d and then quoted and re-published in full the German portion of the \u201cRevenge Circular,\u201d that had been composed by Spies and distributed among the workingmen on Monday night, thereby urging such workingmen in the most vehement terms to arm themselves and make war upon the police. A translation of this German circular is given hereafter.\nThe reason why the plan of Monday night provided for throwing a bomb into each police station and shooting the escaping policemen was that the latter might be thereby prevented from going to the scene of the disturbance, which was expected to take place. Such plan would naturally be based \u2022 * \u00ab 6 upon information, that the police intended to hold themselves in readiness at their stations for a summons to some point of conflict. On the afternoon of April 30, 1886, being the Friday preceding the Tuesday, on which the Haymarket meeting occurred, the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d in an editorial written by one or the other of its two editors, Spies and Schwab, thus addressed its three thousand six hundred readers among the members of the International groups and the unions of the workingmen:\n\u201cAs we are informed from reliable source, the police have received secret orders to keep themselves prepared in their\" stations, as a labor conflict is feared on Saturday of next week. You see the capitalistic sluggards are thirsty for the blood of workingmen. The workingmen will not permit themselves to be kicked by them like dogs any more. They will not be tortured to death any more by unlimited work, and they will not be starved any more. For this opposition they want vengeance and they cry for blood. May be that this cry will be heeded\u2014but then, beside the red life-sap of the extortioner\u2019s victim, there may flow a little of the black-dragon ; poison of the extortioner. To the workingmen we again say at this hour, am yourselves. You have but one life to lose. Defend that with all means. And in this connection we want to caution the a/rmed workingmen as yet to conceal their arms so that they will not be stolen by the minions of the law, as it has happened in various instances.\u201d\nHere was a statement that the police had \u201creceived secret orders to keep themselves prepared in their stations\u201d for a labor conflict expected to occur in about a week, which statement was accompanied with a caution to the workingmen to arm themselves and to conceal their arms. The injunction to arm could have had no other object than to meet the preparations which the police had received secret orders to make. Such preparations could be of no avail, if the stations should be blown up and the police themselves should be shot down. Therefore, the plan of Monday night was exactly adapted to rendering the action of the police in keeping themselves prepared in their stations useless and of no effect. So exactly does the plan in question fit the state of things spoken of in the editorial of April 30, that it would appear to have been suggested by that, editorial.\nWhen it is remembered, that, on the very day on which this editorial made its appearance, Lingg brought to Seliger\u2019s house the large box of dynamite, already alluded to, and that, on the next Sunday morning, Fischer, who, as foreman of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d was all the time at work under the eyes of Spies and Schwab, went in company with Engel to a meeting of the second company of the Lehr und Wehr Yerein and the North-west Side group, where the plan for destroying the stations and their occupants was \u2019 adopted upon the suggestion of Engel, it would appear, that the defendant Spies and Schwab not only joined the conspiracy now under discussion after it was formed, hut inspired the conception of it before it was formed.\nThe armed men, who met and entered into that conspiracy on Monday evening, were called together by the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d of which Spies and Schwab were the editors and managers. In the edition, called \u201cDie Fackel,\u201d issued on . Sunday May 2, and in the issue of the afternoon of Monday, May 3, there were published, in the letter-box column, the words: \u201cY.-Komme Montag Abend\u2019\u201d (\u201cY.-Come Monday night.\u201d) This was a summons to the armed sections to meet, as they did, on Monday night at Greif\u2019s Hall. The original manuscript, from which the words were printed for the Sunday issue, was in the handwriting of Eau, advertising agent of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d member with Spies of the bureau of information, and distributor for Spies of the \u201cRevenge\u201d circular. The printing of the call twice, on both Sunday and Monday, indicated the importance of the matters to come before the meeting.\nIn his testimony, Spies says of the \u201cRevenge\u201d circular: \u201cI wrote it to arouse the working people, who are stupid and ignorant, to a consciousness of the condition that they were in.\u201d In the circular as above quoted he uses the words: \u201cAvenge the atrocious murder, which has been committed upon your brothers to-day (Monday,) and which will likely be committed upon you to-mmrow\u201d (Tuesday.) In the minds of \u201cstupid and ignorant\u201d workmen, already excited about the eight-hour day of labor, the language here quoted could mean nothing else than that an attack, similar to the one, which took place in the south-western part of the city on Monday, would probably be made upon the workingmen by the police on Tuesday.\nAgain, in the issue of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d published on Sunday May 2, it is said: \u201cEverything depends upon quick and immediate action. The tactics of the bosses are to gain time; the tactics of the strikers must be to grant them no time. By Monday or Tuesday the conflict must have reached its highest intensity, else the success ivill be doubtful. Within a week the fire, the enthusiasm will be gone, and then the bosses will celebrate victories.\u201d Here is another designation of Tuesday as the day when the excitement would be the most intense. The conduct of Spies and Schwab during the few days preceding May 4 and on that day, as evinced by their utterances in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d and otherwise, shows a constant effort to increase the enthusiasm to the highest pitch.\nThey advised \u201cstupid and ignorant\u201d workingmen to arm themselves, and then sought by vehement appeals to urge them on to \u201cquick and immediate action.\u201d For instance:\nOn Wednesday, April 28, they said: \u201cThe power of the associate manufacturers and their state must be met by labor associations. The police and soldiers, who fight for that power, must be met by armed armies of workingmen; the logic of-facts requires this; arms \u00e1re more necessary in our times than anything else. Whoever has no money, sell his watch and chain to buy fire-arms for the amount realized. Stones and sticks will not avail against the hired assassins of the' extortionists. It is time to arm yourselves.\u201d\nOn Thursday, April 29, they said: \u201cIf the legitimate means of the thieves and scoundrels, who practice extortion on their fellow-men, are exhausted, then they resort to force. A wage slave, who is not utterly demoralized, should akvays have a breech-loader and ammunition in his house.\u201d\nOn Friday, April 30, they said what has already been quoted from the editorial of that date, and on the same day they further said, in another article: \u201cWhat will the 1st of May bring ? The workingmen bold and determined. . . . Men of labor, so long as you acknowledge the gracious kicks of your oppressors with words of gratitude, so long you are faithful dogs. . . . They are enraged, and will attempt, through hired murderers, to do aioay with you like mad dogs.\u201d\nOn Saturday May 1, they again said to the workingmen in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung:\u201d \u201cAway with all rolls of membership and minute books where such are kept. Clean your gums, complete your ammunition. The hired mu/rderers of the capitalists, the police and militia, are ready to murder. No workingman should leave his house in these days with empty pockets.\u201d\nOn Sunday, May 2, in the same editorial, which urged quick and immediate action, and designated Monday or Tuesday, as the time when the conflict would have reached its highest intensity, they used the following language: \u201cEverywhere the workingmen are willing to accept a corresponding reduction of wages with the introduction of the eight-hour system, they were mostly refused. \u201cNo, ye dogs; you must work ten hours ; that\u2019s the way we want it, we\u2019re your bosses.\u2019 Something like this was the answer of the majority translated into intelligible language. In the face of this fact, it is pitiful and disgusting, but more than that, it is treacherous, to warn the strikers against energetic, uncompromising measwes.\u201d\nOn Monday, May 3, in another article in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d they said: \u201cThe freight handlers were marching in full force from depot to depot at noon to-day. It was rumored, that \u2018scabs\u2019 had been imported from Milwaukee. The railroad depots are occupied by special policemen, while the municipal minions of order under the command of five lieutenants have entrenched - themselves in the armory. The arch-rascals have made provisions for good victuals and drink. ... A strike will probably take place in the lumber districts. . . . The number of strikers to-day can not be determined, but will probably amount to forty thousand. Courage, courage is our cry. Don\u2019t forget the words of Herways: The host of the oppressors grows pale, when thou, weary of thy burden, in the corner puttest the ploio, when thou sayest \u2018it is enough.\u2019\u201d\nBut there were other occurrences during the same period, which tended to incite the workingmen to an attack upon the police.\nWhile Fischer, the first foreman in the compositor\u2019s room of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d was present at the Sunday morning meeting on Emma street, Urban, a compositor of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d was attending a meeting of the Central Labor Union at No. 54 West Lake street in a room back of the saloon. Spies was present at a second meeting of the Central Labor Union at the same place in the aft'ernoon of. the same Sunday.\nIt was arranged at these morning and afternoon gatherings of the Central Labor Union that Spies should address the meeting of the striking lumber shovers, to be held the next afternoon on the \u201cBlack road,\u201d in the near neighborhood of a large manufacturing establishment in the south-western part of the city.\nOn Monday afternoon the meeting in question took place. It has already been referred to. The lumber shovers were \u201con a strike\u201d and met to hear reports from certain committees, whom they had appointed to negotiate with their employers in reference to the eight-hour movement. The immense crowd in attendance upon this occasion was addressed by Spies, as has already been stated. He spoke in the German language from the top of a freight car. His manner was excited and his gestures were violent. One of the witnesses says, that while speaking \u201che jumped up three or four feet high.\u201d About three blocks west from the place where he was speaking was situated the factory which was employing non-union laborers as heretofore explained. The lumber shovers at the meeting were not connected in any way with the workingmen engaged at the factory. But when the latter came out of the factory gate about three o\u2019clock in the afternoon at the ringing of a bell an attack was made upon them by several thousand of the lumber shovers who rushed from the freight car towards the gate, before the speaking was finished, in obedience to an order from some one on the car. A conflict ensued. The police were called out. Stones were thrown, clubs were used, and pistols were fired by both the crowd and the police. Some of the policemen and several of the workingmen were wounded. One of the latter was killed, as has been heretofore mentioned.\nIt is admitted by the defendant Spies, that, upon this occasion, he urged the workingmen, many of whom were armed with revolvers, to resist the attempt of the police to quell the riot. In an account of what took place, written by himself and published on the next afternoon (Tuesday, May 4) in the \u25a0\u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d he says:\n\u201c The writer of this hastened to the factory as soon as the first \u25a0shots were fired and a comrade urged the assembly to hasten to the rescue of their brothers, who were being murdered, but no one stirred.....The writer ran back. He implored the people to come along\u2014those who had revolvers in their pockets, but it was in vain. With an exasperating indifference they put their hands in their pockets and marched home, babbling as if the whole affair did not concern them in the least. The revolvers were still cracking and fresh detachments of police, here and there bombarded with stones, were hastening to the battle ground. The battle was lost!\u201d\nOn Tuesday afternoon Spies inserted in his paper a call for the Haymarket meeting in order to denounce the action of the police at this very riot. The Haymarket meeting was thus nothing more than a continuation of the warfare on the police, which he himself had incited and taken part in on Monday afternoon.\nAfter his return from the \u201cBlack road\u201d to the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office on Monday afternoon May 3, 1886, he wrote in English the following address, all of which, except the word \"\u201cRevenge\u201d at the top, is proven to have been in his handwriting :\n\u201cRevenge.\n\u201cWorkingmen, to Arms!!\n\u201cThe masters sent out their blood-hounds\u2014the police; they killed six of your brothers at McCormick\u2019s this afternoon. They killed the poor wretches, because they, like you, had the courage to disobey the supreme will of your bosses. They killed them because they dared ask for the shortening of the hours of toil. They killed them to show you, \u2018free American citizens,\u2019 that you must be satisfied and contented with whatever your bosses condescend to allow you, or you will get killed!\n\u201cYou have for years endured the most abject humiliations; you have for years suffered unmeasurable iniquities; you have worked yourself to death; you have endured the pangs of want and hunger; your children you have sacrificed to the factory lord\u2014in short, you have been miserable and obedient servants all these years! Why ? to satisfy the insatiable greed, to fill the coffers of your lazy, thieving masters ! When you ask them now to lessen your burdens, he sends his bloodhounds out to shoot you\u2014kill you! If you are men, if you are the sons of your grandsires, who have shed their blood to free you, then you will rise in your might, Hercules, and destroy the hideous monster that seeks to destroy you. To arms, we call you, to arms\u2019 Your Brothers.\u201d\nHe at the same time wrote an address in the German language, of which the following is a translation:\n\u201cRevenge ! Revenge!\n\u201cWorkmen, to Arms!\n\u201cMen of labor, this afternoon the blood-hounds of your oppressors murdered six of your brothers at McCormick\u2019s. Why did they murder them ? Because they dared to be dissatisfied with the lot which your oppressors have assigned to them. They demanded bread, and they gave them lead for an answer, mindful of the fact that thus people are most effectually silenced. You have, for many, many years, endured every humiliation without protest, have drudged from early in the morning till late at night, have suffered all sorts of privations, have even sacrificed your children. You have done everything to fill the coffers of your masters\u2014 everything for them! And now, when you approach them and implore them to make your burden a little lighter, as a reward for your sacrifices, they send their blood-hounds, the police, at you, in order to cure you, with bullets, of your dissatisfaction. Slaves, we ask and conjure you, by all that is sacred and' dear to you, avenge the atrocious murder which has been committed upon your brothers to-day, and which will likely be committed upon you to-morrow. Laboring men, Hercules, you have arrived at the cross-way. Which way will you decide ? Fen\u2022 slavery and hunger, or for freedom and bread ? If you decide for the latter, then do not delay a moment, then, people, to aims! Annihilation to the beasts in human form who ball themselves rulers! Uncompromising annihilation to them! This must be your motto. Think of the heroes whose blood has fertilized the road to progress, liberty and humanity, and strive to become worthy of them! Your Brothers.\"\nThese two addresses were printed, one in the English and the other in the German language, upon the same sheet of paper and one above the other, as one circular. The printers in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office usually stopped work at five o\u2019clock in the afternoon. On this particular Monday afternoon, however, five or six of them were detained to set up the type for this circular. By direction of Spies the form was sent across the street to a printing office at No. 88 Fifth avenue. The order was given to strike off as many as possible. Twenty-five hundred copies were printed that evening. As soon as they came from the hands of the printer they were carried away. \u201cA dozen different parties came there after them, coming one and two at a time, taking it as fast as it came from the press.\"\nThese circulars were distributed on Monday evening at various places and in different parts of the city.\nOne of the witnesses says: \u201cIt was a few minutes after six o\u2019clock ... on Monday afternoon. I was standing in the doorway of the entrance of 54 West Lake street, talking with the proprietor of the hall, and first had my attention attracted to a circular by seeing a few of them flying through the air, and remember distinctly picking up one and reading it at the time. Just at the moment I saw a horseman, and the distribution of the circulars was coincident with the appearance of the horseman in front of 54 West Lake street. My impression was that the horse was ridden west on Lake-street.\u201d Later in the evening, the circulars were handed around at Greif\u2019s hall in the saloon and at the meeting of the armed sections, which was in session in the basement. On the same night there was a gathering of the members of the carpenters\u2019 union to the number of one thousand or eight hundred men at Zepf\u2019s Hall at the corner of West Lake and Desplaines streets, as heretofore stated, and the \u201cRevenge\u201d' circulars were brought there and distributed by Rau, the advertising agent of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung.\u201d Between nine and ten o\u2019clock, the .defendant Neebe carried a number of copies to a saloon at the corner of Franklin and Division streets in the North division of the city and laid some on the counter and some on the tables as hereafter stated.\nA copy was seen by one of the witnesses at a meeting that night of the metal-workers at No. 99 West Randolph street.\nAnother witness says that he was walking west on Randolph street Tuesday evening about half-past seven o\u2019clock, and somebody handed him a circular headed \u201cRevenge\u201d and signed \u201cTour brothers.\u201d\nThat this circular gave impulse to the action of the members of the armed sections at the Monday night meeting and inspired the adoption of the plan agreed upon, is apparent-from the fact, that its contents were fully discussed and dwelt upon at that meeting.\nThe witness Gruenhut says, that he was at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office between five and seven o\u2019clock on Monday afternoon; that Schwab and the book-keeper and Neebe (though he is not so sure about the latter) were present while Spies was writing the \u201cRevenge\u201d circular and reading the proof-sheets of it as they came from the hands of the printer ; that Spies told them of the lumber shovers\u2019 riot, from which he had just come, and of the killing of six men by the police, and deplored the fact that the workingmen had not been better armed for their defence, favoring the use of dynamite as the most effective mode of arming; that the calling of a mass meeting was then discussed and agreed upon among them, and it was agreed that the meeting should be held at night and be in the open air; that the circulars, which Spies was preparing, were to be printed \u201cfor distribution for the mass meeting;\u201d that the Haymarket meeting held Tuesday night was the meeting talked about and agreed upon on that Monday afternoon.\nGrueneberg says, that he saw Fischer in the compositors\u2019 room of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d as late as half-past five o\u2019clock on Monday evening, and when it is remembered that Fischer went to the meeting at Gfreif s Hall that night and induced the armed men to agree to the holding of an open-air meeting on Tuesday night at the Haymarket, and himself printed and caused to be circulated a hand-bill, calling on the workmen to come armed to that meeting, and when it is further remembered, that the signal-word \u201cBuhe,\u201d which the armed men that night agreed upon at his suggestion, was next day written by Spies with his own hand and published in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d on Tuesday afternoon, the jury certainly had reasonable ground for believing, that the action of Fischer on Monday night was taken in consequence of and pursuant to the arrangements decided upon between Spies, Schwab and others at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office Monday afternoon.\nThis conclusion receives confirmation from the character of the articles, which appeared in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d on Tuesday afternoon.\nThe following editorial published on May 4, 1886, and called the \u201cTo arms\u201d editorial, was written by the defendant Schwab:\n\u201cBlood has flowed. It happened as it had to. Order has not drilled and disciplined her murdering hounds in vain. The militia has not been drilled in street fighting for mere sport. The robbers, who know best themselves' what a mean rabble they are, who keep up their mammon by rendering the masses wretched, who make the slow murdering of laboring men\u2019s families their vocation, they are the last to be afraid of directly butchering the laboring men. \u2018Down with the rabble,\u2019 is their watch-word. Is it not an historical fact, that private property has had its origin in acts of violence of all sorts? And shall the \u2018rabble,\u2019 the laboring men, allow this capitalistic pack of robbers to carry on, through hired assassins, their bloody orgies ? Nevermore! The war of classes has come. In front of McCormick\u2019s factory workmen were shot down yesterday, whose blood cries for vengeance. Who will any longer deny, that the ruling tigers are thirsting for the workman\u2019s blood ? Countless victims have been slaughtered upon the altars of the golden calf amidst the triumphant shouts of the capitalistic band of robbers. One has only to think of Cleveland, New York, Brooklyn, East St. Louis, Et. Worth, Chicago and countless other places, in order to recognize the tactics of the extortioners. It is: \u2018Terror to our working cattle.\u2019 But the laborers are not sheep, and the white terror will be answered with the reel. Do you know what that means ? Very well, you will find that out yet.\n\u201cModesty is a yice of the workingman, and can there be anything more modest than this eight-hour demand ? Peaceably the workmen made it already a year ago, in order not to neglect to give the extortioner opportunity to prepare for it; \u25a0 and the answer to this was: to drill the police force and the militia and to browbeat the laborers, who worked in favor of the eight-hour system. And yesterday blood flowed. This is' the manner, in which these devils reply to a modest petition of their slaves.\n\u201cDeath rather than a life of wretchedness! If workmen must he shot at, well then let us answer them in a manner which the robbers will not soon forget again. The murderous capitalistic beats have become drunk with the smoking blood of laborers. The tiger lies ready for the jump; his eyes sparkle eager for murder; impatiently he whips his tail, and the sinews of his clutches are drawn tight. Self-defence causes the cry: \u2018To arms! \u2019 \u2018To arms ! \u2019 If you do not defend yourselves, you will be torn in pieces and ground by the animal\u2019s teeth. The new yoke which awaits you in case of cowardly retreat is .heavier still and harder than the severe yoke of slavery as it -exists now.\n\u201cAll the powers, hostile to the workmen, have been (made) \u2022common cause. They recognize their common interest. They have the necessary class- consciousness. In such days as ours are, everything else must be subordinated to this one thought: How can the thieving-together with their gangs of hired murderers, be made harmless ?\n\u201cThe whole newspaper gang makes up the lie to-day that the strikers, who were in the neighborhood of McCormick\u2019s factory yesterday, were the first to fire. That is a bold barefaced lie on the part of the journalistic ragamuffins. Without any warning whatever, they fired at the workmen, when they, of course, returned the fire. Indeed, why should they make so much ado about the rabble ? To be sure, if they had been sheep or cattle instead of human beings, one might have reflected a little before shooting. But as it was, a laboring man is quickly replaced, and the gluttons then at their rich dinners and in the circles of their mistresses boast of the \u00a1splendid achievements of law and order.\n\u201cIn the poor shanty, miserably-clad women and children are weeping for husband and father. In the palace they touch glasses filled with costly wine and drink to the happiness of the bloody bandits of law and order. Dry your tears, ye poor and wretched; take heart, ye slaves; arise in your might and overthrow the system of robbery, present order based on robbery.\u201d\nThe following is a portion of the article already quoted from, which was written by the defendant Spies and published in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d on Tuesday, May 4,1886:\n\u201cSix months ago, when the eight-hour movement began, there were speakers and journals of the I. A. A. who proclaimed and wrote: \u2018Workmen, if you want to see the eight-hour system introduced, arm yourself. If you do not do this you will be sent home with' bloody heads and birds will sing May songs upon your graves.\u2019 (\u2018That is nonsense,\u2019 was the reply.) \u2018If the workmen are organized they will gain the eight hours in their Sunday clothes.\u2019 Well, what do you say now ? Were we right or wrong ? Would the occurrence of yesterday have been possible if our advice had been followed ?\n\u201cWage-workers, yesterday the police of this city murdered at the McCormick factory, so far as it can now be ascertained, four of your brothers, and wounded, more or less seriously, some twenty-five more. If brothers who defended themselves with stones (a few of them had little snappers in the shape of revolvers) had been provided with good weapons and one single dynamite bomb, not one of the mmderers would have escaped his well-merited fate. As it was, only four of them were disfigured. That is too bad. The massacre of yesterday took place in order to fill the forty thousand workmen of this city with fear and terror\u2014took place in order to force back into the yoke of slavery the laborers who had beeomd dissatisfied and mutinous. Will they succeed in this ? . . . About seventy-five well-fed, large and strong murderers, under the command of a fat police lieutenant, were marching toward the factory, and on their heels followed three patrol wagons besides, full of law and order beasts; two hundred policemen were on the spot in less than ten or fifteen minutes, and the firing on fleeing workingmen and women resembled a promiscuous bush-hunt. ... A few of the strikers had little snappers of revolvers, and with these returned the fire. . . . With their weapons, mainly stones, the people fought with admirable bravery. They laid out half a dozen blue-coats, and their round bellies, deyeloped to extreme fatness in idleness and luxury, tumbled about, groaning on the ground. Four of the fellows are said to be very dangerously wounded; many others, alas! escaped with lighter injuries. (The gang, of course, conceals this, just as in \u201977 they carefully concealed the number of those who were made to bite the dust.) But it looked worse on the side of the defenceless workmen. Dozens who'- had received slight shot wounds hastened away amid the bullets which were sent after them. The gang, as always, fired upon the fleeing, while women and men carried away the severely wounded. How many were really injured and how many were mortally wounded could not be determined with certainty, but we think we are not mistaken when we place the number of mortally wounded at about six and those slightly injured at two dozen. We know of four, one of whom was shot in the spleen, another in the forehead, another in the breast, and another in the thigh. A dying boy, Joseph Doedick, was brought home on an express wagon by two policemen.\u201d\nAlso in the issue of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d of Tuesday,, May 4, 1886, appeared the following:\n\u201cAn outbreak was expected on the South-west Side this: morning. A regiment of militia and the whole municipal gang of murderers were held in readiness. Just stir, ye free workmen of America, if you want to be shot down.\u201d\nIn the same issue of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d of May 4, 1886,. also appeared the following:\n\u201cThe heroes of the club dispersed with their cudgels yesterday in the most brutal manner a crowd of girls, many of whom had scarcely outgrown their baby shoes. Whose blood does not rush quicker through the veins when he hears of ' this atrocity of the minions of the law ? He, who is a man, show it these days. Men, to the front!\n\u201cThe armory on Lake Michigan is guarded by militia tramps. ' The youngsters say they are fully equipped. Should the anarchists venture an attack from any point, they would find a warm reception. Well, as long as the youngsters are in their barracks, they will probably not be molested. But if they appear in the streets, circumstances might be altered.\u201d\nThe \u201cAlarm\u201d and the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d were more than mere newspapers to the members of the International Association. They were the organs of that association. The members looked to thpse papers for orders and directions. More especially was this the case with the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d and its German readers. The record contains many evidences of this fact.\nThe seventy or eighty armed men who assembled in the basement of Greif\u2019s Hall and their absent confederates, who were to be informed of their conspiracy, were to look for the , word \u201cBuhe\u201d in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung.\u201d From that paper they were to learn when the social revolution had come and when they were to assemble for conflict. This showed, that ' they were in the habit of reading that paper and consulting it. When a special meeting of the armed sections was desired, they, who belonged to those sections, found the signal-words, calling them together, in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung.\u201d This implied that they were readers of that paper. The seventy or eighty men just referred to went to Greif s Hall, because they saw the summons to go there in their organ. Some of them testify that they went there for that reason, and there is no evidence, that they received any other notice of the Monday night meeting than the one published in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung.\u201d The assemblage of seventy or eighty of them there may be regarded as proof that seventy or eighty of them read the paper in question on Sunday and Monday.\nMany witnesses in this case, both for the State and for the defence, who testify to their membership in the International Association, testify also to the fact that they were in the habit of reading one or the other of the two organs here referred to.\nWaller, a member of the Lehr und Wehr Yerein, who presided at the gathering in the basement of Greif\u2019s Hall, and who was armed with a revolver at the Haymarket on Tuesday night, says that he saw the word \u201cRube\u201d in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d at six o\u2019clock Tuesday afternoon in a saloon on Milwaukee avenue, and that on Monday he saw the words \u201cY.\u2014Komme Montag Abend\u201d in the same paper.\nWhen Lingg desired to explain to Seliger the disturbance, that was expected on the West Side, he went to the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d and showed the word \u201cRube.\u201d\nWithout going further into the testimony, we think the jury were warranted in believing, that most of the editorials in these papers, which were generally in the form of appeals or addresses to the workingmen, were read at least by those of the workingmen, who belonged to the groups herein mentioned. More especially were these organs consulted during the excitement of the eight-hour movement, when information as to the progress of that movement was eagerly sought after among the classes affected by it.\nAs already stated, the weight of the evidence is in favor of the conclusion that Began was killed by some member of the International Association. It was for the jury to say, how far that fatal result may have been brought about through the influence of the utterances, put forth by the organs here designated.\nAs late as Tuesday afternoon Spies said to the workingmen in an editorial in his paper, proven to have been written by himself: \u201cThen do not delay a moment; then, people to arms! Annihilation to the beasts in human form, who call themselves rulers!\u201d\nAs late as Tuesday afternoon, Schwab said to the workingmen in an editorial in the same paper, proven to have been written by himself: \u201cThe murderous capitalistic beats have become drunk with the smoking blood of laborers. The tiger lies ready for the jump; his eyes sparkle eager for murder ; impatiently he whips his tail, and the sinews of his clutches are drawn tight. Self-defence causes the cry: \u2018To arms ! To arms!\u2019 If you do not defend yourselves you will be torn in pieces and ground by the animal\u2019s teeth.\u201d\n\u201cHe, who inflames people\u2019s minds and induces them by violent means, to accomplish an illegal object, is himself a rioter, though he take no part in the riot.\u201d Regina v. Sharpe, 3 Cox\u2019s C. C. 288.\n\u201cOne is responsible for what of wrong flows directly from his corrupt intentions. . . . If he set in motion the physical power of another, he is liable for its result. If he contemplated the result, he is answerable, though it is produced in a manner he did not contemplate. . . . If he awoke into action an indiscriminate power, he is responsible. If he gave directions vaguely and incautiously, and the person receiving them acted according to what he might have foreseen would be the understanding, he is responsible.\u201d 1 Bishop on Crim. Law, sec. 641.\nWe conceive that it can make no difference, whether the mind is affected by inflammatory words addressed to the reader, through the newspaper organ of a society to winch he belongs, or to the hearer through the spoken words of an orator, whom he looks up to, as a representative of his own peculiar class. Queen v. Most, L. R. 7 Q. B. D. 244.\nIt was a question for the jury, whether, with the evidence before them, the attack upon the police at the Haymarket \u201cwas so connected with the inflammatory language used, that they can not be separated by time or other circumstances.\u201d\nWe do not wish to be understood as deciding, that the influence of these publications in bringing about the crime at the Haymarket could he considered by the jury if they were the only evidence of encouragement of that crime, which was furnished by the record. We only hold, that the jury were at liberty to consider the publications in question in connection with all the other facts and circumstances of this particular case and as a part of those facts and circumstances, with a view of determining whether the defendants, who were responsible for their issuance, did or did not belong to the conspiracy now under consideration.\nIt has already been stated, that the defendant Schwab was present at the Haymarket a part of Tuesday evening, but left and went to Peering, where he made a speech. What he said in that speech is not disclosed by the record. The proof shows, that those, who called the Haymarket meeting, expected an attendance of twenty-five thousand workingmen at that place. As matter of fact only about two thousand came. Several thousand had assembled at Peering. That Schwab went to Peering and there addressed some of the workingmen, who were expected at the Haymarket but failed to come, would in nowise lessen his responsibility for the death of Pegan, if his acts and declarations, as heretofore and hereafter noticed, helped to cause that death. If he belonged to the same conspiracy with Pegan\u2019s murderer and the murder of Pegan was perpetrated in furtherance of that conspiracy, then the act of the murderer was his act. It is to be noted that he did not go to Peering, until he first went to the Haymarket and had a consultation with one or more of the leaders, who had control of matters at the latter place. But a further con\u25a0sideration of this branch of the ease will be postponed for the present.\nSpies spoke to the crowd at the Haymarket. One of the witnesses says that, in his speech, he dwelt upon the occurrences of Monday afternoon at the lumber shovers\u2019 meeting \u2022 and the part he took in them, and then \u201cadvised the using of violent means by the workingmen to right them wrongs; that law and government were the tools of the wealthy to oppress the poor; that the ballot was no way in which to right their wrongs; that by physical force was the only way in which they could right their wrongs.\u201d\nThe following is another portion of his speech, as testified to by a witness, who heard it:\n\u201cThe fight is going on. Now is the chance to strike for the existence of the oppressed classes. The oppressors want us to be content; they will kill us. The thought of liberty which inspired your sires to fight for their freedom ought to animate you to-day. The day is not far distant when we will resort to hanging these men. (Applause, and cries of \u2018hang them now!\u2019) -is the man who created the row Monday, and he must be held responsible for the murder of our brothers. (Cries of \u2018hang him.\u2019) Don\u2019t make any threats. They are of no avail. Whenever you get ready to do something, do it, and don\u2019t make any threats beforehand. There are in the city to-day between forty and fifty thousand men locked out because they refused to obey the supreme will or dictation of a small number of men. The families of twenty-five or thirty thousand inen are starving because their husbands and fathers are not men enough to withstand and resist the dictation of a few thieves on a grand scale, to put out of the power of a few men, to say whether they should work or not. Would they place their lives, their happiness, everything out of the arbitrary power of a few rascals ? ... To say whether you shall work or not, you place your lives, your happiness, everything, out of the arbitrary power of a few rascals, who have been raised in idleness and luxury upon the fruits of your labor. Will you stand that ?\u201d \u25a0\nStill another witness says: \u201cHe talked about the police, the blood-hounds of the law shooting down six of their brothers, and he' said: \u2018When you get ready to do something, do it, and don\u2019t tell anybody you are going to.\u2019 . . . At the time Mr. Spies was showing them how the officers came down the \u2018Black road\u2019 and commenced shooting into the' crowd of workingmen . . . they appeared very much excited in the neighborhood of the wagon and in the neighborhood, where they hallooed out: \u2018Let us hang them.\u2019 \u201d\nThe observations, hereafter made in regard to the speech of the defendant Parsons and its effect, apply also to this speech of the defendant Spies.\nThe evidence thus far commented upon in reference to the acts and declarations of the defendants Spies and Schwab, is such, that the jury were warranted in finding them to be parties to the conspiracy. In addition, however, to the facts and circumstances already noticed, there was other testimony, introduced by the State for the purpose of proving that the defendants Spies and Schwab, either one or both of them, gave the bomb, that killed Legan, into the hands of the person, who threw it, and aided him in his murderous design.\nMalvern M. Thompson testifies, that he saw Spies and Schwab together in Crane\u2019s alley on the night of the Hay-market meeting and heard the words \u201cpolice\u201d and- \u201cpistols\u201d uttered in a conversation between them; that Spies said to , Schwab: \u201cDo you think one is enough or hadn\u2019t we better go and get more ?\u201d that they came out of the alley and walked together west on Randolph street to the south-west corner of Randolph and Halsted streets where they entered the thickest of a crowd of about twenty-five men, remaining there some three minutes and then returning to Desplaines street; that, on the way back, the word \u201cpolice\u201d was again used, and Schwab said to Spies: \u201cNow, if they come, we will give it to themthat, upon their return, Rudolph Schnaubelt met them on the sidewalk near the wagon and Spies handed Schnaubelt something which the latter put in his pocket on the right-hand side; that Spies then mounted the wagon and began to speak ; that just after him Schnaubelt also mounted the wagon and sat upon it with his hands in his pockets until Fielden began to speak, when the witness left.\nThe witness did not know what it was that was handed to Schnaubelt, but, upon the assumption that he tells the truth, it was evidently something that was to be used against a body of policemen, and as a bomb with a projecting fuse is made to be thrown into a crowd of men, the jury, looking at the circumstance here noted in the light of all the other facts and circumstances developed by the testimony in the ease, were warranted in believing that the thing given to Schnaubelt was a bomb. Therefore, the evidence of Thompson, if true, tends very strongly to convict Spies and Schwab of aiding and'abetting the crime of the Haymarket.\nSchwab testifies, that, while he was at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office on that evening, a call came through the telephone for a speaker to address the meeting at Peering, and that he at once went over to the Haymarket to consult with Spies about it; that he failed to find Spies and did not see him or talk with him at all; that he met Schnaubelt, his brother-in-law, and, after talking with him about sending a speaker to Peering, concluded to go himself; that he thereupon took a Eandolph street car and went east to the court house, there boarding a Clybourne avenue car for the north.\nThe testimony in regard to the matters, about which Thompson testifies, is very conflicting. There is much, that tends to confirm him, and much that tends to contradict him.\nFirst\u2014As to the proof tending to confirm Thompson. It is established beyond question, that Schwab went to the Hay-market for the express purpose of seeing Spies; that Schnau-. belt was at the Haymarket until after ten o\u2019clock and was on the wagon with Spies, Parsons and Fielden; that Spies did walk in company with somebody from the wagon westward on Eandolph street for the avowed purpose of finding Parsons, who had been seen before eight o\u2019clock at the corner of Eandolph and Halsted streets, and did return along Eandolph street to the wagon in company with the same person, who started with him.\nThe statements of Owen and Heineman and of Spies and Schwab themselves, when analyzed and compared, show that Schwab was at the Haymarket that evening for at least half an hour and that Spies was there at the same time. Other testimony shows that Schnaubelt was there at the same time.\nThompson is confirmed in many particulars. He says that Schwab came rushing along Desplaines street in a great hurry.\u201d Owen also says: \u201cSchwab came up and almost run into the mayor before he saw him.\u201d \u2022\nThompson says that, just after seeing Schwab, he crossed to the east side of Desplaines street, went north towards Lake, then returned southward, saw Spies get on the wagon and heard'him ask if Parsons was present, then, while he was standing at the entrance to the alley, saw Spies, after his descent from the wagon, go with Schwab for a few moments into the alley, etc. Owen says, that, when Schwab saw the mayor at the corner of Desplaines and Randolph streets, he \u201cimmediately upon that turned about and went north on Desplaines street.\u201d It thus appears, that Schwab was seen going in the direction of the alley, where Thompson claims to have seen the meeting between him and Spies, and at about the time when that meeting is claimed to have been witnessed. Schwab says himself that he \u201cwent across Randolph street and north of Randolph on Desplaines I met my brother-in-law, Rudolph Schnaubelt.\u201d\nCosgrove says: \u201cI saw Mr. Schwab there before the meeting began. I saw him there just after the time Mr. Spies returned. . . . The first time I saw him was about forty feet south of Randolph on Desplaines street on the west side of the street. The last time I saw him was at the wagon\u2014it was about half-past eight.\u201d\nMcKeough says: \u201cI saw Schwab on the wagon in the early part' of the evening and a man named Schnaubelt. Spies started away then and officer Meyers .and I followed him as far as the corner. There was a man with him, who, I think, was Schwab, I saw Schwab there in the early part of the evening. I lost sight of him finally somewheres in the vicinity of half-past eight o\u2019clock. After that I did not see him at all during the entire evening. . . . He got on the wagon, I think, before the meeting started and tapped Mr. Spies on the shoulder and said something to him. I saw him at the side of the wagon, talking to Spies.\u201d Freeman, a reporter, also says that he thought he saw Schwab on the wagon.\nThe person, who thus spoke to Spies on the wagon and who was Schwab according to McKeough\u2019s evidence, is said by Spies to have been one Schroeder. Spies also says, that the man, who started away with him towards the corner of Desplaines and Randolph streets, was Schnaubelt. As McKeough speaks of seeing Schnaubelt on the wagon, he must have known him, and he does not refer to Schnaubelt as being with Spies when the latter went off to the west.\nThe south end of the wagon was only a few feet from the mouth of the alley, and if Schwab and Spies did step into the alley and utter the few words, which Thompson claims to have heard, it could all have been done in a few seconds before they started towards Randolph street.\nThe utterance of the words \u201cpistols\u201d and \u201cpolice\u201d at that time and under those circumstances was natural, as Schwabhad just passed the Desplaines street station, and he must have seen what Sahl, one of the witnesses for the defence, says that he saw at about a quarter before eight o\u2019clock, namely \u201cthree patrol wagons, manned with police and about one hundred to one hundred and fifty men drawn up in the rear of the patrol wagons on Waldo place.\u201d That this created such an excitement among those interested in the Haymarket meeting as would have given rise to the expressions which Thompson claims to have heard, is manifest from the language used by Spies and Parsons in their speeches.\nThe conversation between Spies and Schwab, as sworn to by Thompson, would indicate a knowledge of the place where bombs were to be had. Schwab belonged to the same North Side group, engaged in arming for May 1, to which Seliger and Lingg belonged. Seliger, one of the bomb-makers, was a member of the central or general committee, which held its meetings every two weeks in the library room in the rear of Schwab\u2019s office at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d building. Schwab says that he started from his house No. 51 Florimond street to his office on Tuesday night at twenty minutes before eight. At that time Lingg and Seliger were preparing to leave 442 Sedgwick street to take the bombs to Neff\u2019s Hall.\nThe remark \"Now, we will give it to them,\u201d would imply that, if Spies and Schwab gave Schnaubelt a bomb, they obtained it from some one among the twenty-five men, into whose midst they went at the corner of Halsted and Randolph streets. The most direct route to the Haymarket from No. 58 Clybourne avenue is south on Larrabee street to Chi-' cago avenue, west on Chicago avenue to Halsted street and south on Halsted to Randolph street. It is proven in this record, thht on Tuesday night a patrol wagon went from the corner of North avenue and Larrabee street\u2014a point considerably north of 58 Clybourne avenue\u2014to the Haymarket in eight minutes by the route here indicated. From the precautions, which the record shows to have been necessary in the handling of these bombs, they could not have been carried safely and comfortably on a street car without attracting attention. If they had been brought in a wagon of any kind or by a person on foot from Neff\u2019s Hall to the Hay-market along the route traveled by the patrol wagon, one of the corners of Halsted and Randolph streets would have been a very natural place to look for them. There is evidence in the record, tending to show, that several of Lingg\u2019s assistants in the matter of making bombs were at the Haymarket meeting.\nSecond\u2014As to the proof tending to contradict Thompson. Spies and Schwab both swear that they not only did not talk together or walk together at the Haymarket meeting, but that they did not see each other on that evening.\nHenry W. Spies also contradicts Thompson, but we regard his evidence, as seriously weakened by his cross-examination. He testifies on his direct examination as follows: \u201cWhile the speaking was going on I was standing right alongside of the wagon. ... I stood there during the entire meeting. . . . I saw Fielden getting off at the back end of the wagon. I told my brother (August Spies, the defendant) to get off and reached my hand over to him to help him jump. He took my hand. . . . Just at that time the explosion took place. . . . As he jumped, somebody jumped behind him with a weapon right by his back, and I grabbed it, and, in warding off the pistol from my brother, I was shot.\u201d On his cross-examination he says: \u201cOn the 6th of May I was arrested at my house by officers Whalen and Lowenstein. I told them, that, when the bomb exploded, I was at Zep'f\u2019s Hall, walked out and was shot in the door. I told them that I was not at the Haymarket at all from beginning to end. That was not true when I told it to them. I lied to them. . . . I also said, that I did not see my brother that evening until he called at the house and asked me if I had a good physician. I now state that what I then said about that was not the truth.\u201d\nEiehter says, that he was standing at about the middle of the mouth of the alley and saw Spies on the wagon, when he asked \u201cIs Parsons here ?\u201d but did not see him go into the alley after he descended from the wagon. He says, however, that he did not notice on which side of the wagon Spies alighted, nor in what direction he went after leaving the wagon.\nLindinger says, that he did not see Spies or Schwab enter the alley, but he also says, that, after Spies called for Parsons, he descended from the. wagon on the north side, and \u201cI didn\u2019t follow him only until he was down off the wagon.\u201d\nSo with Liebel\u2014he says that he did not see Spies enter the alley. But he also says, that he did not see in what direction or where Spies went after he left the wagon.\nSaid's testimony tends more strongly to contradict Thompson than that of the other witnesses. He says that he knew Spies and Schwab and had heard them speak at Greif\u2019s Hall and Zepf\u2019s Hall; that he saw Spies on the wagon and heard him ask for Parsons; that Spies, after he came down from the wagon, passed witness in company with two or three other persons and that Schwab was not one of them. Sahl was at the time in the middle of the street in a south-westerly direction from the wagon in the crowd of persons standing there.\nThompson\u2019s testimony is positive in its character and he is unimpeached as a witness, while that of the defence upon this-subject is, for the most part, negative in character.\nThe jury had a right to consider the evidence of Spies and Schwab in the light of the facts, that they were both on trial for murder and that their statements on the stand were inconsistent with and contradictory of previous declarations, made by them. 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 462, note a.\nThe prosecution introduced a witness by the name of Harry L. Gilmer. If the testimony of this witness is true there is no doubt but that the defendant Spies is guilty of the murder of Degan. He swears that Spies struck a match and lighted the fuse of a bomb in the hand of Rudolph Schnaubelt, and that Schnaubelt at once, as soon as Spies had applied the match, threw the bomb into the midst of the police.\nGilmer says, that he came to the Haymarket meeting at about a quarter before ten o\u2019clock; that he had been on the South Side and was going to his home on the West Side and stopped at the meeting on his way; that he went up from Randolph street on the east side of Desplaines, while Fielden was speaking, and stood between the lamp-post, on the southeast corner of the alley and Desplaines street, and the wagon near the east end of the wagon; that he stepped back into the alley on the north side thereof and noticed some parties opposite him on the south side of the alley, who were .talking in German and whose conversation he did not understand; that he heard some one on the edge of the sidewalk say, \u201cHere come the police,\u201d and then there was a rush as if to see the police as they were coming up; that a man came from the wagon to the parties on the south side of the alley and \u201clit a match and touched it off, something or other; the fuse commenced to fizzle and he gave a couple of steps forward and tossed it over into the street, . . . the man that lit the match came on this side of him and the two or three of them stood together, and he turned around with it in his hand, \u201d etc. The witness stated, that he did not know the name of the man, who threw the bomb, hut knew him by sight, as he had seen him several times at meetings at different places in the city. When shown a photograph of Schnaubelt, he said: \u201cI say that is the man that threw the bomb out of the alley.\u201d When asked who the man was that came from the wagon towards the group referred to and lighted the match, he pointed to the defendant Spies and said: \u201cThat is the man right there.\u201d The defence have proven that a match was lighted in the alley at this time, hut claim that it was struck by a laborer in order to light his pipe.\nThe defence introduced nine witnesses living in Chicago for the purpose of impeaching Gilmer. The prosecution introduced eight witnesses from Iowa, where Gilmer lived from 1870 to 1879, and ten witnesses from Chicago, where he lived from 1879 to 1886, to sustain his reputation for truth and veracity. Before a witness can say, that he will not believe a man under oath, he must first swear that he knows that man\u2019s reputation for truth and veracity among his neighbors, and* that such reputation is had. The unwillingness to believe under oath must follow from and he based upon two facts: first, the fact, that the witness knows the reputation for truth and veracity among the man\u2019s neighbors, second, the fact, that such reputation is bad. As the reputation must be bad, before it can be known to be bad, the most material fact to be proved is that such reputation is bad. What a man\u2019s reputation is, is a fact to be proved just as any other fact. Where, as here, eighteen witnesses of standing and credibility swear that a man\u2019s reputation is good, while nine of equal standing and credibility swear that it is bad, the jury must determine for themselves whether they will believe the eighteen men or the nine men.\nOther testimony introduced to discredit Gilmer was intended to establish, first, that the bomb was not thrown from the point from which Gilmer said it was thrown; second, that Spies was just getting off the wagon, when the explosion occurred, and, therefore, could not have been in the alley lighting .a match.\nA witness by the name of Bernett swore that he saw the bomh thrown and that the man, who threw it, stood right in front of him, and threw the bomb towards the north-west. Desplaines street between the sidewalks is forty-eight feet six inches wide. The bomb fell \u201con the west side of Desplaines street slightly north from the south line of the alley\u201d extended. 'The testimony of Bernett does not cast much light upon the \u25a0subject, either as to the person who threw the bomb, or as to the point, from which it was thrown. When shown the photograph of Schnauhelt and asked if that was the man who threw the bomh, he says: \u201cI guess not. I never could recognize anybody.\u201d He says, that the man, who threw the bomb, had his hack turned towards him, and that he could not describe him and would not know him, if he saw him. As to the place where he stood when the homb was thrown, he placed it at one time ten or fifteen feet south of the alley, at another thirty-eight feet south of the alley, at another forty-five feet .south of the alley.\nThe testimony of the witnesses differs very greatly as to the point with reference to the alley from which the bomb ascended into the ah\u2019 before it fell. One witness says it came \u2022 from a point north of the alley, another that it came from a point five or six feet south of the corner of the alley, others fix the point at various distances south of the alley varying from five to forty-five feet. Witnesses for the defence, identified mostly with the International organization and from whose midst the shots fired at the police must have come, place the point, from which the bomb was thrown, at the greatest distances south of the point where Gilmer fixes it.\nHeineman, the reporter, a witness whose testimony is favorably quoted by both sides, says that he was forty-five feet south of the alley on the east sidewalk of Desplaines street when the bomb exploded, and that he saw the bomb, or the burning fuse, rise out of the crowd from \u201cvery nearly the southeast corner of the alley\u201d and \u201cfall among the police.\u201d This is just about the place, from which Gilmer says that it ascended.\n' When the police halted and the captain gave the order to disperse, they were very near the south end of the wagon. \u25a0 The main body was on a line with the mouth of the alley which was eleven feet wide. Bonfield says, \u201cthe front rank of the \u2018 first division was near up to the north line of the alley.\u201d All the police faced towards the north and were standing in regular fixed lines. Several of the officers describe the course of the bomb through the air, as seen by them from their positions in the ranks. It could not have been seen by them in the manner indicated in their testimony, if it had started from a point as far south as that sworn to by Bernett and some of the other witnesses for the defence.\nThe defence introduced a number of witnesses, more or less identified with the defendants in their conspiracy against the police and who stood around the wagon during the evening, for the purpose of showing that Spies did not go into the alley just before the explosion. The testimony is negative in its character. It may have been true that Spies did go into the mouth of the alley as Gilmer says, and yet it may be true, that most of these witnesses, whose attention was naturally directed towards the approaching columns of the police, may not have seen him enter the alley. The defendant Spies swears, that, when the order to disperse was given, he was still on the wagon, and that, when he dismounted, the bomb exploded just as he touched the sidewalk. The evidence of other witnesses for the defence tends to confirm this statement. He says, that, after the explosion, he was carried northward by the pushing crowd and went into Zepf\u2019s Hall, and that he did not go into the alley nor in the direction of the alley. But Bonfield swears, that, after his arrest, Spies claimed to have gone, after the explosion, eastward through Crane\u2019s alley and then southward therefrom to Randolph street. Henry Spies inquired for his brother at Zepf\u2019s Hall just after the explosion but did not find him there.\nTo further contradict Gilmer, a witness was examined for the purpose of showing that Schnaubelt left the Haymarket before the bomb was exploded. This witness was August Krueger, the orderly-sergeant and corresponding secretary of the second company of the Lehr und Wehr Yerein. He was present at the Monday night meeting of the armed sections, at which Schnaubelt was also present.\nKrueger states that he saw the notice of the Haymarket meeting in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d and went there about nine o\u2019clock and remained until ten o\u2019clock; that about ten o\u2019clock he was standing on the west side of Desplaines street about thirty or forty feet north of Randolph street, when Schnaubelt came towards him from the north-east; that he had seen Schnaubelt before, but did not know his name; that Schnaubelt proposed to him to go home; that he walked south to Randolph street with Schnaubelt, then eastward to Clinton street, when Schnaubelt proceeded on eastward on Randolph street, while he went north on Clinton street, thence by way of Milwaukee avenue to Engel\u2019s house.\nIf this were all true, Schnaubelt may have returned and entered Crane\u2019s alley through its opening into Randolph street. Krueger stated, after he was arrested on May 6, that he was not at the Haymarket at all on the evening of May 4, and, upon his cross-examination in this case, he admits that he so stated.\nThere is a mass of testimony in the record in reference to the statements made by Thompson and Gilmer. Some of this testimony sustains those statements and some of it discredits them. Any further review of it than that, which has already been made, will be impossible in this opinion. It is sufficient to say that it is very conflicting. It was the province of the jury to pass upon it. They had the right to consider it in connection with all the other facts and circumstances in the case.\nIt is not necessary for us to pass any opinion upon it, as we think there is evidence enough in the record to sustain the finding of the jury independently of the testimony given by Thompson and Gilmer.\nFielden:\nOn Monday evening the defendant Fielden was making a speech to some wagon-makers on onexof the upper floors of the building No. 54 West Lake street, while the armed sections were concocting their conspiracy in the basement of that building. The proof does not show, however, that he was present at the meeting in the basement, or took part in the original formation of the Monday night conspiracy.\n\u201cA conspiracy may be described, in general terms, as a combination of two or more persons, by some concerted action, to accomplish some criminal or unlawful purpose; or to accomplish some purpose, not in itself criminal or unlawful, by \u25a0criminal or unlawful means.\u201d (3 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 89; Heaps v. Dunham, 95 Ill. 583.) It is not necessary, however, that the accused should have been an original contriver of the mischief, \u201cfor he may become a partaker in it by joining the others while it is being executed.\u201d (2 Bishop on Grim. Law, 190.) If he concurs, no proof of agreement to concur is necessary. ... As soon as the union of wills for the unlawful purpose is perfected, the offence of conspiracy is complete. This joint assent of minds, like all other parts of a criminal case, may be established as an inference of the jury from other facts proved; in other words, by circumstantial evidence. 2 Bishop on Crim. Law, 190, and note 7.\nAre there such facts and circumstances proven in this case, as would warrant a jury in finding that the defendant Fielden became a partaker in the conspiracy planned on Monday night by joining those who were engaged in its execution on Tuesday night ? . '\nHe says that he had an engagement to make a speech Tuesday night on West Twelfth street, but that he saw in an English evening paper a call to the members of the American group to meet at No. 107 Fifth avenue on important business ; that, as he was the treasurer of that group and had its funds in his hands, he cancelled his engagement and went to the meeting so called, arriving at ten minutes before eight. It was held in the office of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d newspaper and has already been referred to. Between eight and nine o\u2019clock he left the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d building and went over, in company with Parsons and other members of the \u201cInternational Bifles,\u201d to the Haymarket. After the crowd there had been addressed by Spies and Parsons, the defendant Fielden made a speech from the wagon, some of which was as follows:\n\u201cThere are premonitions of danger. All knew. The press say the anarchists will sneak away. We are not going to. If we continue to be robbed, it will not be long before we will be murdered. There is no security for the working classes under the present social system. A few individuals control the means of living, and holding the workingmen in a vise. Everybody does not know. Those who know it are tired of it, and know the others will get tired of it, too. They are determined to end it, and will end it, and there is .no power in the land that will prevent them. Congressman Foran said: \u2018The laborer can get nothing from legislation.\u2019 Pie also said that the laborers can get some relief from their present condition when the rich man knew it was unsafe for him to live in a community where there were dissatisfied workingmen, for they would solve the labor problem. I don\u2019t knoiu whether you are democrats or republicans, but ivhichever you a/re, you worship at the shrine of rebels. John Brown, Jefferson, Washington, Patrick Henry and Hopkins said to the people: \u2018The law is yowr enemy. We a/re rebels against it. The law is only framed for those that are your enslavers.\u2019 (A voice: \u2018That is true.\u2019) Men in their blind rage attacked McCormick\u2019s factory, and were shot down by the law in cold blood, in the city of Chicago, in the protection of property. Those men were going to do some damage to a certain person\u2019s interest, who was a large property owner, therefore the law came to his defence; and when McCormick undertook to do some injury to the interest of those who had no property, the law also came to his defence, and not to the workingman\u2019s defence, when he, Mr. McCormick, attacked him and his living. (Cries of \u2018No.\u2019) There is the difference. The law makes no distinctions. A million men own all the property in this country. The law has no use for the other fifty-four million. (A voice: \u2018Eight enough.\u2019) You have nothing more to do with the law except to lay hands on it, and throttle it until it makes its last kick. It turns your brothers out on the wayside, and has degraded them until they have lost the last vestige of humanity, and they a/re mere things and animals. Keep your eye upon it. Throttle it. Kill it. Stab it. Do everything you can to wound it\u2014to impede its progress. Remember, before trusting them to do anything for yowr self, prepare to do it for yourself. Don\u2019t twn over your business to anybody else. No man deserves anything unless he is man enough to make an effort to lift himself from oppression. Is it not a fact that we have no choice as to our existence, for we can\u2019t dictate-what our labor is worth? He that has to obey the will of any, is a slave. Can we do anything except by the strong arm of resistance ? Socialists are not going to declare war; but I tell you war has been declared upon us, and I ask you to get hold of anything that will help to resist the onslaught of the enemy and the usmper. The .skirmish lines have met. People have been shot. Men, women and children, have not been spared by the capitalists and minions of private capital. It had no mercy,\u2014so ought you. You cure called upon to defend yowselves, you/)\u2019 lives, your future. What matters it whether you kill yow-selves with work to get a little relief, or die on the battle-field, resisting the enemy-1 What is the difference 1 Any animal, however loathsome, will resist when stepped upon. Are men less than snails or worms 1 I have some resistance in me. I know that you have, too. You have been robbed, and you will be staged into a worse condition.\u201d \u25a0 .\nAt this point the policemen appeared and ordered the meeting to disperse, as has already been stated. Witnesses for the State swear, that, when the police were approaching the alley, either Fielden, or some one with him on or near the wagon, .used the following language: \u201cHere come the bloodhounds ; do your duty, men, and I\u2019ll do mine.\u201d Witnesses for the defence swear, that no such words were spoken. Whether one set of witnesses or the other told the truth upon this subject was a matter for the jury to decide.\n\u25a0 There is evidence of a very distinct and positive character that Fielden shot at the police:\nLieutenant Martin Quinn says: \u201cThere was a shot fired from the wagon by the man that was speaking at that time. . . . It is Mr. Fielden here. ... He made the remark, \u2018We are peaceable\u2019 just as he was going down off of the wagon on to the sidewalk . . . and just as he ivas going down he fired_ right where the inspector toas and Captain Ward and Lieutenant Steele, \u201d etc.\nOfficer Krueger says: \u201cHe (Fielden) stood at the south end of the wagon; ... he stepped down from the wagon and passed right to my right behind the wagon, and in about a moment the bomb fell behind me. Then I saw a pistol in his hand and it exploded twice. I am certain of tioo shots being fired by that gentleman (Fielden.) I stood within about six or eight feet of the wagon, on the street side of it. He (Fielden) passed right past me; I could almost have touched him with my hand, and he went right behind the wagon and stepped up on the sidewalk when the bomb exploded. Then I saw him have a pistol in his hand and he fired twice to my recollection . . . he took cover behind the wagon; he covered himself with the wagon between the police and him; I then returned his fire and at the same instant I received a bullet in my kneecap ; he fired directly at the column of the police and he fired two shots from there; he stooped down behind the wagon.\u201d L. G. Baumann, a policeman of Lieutenant Steele\u2019s company, says: \u201cI was standing north of that alley there, I should judge three or four feet from the wagon. I saw Mr. Fielden, that he was standing on the hind wheel, behind the hind wheel of the wagon, and had a revolver in his hand and fired off a shot; he was standing on the sidewalk right behind the hind wheel; he shot from east to west; that was after the explosion of the bomb, I shoidd say about half a minute.\u201d\nOfficer Hanley says: \u201cAt the time the bomb exploded I was about four or five feet from the wagon; I was facing north; I noticed the man that was the last speaker; immediately after the bomb exploded I turned my face from (to) where the explosion was, and I looked for the wagon again, and I noticed that man right over there (referring to defendant Fielden) by the wheel of the wagon, with a revolver, right behind, firing. I saw one shot go, then I thought it was time to draw my revolver, and, just as I got my revolver out, they rushed for the alley, that was a little south of the wagon. Q. Who rushed into the alley? A. Well, him (Fielden) and about, I really should judge, about twenty more; they kept firing about fifteen or twenty shots after they started to run in the alley.\u201d\nOfficer Spierling says: \u201cI was facing north when the bomb exploded; I was about ten or twelve feet from the wagon at that time. I saw Mr. Fielden get off of the wagon and fire one shot; he was standing behind the wagon on the sidewalk.\u201d\nJohn Wessler, a policeman in Lieutenant Bowler\u2019s company, testified: \u201cThe wagon stood next to the curb lengthwise\u2014 and at the middle of the south end of the wagon, Mr. Fielden stood there and I noticed before I got there a man who would not stand up, and he would shoot into the police and get down behind the wheel, . . . and I went up and saw that Mr. Fielden was there and he got up a second time and shot into the police.\u201d\nFielden swears that he not only fired no shots on Tuesday evening, but that he had, no revolver and never carried one in his life. It was for the jury to determine whether he told the truth or not. They had a right to consider that he was on trial for murder, and that for more than a year prior to the Haymarket meeting he had not only been urging others to arm themselves, but himself belonged to the anmed section of the American group, otherwise known as the International Rifles.\nBesides Fielden, six witnesses were produced by the defence, who swore that they did not see any shots fired by Fielden. If there was a bias against the defendant Fielden on the part of the policemen testifying for the State, there was just as much of a bias in his favor on the part of those testifying for the defence. Here is a conflict of testimony. Six men swear that they saw pistol shots fired by the defendant Fielden; six other men swear that they did not see such shots fired. The jury saw the witnesses and heard them testify and marked their manner and bearing on the stand. It was their special province to determine whether the witnesses for the accused or for the People told the truth.\nIt is true, that Began was killed by the bomb that was thrown, and not by the shots that were fired. But the attack at the Haymarket was a joint attack made by a number of persons with two different kinds of weapons in pursuance of a previously arranged conspiracy. When Bielden lent himself to the execution of that conspiracy by participating in the joint attack, he was just as guilty of the murder of Began by reason of firing his pistol as though he had thrown the bomb. If the man, who threw the bomb, and the twenty men, whom officer Hanley saw running into the alley, had stood up together and the one had thrown his bomb and the others had fired their shots all at the same time into the ranks of the police and one of the policemen had at once fallen dead, would not each of the twenty men have been as responsible as the bomb-thrower for the death of the man killed, whether such death was caused by the bomb or by the shots ? All had the murderous intent. All were using deadly weapons in pursuance of a common design to destroy life. The conduct of Bielden at the Haymarket, considered in connection with his acts prior thereto and with all the other facts, as herein set forth, certainly warranted the jury in finding that he was one of the conspirators.\nParsons:\nWhat are the facts in regard to the connection of the defendant Parsons with the Haymarket meeting ?\nThe call to the American group to meet at half-past seven o\u2019clock at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office on Tuesday evening was published by the defendant Parsons. The notice, which has already been referred to, was inserted by him in the \u201cEvening News,\u201d and the original manuscript, from which it was printed, was in his handwriting. He was seen by several witnesses at the Haymarket on the corner of Randolph and Halsted streets before eight o\u2019clock and before he appeared at the gathering of the group he had called together at 107 Fifth avenue. From the latter place he went in company with Fielden, Snyder and others to the speakers\u2019 wagon on Desplantes street and made a speech to the crowd there gathered.\nThe witness Allen, who heard his speech, says:\n\u201cAbout the only thing that I could quote exact was that at one time he said: \u2018What good are these strikes'going to do? Do you think that anything will be accomplished by them ? Do you think the workingmen are going to gain their point ? No, no, they will not. The result of them will be that you will have to go back to work for less money than you are getting.\u2019 That is his language, in effect. ... At one time he mentioned the name of Jay Gould. There were cries from -the crowd, \u2018Hang Jay Gould\u2014throw him into the Lake,\u2019 and so on. He said: \u2018No, no; that would not do any good. If you would hang Jay Gould now, there would be another, and perhaps a hundred, up to-morrow. It don\u2019t do any good to hang one man. You have to kill them all, or get rid of them all.\u2019 Then he went on to say that it was not the individual always, but the system. That the government should be destroyed. It was the wrong government, and these people who supported it had to be destroyed an masse. The temper of the crowd was extremely turbulent, especially after that speech he made about the workingmen not gaining anything by the strike. . . . The crowd seemed to me to be thoroughly in sympathy with the speaker, and applauded almost every utterance.\u201d\nTuttle says: \u201cThe crowd that was enthusiastic was near the wagon or around it, and some were on the north side of the wagon. The same parties who had spoken when he referred to Gould,\u2014I think the same,\u2014one of them any way, because I had my eye on him for two or three minutes,\u2014two minutes, I should say. I think I could describe the man, and would know if I saw him. He stuck up his hand like that (illustrating), with a revolver in it, and said, \u2018We will shoot the devils/ or some such expression. And I saw two others sticking up 'their hands near to him, who made similar expressions, and had what I took to be, at that time, revolvers. But this one man I speak of, I took particular notice of him, and remember his appearance, and saw his revolver very plainly in his right hand,\u2014and he grasped it about the center of the weapon, and stuck it up in front of the speaker.\u201d\nCosgrove says: That Parsons talked of the police and capitalists, and militia and Pinkertons. He said he was down in the Hocking Valley region, and said they were only getting twenty-four cents a day, and that was less than Chinamen, and he said, \u201cMy friends, you will be worse than Chinamen, if you don\u2019t arm yourselves,\u201d and he said they would be held responsible for the blood that would flow in the near future.\nMcKeough testifies: \u201cParsons, among other things, said: T am a tenant and I pay rent to a landlord. . . . The landlord pays taxes, the taxes-pay the sheriff, the police, the Pinkerton knights and the militia that are on duty out at the barracks, who are ready to shoot you down when you are looking for your rights. I am a socialist from the top of my head to the soles of my feet and I will express my sentiments if I die before morning.\u2019 He said that very strongly and made a great commotion. That seemed to kind of catch the crowd in the neighborhood of the wagon and they let out a great, cheer. ... I went to the outer edge of the crowd. . . . . The next remark I heard Mr. Parsons say, taking off his hat in one hand, said he: \u2018To arms, to arms, to arms/ three times distinctly.\u201d\nEnglish says: \u201cSpies, I think, spoke fifteen or twenty minutes. . . . Well, now here is an abstract of Parsons, and I can\u2019t give the exact language when he first started off. It was about the workingmen, that the remedy for their wrongs was in socialism. He said, without them they would soon become Chinamen. He said: \u2018It is time to raise a note of warning. There is nothing in the eight-hour movement to excite the capitalist. Don\u2019t you know that the military are under arms, and a Gatling gun is ready to mow you down ? Was this Germany, or Russia, or Spain ?\u2019 \u25a0 (A voice, \u2018It looks like it.\u2019) \u2018Whenever you make a demand for eight hours pay, an increase of pay, the militia, and the deputy sheriffs, and the Pinkerton men are called out, and you are shot and clubbed and murdered in the streets. I am not here for the purpose of inciting anybody, but to speak out to tell the facts as they exist, even though it shall cost me my life before morning.\u2019 Then he went on to tell about the Cincinnati demonstration and about the rifle-guard being needed. There is another part of it here. \u2018It behooves you, as you love your wife and children, if you don\u2019t want to see them perish with hunger, killed or cut down like dogs on the street, Americans, in the interest of your liberty and your independence, to arm, arm yourselves.\u2019 \u201d\nSimonson, a witness for the defence, says of the speech, made by Parsons: \u201cI remember in his speech he said: \u2018 To arms, to arms, to arms,\u2019 but in what connection I can not remember.\u201d\nThere is no dispute about the fact that Spies spoke first, Parsons next and Fielden last. It is claimed by the defence, that, just before Fielden closed his speech, Parsons left the speakers\u2019 wagon, or a wagon standing just north of it, on account of an appearance of rain, and went to Zepf\u2019s Hall, and that he was in the saloon at Zepf\u2019s Hall when the bomb exploded. Allen, one of the newspaper reporters, says: \u201cWhen the bomb was thrown I was in the saloon of Zepf\u2019s Hall, standing about the middle of the room at the time. I did not see any of the defendants there. ... I am almost certain Parsons was not at Zepf\u2019s Hall. There was a constant passing to and fro from the furniture-workers\u2019 meeting up-stairs to the meeting over at the Hay-market. I was with Mr. Malkoff at Zepf\u2019s Hall.\u201d Parsons says, that, \u201cin a moment or two\u201d after the explosion, two or three men rushed breathlessly in at the door of the saloon and that he \u201cremained there possibly twenty minutes or so.\u201d Knox, another newspaper reporter, swears,, that he had a conversation with Spies on the night of May 5, and Spies then said that when the homb exploded he ran to Zepf\u2019s Hall and there found a certain party \u201civaiting for\u201d Parsons.\nThe statement of Parsons, that he was in the saloon at Zepf\u2019s Hall when the homb exploded, is sustained by the testimony of Ingram, of Malkoff, a Russian, who on May 4, 1886, was a reporter for the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d and a correspondent of a paper in Moscow, Russia, and had roomed with Rau and lived with Schwab; of Brown, a member of the American group, who had attended the meeting at 107 Fifth avenue on Tuesday night and had been arrested by reason of his connection with the Haymarket meeting; and of Wandray, who had belonged to the North-west Side group for three years before December, 1885.\nTwo circumstances are to be noted: First, it can hardly be said that Parsons was absent from the Haymarket meeting, when he went into Zepf\u2019s Hall. It has already been stated, that the latter place was only a few steps north of the speakers' wagon and in sight from it. Parsons himself says that, before he left the wagon, he \u201csaw the lights through the windows of the hall.\u201d From the window of the saloon he was watching the proceedings around the wagon, when the explosion occurred. He says: \u201cAll at once looking directly at the meeting I saw an illumination.\u201d Second, he did not start to Zepf\u2019s Hall until five or ten minutes before the police came up to the wagon. When he left the wagon for the saloon, Fielden had just uttered the words about stabbing and throttling the law, which had so excited the crowd as to induce McKeough to go to the Desplaines street station and report to the police inspector what had been said.\nWe do not think, that the defendant Parsons can escape his share of the responsibility for the explosion at the Hay-market because he stepped into a neighboring saloon and looked at the explosion through the window. While he was speaking, men stood around him with arms in their hands. Many of these men were members of the armed sections of the International groups. Among them were men, who belonged to the \u201cInternational Rifles,\u201d an armed organization, .'in which he himself was an officer, and with which he had been drilling in preparation for the events then transpiring. i To the men then listening to him he had addressed the incendiary appeals that had been appearing in the \u201cAlarm\u201d for two years. He had said to them: \u201cOne dynamite bomb properly placed will destroy a regiment of soldiers, a weapon t easily made, and carried with perfect safety in the pockets \u00a1of one\u2019s clothing.\u201d He had said to them on Saturday, April , 24, 1886, just ten days before May 4, 1886, in the last issue \u25a0 of the \u201cAlarm\u201d that had appeared before May 4: \u201cWork'ingmen to arms. War to the palace, peace to the cottage and death to luxurious idleness. The wage system is the only cause of the world\u2019s misery. One pound of dynamite is better than a bushel of bullets. Make your demand for eight hours with weapons in your hands to meet the capitalistic bloodhounds, police and militia in proper mannerand, at the close of another article in the same issue, he had also said: \u201c The social war has come and whoever is not with us is against us.\u201d To many of these same men, there gathered around the wagon '.from which he was speaking, after denouncing the police and militia as ready to shoot them down, he took off .his hat and cried out: \u201cTo arms! To arms! To arms!\u201d Within less than an hour after the delivery of this appeal and on the \u25a0 spot where it was made, persons in the crowd, to which it was addressed, attacked the police with bomb and revolver, and \u2022 Began was killed. What is the law applicable to the state of facts here recited ?\n\u201cIf one purposely excites another to commit an offence, as, if he harangues people, inflaming them to a riot, and the offence is accordingly committed, he is guilty, though he personally takes no part in it.\u201d 1 Bishop on Crim. Law, 640.\nIn Regina v. Sharpe, 3 Cox\u2019s C. C. 288, Chief Justice Wilde, in charging the jury, said:\n\u201cIf persons are assembled together, to the number of three or more, and speeches are made to those persons, to excite and inflame them, with a view to incite them to acts of violence, and if that same meeting is so connected in point of circumstances, with a subsequent riot, that you can not reasonably sever the latter from the incitement that was used, it appears to me that those who incited are guilty of the riot, although they are not actually present when it occurs. I think it is not the hand that strikes the blow, or that throws the stone (bomb,) that is alone guilty under such circumstances; but that he who inflames people\u2019s minds, and induces them by violent means to accomplish an illegal object, is himself a rioter, though he take no part in the riot. It will be a question for the jury, whether the riot that took place was so connected with the inflammatory language used by the defendant that they can not reasonably be separated by time or by other circumstances.\u201d\nThe jury were warranted in believing from the evidence that the defendant Parsons was associated with the man, who threw the bomb, and the men, who fired the shots at the Haymarket, in a conspiracy to bring about a social revolution in Chicago hy force on or about May 1, 1886, or, in other words, to destroy the police and militia on or about that date with bombs and revolvers or rifles. It is well settled that, when the fact of a conspiracy is once established, any act of one of the conspirators in the prosecution of the enterprise is considered the act of all. Nudd v. Burrows, 91 U. S. 426; 1 Wharton\u2019s Am. Crim. Law, (6th ed.) sec. 702; 3 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 94.\nIt makes no difference, that Parsons may not have been present in the basement of Greif\u2019s Hall when the Monday night conspiracy was planned. He belonged to the armed sections, whose representatives entered into that conspiracy and was one of the absent members, who were to be informed of its provisions. One of those provisions was the holding of -\u2022a- meeting at the Haymarket. When he went to that meeting in obedience to a summons from Bau and there made an incendiary speech, he joined the others in their execution of the conspiracy and thereby became a party to it. \u201cIndividuals who, though not specifically parties to the killing, are present and consenting to the assemblage, by whom it is perpetrated, are principals when the killing is in pursuance of the common design.\u201d Wharton on Homicide, (2d ed.) sec. 201; Wharton\u2019s Am. Law of Homicide, 345, 346, etc.; Regina v. Jackson, 7 Cox\u2019s C. C. 357; Commonwealth v. Daley, 4 Pa. L. J. 150.\nThe plan, adopted on Monday night, was merely a specific mode of carrying out the more general conspiracy, to which Parsons and those present on Monday night were all parties. The adoption of the Monday night plot was the act of those who were co-conspirators with Parsons. It was therefore his act. He had advised the use of bombs and arms against the police on or about May 1. The men, who met Monday night, merely indicated more specifically the time when and places where and mode in which such bombs and arms should be \u25a0used, so as to be most effective. \u201cA man may be guilty of a wrong which he did not specifically intend, if it came naturally or even accidentally from some other specific, or a general, evil purpose. When, therefore, persons combine to do an unlawful thing, if the act of one proceeding according to the common plan terminates in a criminal result, though not the particular result meant, all are liable.\u201d 1 Bishop on Crim. Law, 636, and \u25a0cases cited.\n\u2022 \u201cThere might be no special malice against the party slain nor deliberate intention to hurt him; but if the fact was committed in prosecution of the original purpose, which was unlawful, the whole party will be involved in the guilt of him who gave the blow.\u201d (Foster, p. 351, sec. 6.) \u201cWhere there is a conspiracy to accomplish an unlawful purpose, and the means are not specifically agreed upon or understood, each conspirator becomes responsible for the means used by any co-conspirator in the accomplishment of the purpose in which they are all at the time engaged.\u201d State v. McCahill, 72 Iowa, 111.\nHe, who enters into a combination or conspiracy to do such an unlawful act as will probably result in the unlawful taking of human life, must be presumed to have understood the consequences, which might reasonably be expected to flow from carrying it into effect, and also to have assented to the doing of whatever would reasonably or probably be necessary to accomplish the objects of the conspiracy, even to the taking of life. 1 Wharton on Crim. Law, (9th ed.) sec. 225 a; Brennan et al. v. The People, 15 Ill. 511; Hanna v. The People, 86 id. 243; Lamb v. The People, 96 id. 74.\nNeebe:\nThe defendant Neebe, as has already been stated, was a member of the North Side group, which had resolved \u201cnot to meet the enemy unarmed on May 1, 1886.\u201d He was one of the stockholders of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitu\u00fcg\u201d and, next to Spies and Schwab, the most active man in its management. He was looked for and found at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office in consultation with Spies and Schwab during the week prior to May 4. The testimony of Gruenhut shows that Neebe was active in organizing and preparing for the movements then going on. He was found in possession of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d building after the arrest of Spies and Schwab and announced himself as the person, who had charge of the office. He stated to the officers that a package of dynamite, which they found in a closet on one of the floors of the build'ing, was something for \u201ccleaning type'.\u201d There were found at his house on May 7 a red flag, a sword, a breech-loading gun and a 38-caliber Colt\u2019s revolver, five chambers of which had been fired; one chamber was loaded with a cartridge and one had a shell in it. He is shown to have presided at meetings where the use of arms and dynamite against the police was advocated. On Monday night May 3, 1886, he was seen distributing the \u201cRevenge\u201d circulars. He took a package of them into a saloon at the corner of Franklin and Division streets on that night between nine and ten o\u2019clock and placed some on the counter and some on the tables, while seven or eight persons were present. He stated there, that the circulars had just then been printed. He exhibited anger towards the police, and said, in reference to the riot of that afternoon: \u201cIt is a shame .that the police act that way, but may be the time comes that it goes the other way\u2014that they get the chance, too.\u201d\nWhen a man, as prominently connected as Neehe was with the International organization and its organ and leaders, was proven to have been engaged late on the night before the Haymarket murder in distributing an inflammatory circular calling upon ignorant workingmen to arm themselves and avenge the act of the police in quelling a riotous disturbance, we can not say that the jury were not justified in holding him responsible, along with his confederates, for the murder on \u25a0 Tuesday night of one of the very policemen, whose death he was urging and advocating on Monday night. We do not think that the trial court erred in refusing the instructions asked on his behalf.\nVarious errors are assigned upon the record. These errors relate to the evidence introduced, the instructions given a.nd the impaneling of the jury.\nIt is claimed that the trial court admitted improper testimony. The newspaper articles and the' speeches, already referred to, are complained of as having been improperly received in evidence.\nWe think that there was no error in admitting them for the following reasons:\nFirst\u2014The International Association in Chicago, as above described, was an illegal organization, engaged in making bombs and drilling with arms for the unlawful purpose of attacking the police if the latter should assume to do their duty in the protection of the public peace. Its members were conspirators, and, by their act of conspiring together, they \u201cjointly assumed to themselves, as a body, the attribute of individuality, so far as regards the prosecution of the common design.\u201d (3 G-reenleaf on Evidence, sec. 94.) The papers, which published the articles in question, were the organs of this conspiracy. The men, who made the speeches in question, were its spokesmen and mouth-pieces. Hence the utterances of these papers and speakers were competent evidence, as showing the purposes and intentions of the conspiracy, which they represented.\nSecond\u2014Spies, Schwab, Parsons and Engel were responsible for the articles written and published by them as above shown. Spies, Schwab, Eielden, Parsons and Engel were responsible for the speeches made by them respectively. As against these defendants, the articles and speeches in question .were properly introduced in evidence, not because they gave general advice to commit murder, but because they advised and encouraged a particular class in Chicago, to-wit: the members of the International groups and such other workingmen as could be persuaded to join them, \u201cto arm themselves with guns, revolvers and dynamite, \u201d and kill another particular class in Chicago, to-wit: the police at a particular time to-wit: about May 1, 1886. There is evidence in the .record tending to show, that the death of Degan occurred during the prosecution of a conspiracy planned by members of the International groups, who read these articles and heard these speeches. How far the formation and execution of this conspiracy may have been aided and encouraged by the printed and spoken utterances of the particular defendants here named was a proper matter for the jury to consider in the light of all the other circumstances developed by the testimony in the case.\nThird\u2014The evidence objected to was properly introduced against all the defendants. Where the conspiracy is once established, every act and declaration of each member in furtherance of the common design are, in contemplation of law, the act and declaration of all the members, and are therefore original evidence against each of them. \u201cIt makes no difference at what time any one entered into the conspiracy.\u201d (1 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 111.) All the defendants in this case are proven to have belonged to the illegal organization above specified. Hence they were all co-conspirators. The speeches and newspaper articles here under consideration were in furtherance of the common design. Being the acts and declarations of some of the conspirators they were the acts and declarations of all of them.\nIt is not necessary to hold, that the conviction of the defendants in this case is to stand merely because they made speeches and published articles advising the murder of the police. Such conviction is sustained because there is evidence in the record, from which the jury were warranted in believing that the defendants' advised, encouraged, aided and abetted the perpetration of the crime, committed at the Haymarket. When they combined or conspired together, with a view of bringing about that crime, and became united in a common plan for its commission, then the acts and declarations of any one of them, which had the effect of advising, encouraging, aiding and abetting its perpetration, were the acts and declarations of all.\nWe do not agree with the position of counsel, that the general conspiracy hereinbefore described and the plot of Monday night, May 3, 1886, were two separate conspiracies. The .latter was merely the outgrowth and culmination of the former. The latter merely designated the particular mode in' which the objects of the former were to be effected. It was competent to show the acts and declarations of the parties to the general conspiracy, which preceded and led up to the formation of the special plot of May 3 with a view of understanding the latter. The defendants were engaged in a series of efforts to increase the International groups- by accessions from the workingmen, and to educate and discipline those groups in the making of bombs and in the use of firearms, so as to prepare them for a conflict with the police when the eight-hour excitement should reach its height. Among these efforts were the speeches made and the publications issued, as hereinbefore stated. The Monday night conspiracy was the product of these efforts, and could only be understood by showing their nature and character. These views \u2022 are sustained by the following authorities: Campbell v. Commonwealth, 84 Pa. St. 187; State v. McCahill, 72 Iowa, 111; Card v. State, 109 Ind. 415; Rex v. Hammond, 2 Esp. 719; The People v. Mather, 4 Wend. 229; 2 Bishop on Crim. Proc. sec. 227; United States v. Cole, 5 McLean, 601; Queen v. Most, L. R. 7 Q. B. D. 244.\nThe admission in evidence of Johann Most\u2019s book on the Science of Revolutionary Warfare is complained of as error. The work, .which is called a book, is really nothing more than a treatise in pamphlet form upon the most improved methods of making bombs and preparing dynamite and other explosives. It is thus characterized by the counsel for plaintiffs in error in them brief: -\u201cHere was a voluminous, incendiary/ outrageous publication, going into the detail of the manufac-' ture of explosives and arms and the manner of preparing them, filled with vile suggestions as to how to apply the results of modern science to the work of destruction of the capitalistic system, abounding in advice to persons who, as members\u201d of the so-called revolutionary forces, might propose to engage in the use of these weapons and explosives.\u201d\nThe circulation of this treatise was, an act of the illegal organization, to which all the defendants belonged, and was one of the methods by which that organization instructed and advised its members to get ready for the murder of the police during the eight-hour excitement. Its distribution among the ipembers of the International groups at their picnics and meetings, through the agents of the International Association, is proven beyond controversy. The newspaper organs commended it and quoted from it and advertised it without charge. Lingg and Fischer read it and acted upon the suggestions contained in it. When the leaders of the organization thus made use of this treatise, they adopted it as a manual of tactics, and it became a book of their written advice and instructions to their followers. It was competent testimony as showing the purposes and objects which they had in view, and the methods, by which they proposed to accomplish those objects. WTien the newspaper organs commended its study to their readers, they made its suggestions a part of their own advice to those readers. The efforts of the defendants who controlled these organs, to put this pamphlet into the hands of the members of the International groups, were acts and declarations in furtherance of the conspiracy, and were binding upon the other defendants.\n\u2022 It is also assigned as error, that the trial court admitted in evidence a letter, written to the defendant Spies in 1884 by Johann Most, the author of the treatise above referred to. The letter is set out in the statement, which prefaces this opinion.\nThe defendant Spies took the stand as a witness for the defence. Upon his cross-examination the prosecution produced the letter in question, examined him in reference to it and then offered it in evidence, and it was admitted.\nThe main objection is, that, after the arrest of Spies, certain effects of his, including this letter, were seized by the police in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office without a search warrant or other legal process; that such seizure was in violation of the - United States and Illinois constitutions, and that the admission of the letter \u201cwas, \u201d in the language of counsel for plaintiffs in efiror, \u201cimproper as being in effect a compelling of the plaintiffs in error to give testimony against themselves contrary to the provision of the fifth amendment of the Federal constitution and to the provision of article 2 of our constitution of 1870.\u201d In other words, the introduction of the letter is objected to in- this court, as having been in contravention of the principles laid down by the Supreme Court of the United States in Boyd v. United States, 116 U. S. 616. In that case, an act of Congress, authorizing the Federal courts to require parties charged with violations of the revenue laws to produce their books, invoices and papers for inspection and for use in evidence against themselves, was declared to be unconstitutional. In the case at bar, the defendants were not required to produce the letter; the State had the letter and produced it. We will not attempt, however, to draw any distinction between this case and the Boyd case. We do not think that the record is in such shape as to permit counsel to make the point, urged by them, before this court.\nIn the first place, it is not clear from the testimony that the letter from Most was seized by the police in the manner suggested. Early in the trial two police officers, testifying, for the prosecution, stated that on May 5, 1886, they took possession of a number of articles found in the office of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d newspaper, among which were certain letters lying on the desk occupied by Spies, and 'certain other letters in the drawer of the desk. But it nowhere appears in the record, so far as we can find, that this particular letter frorti Most to Spies, introduced near the close of the trial, was among the letters so taken from the top of Spies\u2019 desk or among those so taken from the drawer of it. For aught that appears to the contrary, this letter may not have come to the hands of the State through the alleged illegal seizure complained of, hut may have been obtained in some other proper and legitimate manner. We can not infer, that, because certain letters were seized by the police, the Most letter must have been one of them.\nOn the trial below counsel for the defence took the position that the letter was not found in the possession of Spies. We find the following statement in the record of what occurred, when the trial judge passed upon the offer to introduce the letter: \u201cThe Court: . . . \u2018Letters which have never been in the possession of the defendant can not be admissible in evidence against him.\u2019 Mr. Black: \u2018 There is no evidence in this case that the letter was found in his possession.\u2019 The court: \u2018He says he received it.\u2019 \u201d This brings us to the second reason why the point now under consideration can not be made here.\nThe objection, that the letter was obtained from the defendants by an unlawful seizure, is made for the first time in this court. It was not made on the trial in the court below. Such an objection as this, which is not suggested by the nature of the offered evidence, but depends upon the proof of an outside fact, should have been made on the trial. The defence should have proved that the Most letter was one of the letters illegally seized by the police and should then have moved to exclude it, or opposed its admission, on the ground that it' was obtained by such illegal seizure. This was not done, and, therefore, we can not consider the constitutional question supposed to be involved.\nThe only objections made to the Most letter, which we find in the record, were: First\u2014that it was not proper cross-examination ; second\u2014that it had not been answered by Spies.\nThe defendant Spies on his direct examination had explained his possession of two bombs with iron shells by saying, that an unknown person, who claimed to he a shoemaker named Schwope and to he on his way from Cleveland to New Zealand, had called at the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d office, and, asking Spies if he had seen one of the bombs \u201cthey\u201d were making, had left the two iron shells, saying \u201che would not take them along.\u201d Spies also testified, that a stranger had called at the office in his absence and left two \u201cczar\u201d bombs on his desk, stating to the book-keeper or office-boy, that he came merely to \u201cinquire whether those were bombs of a good construction, and the man never called for them.\u201d He further testified, that he procured the cartridges of dynamite and coils of fuse and detonating caps found in his office for the mere purpose of experimenting, without explaining why he wanted to experiment. He stated that he showed these things, or some of them to the reporters, who swear to having seen them there, merely to give them something sensational to write about in their papers.\nThe Most letter and the questions about its contents were proper subjects for cross-examination, because they tended to test the sincerity of the claim made by him on his direct examination, that he had no serious object in view in keeping the dynamite and other articles, which he had on hand. That letter shows on its face that some communication or message had passed between Spies and Most as to a \u201cletter from the Hocking \"Valley.\u201d It also shows that Most proposed to send twenty or twenty-five pounds of what he calls \u201cmedicine and the genuine article at that\u201d to one Buchtell and asks Spies for directions how to send it. Taken in connection with other evidence, the letter tended to show that Spies and Most1 were engaged in the very serious business of supplying dynamite to discontented laboring men.\nThe second objection to the letter was that it was unanswered, and therefore inadmissible on the ground that a letter written to a party by a third person, to which no reply is made, does not show an acquiescence in the facts stated in it. As we understand the evidence of the defendant Spies, he admits that this letter is in the handwriting of Most and that he received it from Most and read it. He does not say, that he did not answer it, but that he does not remember whether he answered it or not. We do not think, however, that it can be regarded as an unanswered letter. To all intents and purposes it was answered. Spies swears, that he did not himself give the directions asked for by Most in the letter as to shipping the \u201cmedicine\u201d or \u201cgenuine article,\u201d but he also says: \u201cThere may have been a letter addressed to my care which I may have sent to him.\u201d If he procured a third person to write a letter, giving directions how to ship material to the point indicated, and then enclosed this letter to Most, he, in effect, answered the only portion of Most\u2019s letter which required an answer. Moreover, the letter shows in its opening sentences that it was \u201cinvited\u201d by Spies, (Wharton on Crim. Evidence, (9th ed.) secs. 644, 682) and that it was written in response to some former communication by him.\nIt is also objected, that the cross-examination of those of the defendants, who took the stand, compelled them to give \u25a0evidence against themselves. After a careful examination of the testimony of these defendants as set out in the record, we \u2022can not see that they were cross-examined upon any subjects not connected with the direct examination. If a defendant offers himself as a witness to disprove a criminal charge, he \u2022can not excuse himself from answering on the ground that, by so doing, he may criminate himself. \u201cSo far as concerns \u2022questions touching the merits, the defendant, by making himself a witness as to the offence, waives his privileges as to all matters connected with the offence. It has been ruled also that, to affect his credibility, he may be asked whether . . . he has been concerned in other crimes, part of the same system.\u201d Wharton on Crim. Evidence, sec. 432.\nObjection is also made, that certain articles, which had been struck and torn and otherwise injured through the explosion of the Haymarket bomb and also through the explosion, by way of experiment, of certain bombs made by the defendant Lingg, were improperly introduced before the jury. It was the claim of the international Association and its organs and speakers, constantly put forth by them -to the workingmen to induce the latter to join the movement against the police and militia, that a dynamite bomb in the hands of one man was equal in destructive power to a regiment of soldiers, armed with rifles. The articles in question were presented in the condition, in which they were left after being exposed to the force of an exploding bomb, for the purpose of showing the power of dynamite as an explosive substance. While this kind of testimony may not have been very material, we can not see that it was to such an extent incompetent as to justify a reversal.\nIt is also objected, that the trial court allowed bombs, and cans containing dynamite and prepared with contrivances for exploding it, which had been found under the sidewalks and buried in the ground at certain points in the city, to be introduced in evidence. Among these were the bombs hidden by Lingg and Seliger under the sidewalk on Sigel street, and those given by Lingg to Lehmann and buried by Lehmann near Ogden Grove, and those given by Lingg to Thielen and found upon the latter\u2019s premises. As specimens of the kind of weapons, which Lingg and his associates were preparing, and as showing the malice and evil heart, which the intended use of such weapons indicated, the introduction of bombs made by him was' not improper. The jury had a right to see them arid compare their structure with the descriptions of the bomb that killed Began, with a view of determining'whether T .ingg was the maker of the latter or not. As to the fact, that some of these bombs and cans, like those shown to the American group during then\u2019 drill, were found buried near Wicker Park\u2014one of the designated meeting places where certain of the armed men were to gather on Tuesday night\u2014 this was a circumstance proper to be considered by the jury in determining the nature and character of the conspiracy and its connection with the events of Tuesday night. As to the suggestion, that these things may have been placed, where they were found, by other parties than those connected with the conspiracy herein described, it was for the jury to say, whether, under all the circumstances, any others than the members of that conspiracy had undertaken to make such weapons or knew anything about them.\nIt is again urged as error, that a witness on the part of the State, for whom Schnaubelt had been working, was allowed to testify that the latter cut off his beard a few days after the night of May 4. In the photograph, that has been referred to, he had a beard. Gilmer swore that Schnaubelt had a heard, when the bomb was thrown. To explain the fact, that he was seen without a beard after the Haymarket meeting, it was shown that he cut off his heard subsequently to the date of that meeting. The statement made by the witness was merely for the purpose of identification. It was not very important, and we can not see that it did any harm.\nIt is also objected, that some testimony was admitted as to conversations with the defendant Spies, which were merely narrative of what had been or would be done. It is undoubtedly the law, that, after a conspiracy is established, only those declarations of each member, which are in furtherance of the common design, can be introduced in evidence against the other members. Declarations, that are merely narrative as to what has been done or will be done, are incompetent and should not he admitted except as against the defendant making them, or in whose presence they are made. The utterances of the defendant Spies, whether in his paper, his speeches or his conversations, were in furtherance of the purposes and objects of the conspiracy, in which he was engaged. If testimony as to expressions used by him, that are not of the character here indicated, has crept into the record, it is so inconsiderable that it could not have in any way injured the other defendants. We think this point was sufficiently guarded by the trial judge in his rulings and in his instructions.\nA further objection is made as to the order, in which the trial court permitted certain portions of the evidence to be introduced. It is claimed, that some of the acts and declarations, proven in the case, were allowed to come in, before proof was made of the conspiracy or of the connection of the defendants with it. This matter is largely discretionary with the trial judge.\nThe proof of conspiracy, which will authorize the introduction of evidence as to the acts and declarations of the co-conspirators, may be such proof only as is sufficient, in the opinion of the trial judge, to establish prima facie the act of conspiracy between the parties, or proper to be laid before the jury, as tending to establish such -fact. (1 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 111.) Sometimes, for the sake of convenience, the acts or declarations of one are admitted in evidence, before sufficient proof is given* of the conspiracy; the prosecutor undertaking to furnish such proof in a subsequent stage of the cause. (Idem.)\nThe rule, that the conspiracy must be first established prima facie, before the acts and declarations of one conspirator can be received in evidence against another, can not well be enforced \u201cwhere the proof of the conspiracy depends upon a vast amount of circumstantial evidence, a vast number of isolated and independent facts; and, in any case, where such acts and declarations are introduced in evidence, and the whole of the evidence introduced on the trial, taken together, shows that such a conspiracy actually exists, it will be considered immaterial whether the conspiracy was established before or after the introduction of such acts and declarations.\u201d (State v. Winner, 17 Kan. 298.) The prosecutor may either prove the conspiracy, which renders the acts of the conspirators admissible in evidence, or he may prove the acts of the different persons, and thus prove the conspiracy. Roseoe on Crim. Evidence, (7th ed.) 415.\nIn many important cases evidence has been given of a general conspiracy, before any proof of the particular part which the accused parties have taken. (Idem.) In some peculiar instances, in which it would be difficult to establish the defendant\u2019s privity without first proving the existence of a conspiracy, a deviation has been made from the general rule, and evidence of the acts and conduct of others has been admitted to prove the existence of a conspiracy previous to the proof of the defendant\u2019s privity. Roseoe on Grim. Evidence, 414.\nThe term \u201cacts,\u201d as here used, includes written correspondence and other papers relative to the main design. 1 Green-leaf on Evidence, sec. 111.\nMany other objections to different items of testimony are insisted upon by counsel for the defence. We have noticed those, which have seemed to us to be the most important. Any further comment would swell this opinion, already of inordinate length, into still more tiresome proportions. Taking the whole record together we are unable to see, that the lower court committed any such errors, either in the admission or exclusion of evidence, as prejudiced the rights of the defendants.\nThe second class of errors assigned relates to the giving and refusal of instructions.\nFirst\u2014The instructions, numbered, 4 and 5J, which were given for the State, are claimed to be erroneous because they did not require the prosecution to establish the identity of the bomb-thrower. The fourth instruction told the jury, that, upon a given state of facts, certain members of the conspiracy mentioned would be guilty of murder, \u201cwhether the identity of the person throwing the bomb be established-or not.\u201d Instruction No. 5J said: \u201cAll of such conspirators are guilty of such murder, whether the person, who perpetrated such murder, can be identified or not,\u201d etc. The identity here intended had reference to name or personal description. The jury were expressly required by the fourth instruction to find' from the evidence, that the person throwing the bomb was, at the time, a member of the conspiracy to unlawfully resist the officers of the law, and that he threw the bomb \u201cin pursuance of such conspiracy and in furtherance of the common object.\u201d The theory of the fourth instruction was, that the bomb-thrower was sufficiently ^identified, if he belonged to the conspiracy and if he threw the bomb to carry out the conspiracy and further its designs, even though his name and personal description were not known. We do not think that this theory was an \u25a0erroneous one.\nCounsel for plaintiffs in error say, that \u201cmembership in the \u2022supposed conspiracy could not be proved without some evidence of identification.\u201d In the first place, some of the counts in the indictment charged, that Eudolph Schnaubelt threw the bomb. Evidence was introduced tending to support these \u25a0counts. If the jury believed it, they must have found that the crime was committed by a member of the conspiracy, the proof as to Schnaubelt\u2019s membership in it being uncontradieted.\nIn the next place, some of the counts in the indictment \u2022charged, that the bomb was thrown by an unknown person. All the proof introduced by the defendants themselves, tending to show that Schnaubelt did not throw the bomb, tended also to prove that an unknown person threw it. If the jury believed the evidence of the defence upon this subject, they had before them other testimony from which they were justified in believing, that the bomb-thrower, though unknown by name or personal.description, was a member of the conspiracy and acting in furtherance of its objects. This testimony, introduced by the State, tended to show, that the bomb-thrower threw a bomb made on Tuesday afternoon by Lingg, the agent of the conspiracy; that he obtained it from a place where only a member of the conspiracy could have obtained it, and at a time when no one but such a member would have sought to obtain it; that he threw it at a meeting appointed by the conspiracy, from the midst of a company of persons belonging to the conspiracy, upon the happening of a contingency provided for by the conspiracy, and as part of an attack planned by the conspiracy. These and other circumstances, already spoken of, were sufficient to establish his membership.\nIt is a mistake to assume that a defendant can not be charged with advising, encouraging, aiding and abetting an unknown principal in the perpetration of a crime. Suppose \"that A instructs B to hire some person to kill C. B hires a person, whose name is unknown to A and never becomes known \"to the State, and that person kills C in pursuance of B\u2019s employment. Will it be said that A is not guilty as an accessory before the fact, because the instrument employed by B is unknown by name or personal description ? Archbold says that if the principal felon be unknown, the indictment of the accessory may state it accordingly. (Pr. and PL vol. 1, p. 67.) It is also held, that if the principal is declared to be unknown in the indictment, and the proof on the trial shows that he is known, there is a fatal variance. (Rex v. Walker, 3 Camp. 264; Rex v. Blick, 4 C. & P. 377.) But where there are two separate counts one charging the principal to be known, and the other charging him to be unknown, it is sufficient if either is proven. (1 Wharton on Crim. Law, secs. 207, 225, 226, 231; 1 Bishop on Crim. Law, secs. 651, 677; Regina v. Tyler, 8 C. & P. 616; State v. Green, 26 S. C. 128; Pilger v. Commonwealth, 112 Pa. St. 220; Brennan v. The People, 15 Ill. 516; Baxter v. The People, 3 Gilm. 368; Ritzman v. The People, 110 Ill. 362.) The objection, that the instructions \u25a0 \u25a0on behalf of the State are faulty in not requiring the principal in the commission of the crime charged to be identified, is not well taken.\nCounsel for plaintiffs in error make the general objection, that the instructions for the State were at variance with the proof introduced by the State. \"If we understand the meaning of this objection, it is this: that, some of the counts in the indictment having charged the defendants with advising, encouraging, aiding and abetting Schnaubelt in the perpetration of the crime, and the State having introduced testimony to show that Schnaubelt did perpetrate the crime, therefore, the instructions should have directed the attention of the jury solely and exclusively to the theory that' Schnaubelt was the perpetrator of the crime, and that such instructions were erroneous in having called the' attention of the jury to the theory that an unknown person may have been the perpetrator of the crime, notwithstanding the fact that some of the counts-charged the defendants with advising, encouraging, aiding and abetting an unknown person in the commission of the crime, and notwithstanding the fact that there was evidence in the record tending to show that the perpetrator of the crime was an unknown person. We regard this position as wholly untenable.\nUnder our statute and the construction given to it by the decisions of this court (Baxter v. The People, 3 Gilm. 368, and other cases,) the man, who, \u201cnot being present aiding, abetting or assisting, hath advised, encouraged, aided or abetted the peipetration of the crime,\u201d may be considered as the principal in the commission of the crime, may be indicted as \u00bf>rincipal and may be punished as principal. The indictment need not say anything about his having aided and abetted either a known principal or an unknown principal. It may simply charge him with having committed the murder as principal.. Then, if, upon the trial, the proof shows, that he aided, abetted, assisted, advised or encouraged the perpetration-of the-crime, the charge, that he committed it as principal, is established against him. It would make no difference, whether the proof showed, that he so aided and abetted, etc., a known principal or an unknown principal.\nIn the case at bar, some of the counts in the indictment charge the defendants with the murder of Degan, as principals and not as accessories before the fact. If the jury believed from the evidence that the defendants aided, abetted, advised or encouraged the perpetration of such murder, then they were justified in finding the defendants guilty as principals, as charged in the indictment. The material question for them to consider was not so much whether the man, who threw the bomb, was a known person or an unknown person, as whether these defendants aided, abetted, advised or encouraged the throwing of the bomb.\nThe instructions commented upon and not fully quoted in this opinion, are set out in the statement, which precedes it. They will not be here quoted, except so far as may be necessary to understand the comments made upon them.\nThe portion of the fifth instruction for the State, which is complained of by the plaintiffs in error, is found in the following words : \u201cAlthough the jury may further believe from the evidence that the time and place for the bringing about of such revolution or the destruction of such authorities had not been definitely agreed upon by the conspirators, but was left to them and the exigencies of time or to the judgment of any of the conspirators.\u201d\nIt is said, that there was no evidence in the record to support the hypothesis contained in the quotation here made. We think there was such evidence. The hypothesis is, that the time and place for bringing about the destruction of the authorities was left to the judgment of some of the conspirators, instead of being definitely agreed upon by all of them. The publication of the word \u201cBuhe\u201d in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d was to indicate the time for the social revolution to begin and for the armed men to gather at their meeting places. Its publication was left to the judgment and'discretion of a committee appointed by the conspirators. This committee was also to report to the armed men at what place the conflict with the police had occurred.\nCounsel for plaintiffs in error claim, that instruction No. 5J, given for the State, was erroneous mainly for the following reasons, to-wit: First, \u201cbecause it assumes that mere general advice to the public at large to commit deeds of violence, as contained in speeches or publications, without reference to the particular crime charged and without specifying object, manner, time or place, works responsibility as for murder;\u201d second, because in it \u201cthere was the fatal error of an omission of all reference to the evidence,\u201d or, in other words, that \u201cthe jury are not told in it that if they find from the evidence so and so, then they can conclude thus and so.\u201d\nAs to the last objection, we think that the defect therein indicated was cured by the instruction, which the trial judge gave to the jury suo motu. We have held, that a judge of the circuit court is at liberty to instruct at his discretion if he reduces his instructions to writing, so that the jury can take them with them in considering their verdict. (Brown v. The People, 4 Gilm. 439; Green v. Lewis, 13 Ill. 642.) In this case, the judge, who presided at the trial in the court below, himself wrote an instruction and read it to the jury, which contained the following words: \u201cWhat are the facts and what is the truth the jury must determine from the evidence and from that alone. If there are any unguarded expressions in any of the instructions, .which seem to assume the existence of any facts, or to be any intimation as to what is proved, all such expressions must be disregarded and the evidence only looked to to determine the facts.\u201d It is difficult to see, how, after such a clear and explicit injunction as this, the jury could have made any finding, that was not based on the evidence.\nAs to the first objection, if we construed the instruction to mean what counsel claim it to mean, we would be forced to agree with them, that it was erroneous.\nIt is the duty of the jury to consider all the instructions together, and when this court can see that an instruction in the series, although not stating the law correctly, is qualified by others, so that the jury were not likely to be misled, the error will be obviated. Toledo, Wabash and Western Ry. Co. v. Ingraham, 77 Ill. 309.\nAlthough an instruction, considered by itself, is too general, yet if it is properly limited by others given on the other side, so that it is not probable it could have misled the jury, judgment will not be reversed on account of such instruction. Kendall v. Brown, 86 Ill. 387; Skiles v. Caruthers, 88 id. 458.\nThe Supreme Court of Iowa has said: \u201cIt is usually not practicable, in any one instruction, to present all the limitations and restrictions of which it is susceptible. These very frequently must be presented in other and distinct portions of the charge. The charge must be taken together, and, if, when so considered, it fairly presents the law and is not liable to misapprehension nor calculated to mislead, a cause should not be reversed, simply because some one of the instructions may lay down the law without sufficient qualification.\u201d Rice v. City of Des Moines, 40 Iowa, 638.\nThe same court held in a criminal case, where the indictment was for murder, that \u201cinstructions are all to be considered and construed together,\u201d and that an omission to state-the law fully in one instruction, when the omission is fully supplied in another, does not constitute error. State v. Maloy,, 44 Iowa, 104.\nThe Supreme Court of California said in a criminal ease: \u201cWhile some of the instructions are perhaps subject to criticism and may not state the law with precise accuracy, yet, taken as a whole, they were substantially correct and could not have misled the jury to the prejudice of the defendant.\u201d The People v. Cleveland, 49 Cal. 677.\nThe principle here announced, that an instruction, which is general in its character, may be limited or qualified by other instructions in the series, does not contravene the rule, that in a criminal case \u201cmaterial error in one instruction calculated to mislead is not cured by a subsequent contradictory instruction.\u201d Wharton on Crim. Pl. and Pr. (8th ed.) . sec. 793.\nAn application of the foregoing views to the instruction now under consideration will show that it could not have misled the jury to the prejudice of the defendants.\nCounsel contend, \u2022 that the language of instruction No. 6J was broad enough to lead the jury to believe, that, if some person other than either of the plaintiffs in error had advised and encouraged the commission of the murder and the murder had been committed by reason of his advice and encouragement, the plaintiffs in error would be guilty, provided such person was a party with them to the conspiracy to excite to crime, etc. The instructions for the defence, however, limited the responsibility of the defendants to such advice and encouragement as were given by themselves alone.\nIn one instruction given for the defence, the court charged the jury as follows: \u201cUnless the prosecution has established in the minds of the jury, beyond all reasonable doubt, that either some of the defendants threw the said bomb, or that the person, who did so throw the same, ivas acting wider the advice and procurement of defendants or some of them, the defendants and all of them should be acquitted.\u201d\nIn another instruction given for the defence the court said: \u201cIt will not do to guess away the lives or liberties of our citizens nor is it proper that the jury should guess that the person, who threw the bomb which killed Began, was instigated to do the act by 'the procurement of defendants or any of them. That fact must be established beyond add reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury,\u201d etc.\nIn still another instruction for the defence the court said; \u201cTherefore the jury must be satisfied beyond all reasonable doubt, that the person throwing said bomb was acting as the result of the teaching or encouragement of defendants or some of them, before defendants can be held liable therefor, and this you must find from the evidence.\u201d\nCounsel also claim, that the instruction now under consideration may be construed to mean, that mere general advice, in print or by speech, addressed to the public at large, urging them to commit deeds of violence, works responsibility for murder. If the instruction was too general in this regard, it was limited and qualified by other instrftctions given for the defendants.\nIn an instruction given for the defence the court said to the jury: \u201cIt will not do to say that, because defendants may have advised violence, that, therefore when violence came, it was the result of such advice. There must be a direct connection established by credible testimony between the advice and the consummation of the crime, to the satisfaction of the jury beyond all reasonable doubt.\u201d\nIn another instruction for the defence\u2014and all the instructions for the defence were prepared by the defendants themselves and the giving of them was asked by the defendants\u2014 the court said: \u201cBefore a party can be lawfully convicted of the commission of a crime under our statute concerning accessories, it is incumbent on the prosecution to show beyond all reasonable doubt, by credible evidence, that the crime was committed by some persons or person acting under the advice, aid, encouragement, abetting or procurement of the defendant or defendants, whose conviction is asked. Though the jury should believe from the evidence, that a party in fact advised generally the commission, in certain contingencies, of acts amounting to crime, yet if the act complained of was in fact committed by some third party of his own mere volition, hatred, malice or ill-will, and not materially influenced, either directly or indirectly, by such advice of the party charged, or if he was actuated only by the advice of other parties not charged, and for whose advice the defendants are not responsible, the party charged would not in such case be responsible.\u201d\nIn another instruction for the defence, the court said: \u201cAlthough the defendants or some of them may have spoken and also published their views to the effect that a social revolution should be brought about by force, and that the officers of the law should be resisted, and, to this end, dynamite should be used to the extent of taking human life, that persons should arm to resist the law, that the law should be throttled and killed; and although such language might cause persons to desire to carry out the advice given as aforesaid, and do the act which caused officer Degan\u2019s death, yet the bomb may have been thrown and Degan killed by some one unfamiliar with and unprompted by the teachings of defendants or any of them. Therefore, the jury must be satisfied, beyond all reasonable doubt that the person throwing said bomb was acting as the result of the teaching or encouragement of defendants,\u201d etc.\nThe instruction last quoted, which was drawn by the counsel for the defence and given at their request, recognizes and admits the claim, that advising, encouraging, aiding and abetting murder, within the meaning of our statute, may be effected through the utterance of such speeches and the publication of such articles as have been heretofore referred to. The only thing insisted upon in the instruction is, that the proof must show, clearly and beyond a reasonable doubt, the connection between the speeches and publications, as the cause, and the murder as the result.\nThe last instruction given for the defendants limited the instructions, having reference to general advice to commit' murder or general conspiracy to commit murder, by calling the attention of the jury specifically to the Monday night plot. It was as follows:\n\u201cIf the jury find that on the evening of May 3 at 54 West Lake street, at a meeting at which some of the defendants were present, a proposition was adopted, that in the event of a collision between the police force, militia or firemen on one side, and the striking laborers on the other, it was agreed, that certain organizations of which some of the defendants were members, should meet at certain designated places in the city of Chicago, that a committee should attend public places and public meetings where an attack by the police and others might be expected, and in the event of such attack being made, report the same to said armed sections, as aforesaid, to the end that such attack might be resisted and the police stations of the city destroyed, and if the jury further find that, on the night of May 4, some person unknown went to a meeting at the Haymarket and threw a bomb into the assembled police, the explosion of which killed Matthias J. Began, and that from all the evidence in the case the jury are not satisfied beyond all reasonable doubt, that said act causing the death of said Began was the result of any act in furtherance of the common design as herein stated, but may have been the unauthorized and the individual act of some person acting upon his own responsibility and volition, then none of the defendants can be held responsible therefor on account of said West Lake street meeting.\u201d\nBut instruction No. 5-\u00a1- will not be found to be so general in character, as it is claimed to be, if its language is carefully analyzed and considered in connection with other instructions given for the State.\nThe persons referred to therein as being excited to tumult and riot and to the use of deadly weapons and to the taking of life, are \u201cthe people or classes of people of this city.\u201d The expression is in the alternative. \u201cClasses of people of this city\u201d are words, which, when construed in the light of the evidence in this record, could only have been understood to designate workingmen of the city of Chicago connected with the groups already referred to. The persons, advised by print or speech to commit murder, were the same persons, who were excited to tumult and riot, etc. Therefore, the instruction fairly interpreted means, that the persons advised to commit murder were the workingmen belonging #to and acting with the International groups, and that the murder spoken of as resulting from the advice given was murder committed by one or more of such workingmen. It is said, that the instruction does not indicate the murder of Began, but speaks simply of murder generally. It was not necessary to repeat the name of Began in every instruction. The instructions must be considered together, and as Began\u2019s name was mentioned in the two instructions preceding and the one following No. 5J, the jury could not have been misled upon this subject. The words \u201cwhether the person, who perpetrated such murder can be identified or not,\u201d could have referred to no one else than the man, who threw the bomb that killed Began.\nThe words \u201cwithout\" designating time, place or occasion\u201d must be taken with the qualification given to them in the fifth \u25a0 instruction, that is to say, such time, place and occasion as the committee of the conspirators appointed for that purpose might designate.\nAccording to the theory of this instruction, the defendants conspired to excite certain classes to tumult, riot, use of weapons and taking of life, \u201cas a means to carry their designs \u2019 and purposes into effect.\u201d The instruction does not specify what those designs and purposes are, because they had been stated in the two preceding instructions to be the bringing about of a social revolution and the destruction of the authorities of the city. The ordinary workingman had two purposes in view, first, to get an eight-hour day of labor, second, to keep the police from interfering to protect non-union laborers against strikers. The defendants in this case eared nothing about the eight-hour movement or the contentions between union and non-union men. They looked beyond to the social revolution. They sought to make use of the excitement among the workingmen over the eight-hour movement and \u25a0over the attacks of police upon strikers, in order to create riot and tumult and thus precipitate the social revolution. The stirring up of riot and tumult was with them a means to an end. There is testimony tending to support this view. The men, who excited the tumult and riot by print and speech, may have had a different end in view from that sought by the classes whom they so excited. But they were none the less responsible for murder that resulted from their aid and encouragement.\nIf the defendants, as a means of bringing about the social revolution and as a part of the larger conspiracy to effect such revolution, also conspired to excite classes of workingmen in 'Chicago into sedition, tumult and riot and to the use of deadly weapons and the taking of human life, and for the purpose of producing such tumult, riot, use of weapons and taking of life, advised and encouraged such classes by newspaper articles and speeches to murder the authorities of the city, and a murder of a policeman resulted from such advice and' encouragement, then defendants are responsible therefor.\nIt is a familiar doctrine of the law, in criminal eases, that, if a reasonable doubt of the .guilt of the prisoner is entertained, the jury have no discretion, but must acquit. The twelfth and thirteenth instructions for the prosecution are objected to as not correctly stating to the jury the meaning \u2022of \u201creasonable doubt.\u201d The twelfth instruction is an exact \u2022copy, verbatim et literatim, of the sixth instruction in Miller et al. v. The People, 39 Ill. 457, which we approved in that case, and which, since that case, we have endorsed as correct in at least three cases, to-wit: May v. The People, 60 Ill. 119, Connaghan v. The People, 88 id. 460, and Dunn v. The People, 109 id. 635.\nThe portion of the thirteenth instruction, which plaintiffs in error complain of, is that which is contained in the following words: \u201cYou are not at liberty to disbelieve as jurors if from the evidence you believe as men.\u201d This expression has .been sanctioned by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania as having been properly used in an instruction given to the jury by a trial judge, and we are inclined to follow the ruling there laid down. That court said in Nevling v. Commonioealth, 98-Pa. St. 322: \u201cThe learned judge then proceeded to say that the doubt must be a reasonable one, and that jurymen could not doubt as jurymen what they believed as men. In all this there was no error. It is the familiar language found in the text-books and decisions which treat of the subject.\u201d\nBy the twelfth and thirteenth instructions, considered in connection with the eleventh instruction for the State and \u00bb also in connection with the definitions of reasonable doubt as embodied in the instructions given for the defence, we think the law upon this subject was correctly presented to the jury.\nThe statute of this State provides that \u201cjuries in all criminal cases shall be judges of the law and fact.\u201d Instruction No. 13J, given for the prosecution, is objected to as improperly limiting and qualifying this provision of the statute. It tells the jury, that \u201cif they can say upon their oaths that they know the law better than the court itself, they have the right to do so\u201d . . . but that \u201cbefore saying this, upon their oaths, it is their duty to reflect whether from their study and experience they are better qualified to judge of the law than the court, \u201d etc.\nThe language of instruction No. 13J is an exact copy, verbatim et literatim, of the language used by this court in Schnier v. The People, 23 Ill. 17. The views expressed in Schnier v. The People have been approved of and indorsed in Fisher v. The People, 23 Ill. 283, Mullinix v. The People, 76 id. 211, and Davison v. The People, 90 id. 221. The question is settled, and we see no reason to retreat from our position upon this subject.\nIt is also claimed that the court erred in refusing to give certain instructions asked by the defendants. The refusal of refused instructions numbered 3, 8, 9, 11 and 18 is especially insisted upon as error.\nInstruction No. 3 was properly refused because it told the jury, that those of the defendants, who were not present at the Haymarket, counseling, aiding or abetting the throwing of the bomb, should be acquitted. Under our statute and the decision of this court in Brennan v. The People, 15 Ill. 511, the defendants were guilty, if they advised and encouraged the murder to be committed, although they may not have been present.\nInstruction No. 8 was wrong for a number of reasons, hut it is sufficient to refer to one: it assumes that \u201ca conspiracy to bring about a change of government ... by peaceful means if possible, but, if necessary, to resort to force for that purpose\u201d is not unlawful. The fact that the conspirators may not have intended to resort to force, unless, in their judgment, they should deem it necessary to do so, would not make their conspiracy any the less unlawful.\nAll that was material in instructions 9, 11 and 18 was embodied in the instructions which were given for the defendants.\nThe defendants also complain that the court refused to give an instruction for them, which contained the following statement : \u201cIt can not he material in this case that defendants or some of them, are or may be socialists, communists or anarchists,\u201d etc.\nIf there was a conspiracy, it was material to show its purposes and objects with a view of determining whether and in what respects it was unlawful. Anarchy is the absence of government; it is a state of society, where there is no law or supreme power. If the conspiracy had for its object the destruction of the law.and the government, and of the police and militia as the representatives of law and government, it. had for its object the bringing about of practical anarchy. Whether or not the defendants were anarchists may have-been a proper circumstance to be considered in connection with all the other circumstances in the case, with a view of showing what connection, if any, they had with the conspiracy and what were their purposes in joining it. Therefore, we-can not say, that it was error to refuse an instruction, containing such a broad declaration as that announced in the-above quotation.\nDefendants further complain because the instruction, numbered 13, which was asked by them, was refused by the trial court. The refusal of this instruction was not error. It was. proper enough, so far as it stated, that, if a person at theHaymarket \u201cwithout the knowledge, aid, counsel, procurement,, encouragement or abetting of the defendants or any of them, then or theretofore given . . . threw a bomb among the-police, wherefrom resulted the murder or homicide charged in the indictment, then the defendants would not be liable for the results of such bomb,\u201d etc. But the instruction is so-ingeniously worded as to lead the jury to believe, that the person, who threw the bomb at the Haymarket, was justified in doing so, if the meeting there was lawfully convened and peaceably conducted and if the order to disperse was unauthorized and illegal. Counsel inject into the instruction the hypothesis that the bomb may have been thrown by an outside-party \u201cin pursuance of his view of the right of self-defence.\u201d' A mere order to disperse can not be an excuse for throwing a dynamite bomb into a body of policemen. If the bomb-thrower had been illegally and improperly attacked by the-police, while quietly attending a peaceable meeting and had thrown the bomb to defend himself against such attack, another question would be presented. The vice of the instruction lies in the insidious intimation embodied in it, that, when a body of policemen even if in excess of their authority give a verbal order to an assemblage to disperse, a member of that assemblage will be excusable for throwing a bomb on the ground of self-defence and because of the supposed invasion of his rights.\nThe instruction, given by the court of its own motion and which has already been referred to, is also claimed to be erroneous. So far as it speaks of murder and advice to commit murder in general terms, it is sufficiently limited and qualified when read in connection with all -the other instructions, to which it specifically calls attention. It does not supersede and stand as a substitute for the other instructions, given for both sides. It does not so purport upon its face. On the contrary the jury are directed to \u201ccarefully scrutinize\u201d such other instructions, and are told that their apparent inconsistencies will disappear under such scrutiny. In the last sentence they are requested to disregard any unguarded expressions that may have crept into the instructions, \u201cwhich seem to assume the existence of any facts,\u201d and look only to the evidence, etc. Why caution the jury to disregard certain expressions of a particular kind in the other instructions, if the latter were to be entirely superseded? We do not think that the instruction, given by the trial judge suo motu is obnoxious to the objections urged against it.\nDefendants also object to the instruction as to the form of the verdict as being erroneous. It is claimed, that the jury were obliged, under this instruction, to find the defendants either guilty or not guilty of murder, whereas the jury were entitled to find that the offence was a lower grade of homicide than murder, if the evidence so warranted. This position is fully answered by our decisions in the cases of Dunn v. The People, 109 Ill. 646, and: Dacey v. The People, 116 id. 555. If counsel desired to have the jury differently instructed as to the form of the verdict, they should have prepared an instruction, indicating such form as they deemed to be correct, and should have asked the trial court to give it. They did not do so, and are in no position to complain here.\nThe court, at the request of the defendants, did give the jury an instruction, defining manslaughter in the words of the statute and specifying the punishment therefor as fixed by the statute. The court also gave the jury the following instruction : \u201cThe jury are instructed, that under an indictment for murder a party accused may be found guilty of manslaughter; and in this ease, if from a full and careful consideration of all the evidence before you, you believe beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendants or any of them are guilty of manslaughter, you may so find by your verdict. \u201d\nThe next error assigned has reference to the impaneling of the jury. The counsel for plaintiffs in error have made an able and elaborate argument for the purpose of showing that the jury, which tried this case, was not an impartial jury in the sense in which the word, \u201cimpartial,\u201d is used in our constitution. We do not deem a consideration of all the points presented as necessary to a determination of the ease, and shall only notice those that seem to us to be material.\nNine hundred and eighty-one men were called into the jury box and sworn to answer questions. Each one of the eight defendants was entitled to a peremptory challenge of twenty jurors, making the whole number of peremptory challenges, allowed to the defence, one hundred and sixty. The State was entitled to the same number. Seven hundred and fifty-seven were excused upon challenge for cause. One hundred and sixty were challenged peremptorily by the defence and fifty-two by the State.\nOf the twelve jurors, who tried the case, eleven were accepted by the defendants. They challenged one of these, whose name was Denker, for cause, but, after the court overruled the challenge, they proceeded to further question him and finally-accepted him, although one hundred and forty-two of their peremptory challenges were at that time unused. They accepted the ten others, including the juror Adams, without objection. When Adams, the eleventh juror, was taken, they had forty-three peremptory challenges, which they had not yet used.\nTherefore, as to eleven of the jurymen, the defendants are estopped from complaining. They virtually agreed to be tried by them, because they accepted them, when, by the exercise of their unused peremptory challenges, they could have compelled every one of them to stand aside.\nCounsel for the defence complain, that the trial court overruled their challenges for cause of twenty-six talesmen, to whose examinations they specifically call our attention. As they afterwards peremptorily challenged the talesmen so referred to, no one of them sat upon the jury. Every one of these twenty-six men had been peremptorily challenged before the eleventh juror was taken.\nAfter the eleventh juror was accepted, the forty-three peremptory challenges, which then remained to the defendants, were all used by them before the twelfth juror was taken.\nAfter the defendants had examined the twelfth juror, whose name was Sanford, they challenged him for cause. Their \u2022challenge was overruled and they excepted.\nThe one hundred and sixty talesmen, who were peremptorily \u2022challenged by defendants, were first challenged for cause and the challenges for cause were overruled by the trial court. It is claimed that, inasmuch as the defendants exhausted all their peremptory challenges before the panel was finally completed, the action of the court in regard to these particular jurors will be considered, and, if erroneous, such action is good ground of reversal. We think it must be made to appear that \u2022an objectionable juror was put upon the defendants after they had exhausted their peremptory challenges. \u201cUnless objection is shown to some one or more of the jury, who tried the \u2022case, the antecedent rulings of the court upon the competency or incompetency of jurors, who have been challenged and stood aside, will not be inquired into in this court.\u201d Holt v. State,. 9 Texas Ct. App. 571.\nWe can not reverse this judgment for errors committed in the lower court in overruling challenges for cause to jurors, even though defendants exhausted their peremptory challenges-unless.it is further shown that an objectionable juror was-forced upon them and sat upon the case after- they had ex-' hausted their peremptory challenges. This doctrine is ably-discussed in Loggins v. State, 12 Texas Ct. App. 65. We think, the reasoning in that case is sound and answers the objection, here -made.\nIn addition to this reason, we have carefully considered the examinations of the several jurors challenged by the defendants peremptorily, and while we can not approve all that was said by the trial judge in respect to some of them, we find no such error in the rulings of the court in overruling-the challenges for cause as to any of them as would justify a reversal of the cause. The examinations, as they appear in-the record, of the forty-three talesmen, who were challenged peremptorily after the eleventh juror was accepted, show that many of the forty-three challenges were exercised arbitrarily and without any apparent cause. Such challenges were not-compelled by any demonstrated unfitness of the jurors, but seem to have been used up for no other .purpose than to force the selection of one juror, after the forty-three challenges were-exhausted.\nThe only question, then, which we deem it material to consider, is: Did the trial court err in overruling the challenge-for cause of Sanford, the twelfth juror, or, in other words, was; he a competent juror?\nThe following is the material portion of his examination:\n\u201cHave you an opinion as to whether or not there was anoffence committed at the Haymarket meeting by the throwing of the bomb ? A. Yes. Q. Now, from all that you have read, and all that you have heard have you an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of any of the eight defendants of the throwing of that bomb ? A. Yes. Q. You have an opinion upon that question also ? A. I have. . . . Now if you should be selected as a juror in this case to try and determine it, do-you believe that you could exercise legally the duties of a juror, that you could listen to the testimony and all of the testimony and the charge of the court and after deliberation return a verdict, which would be right and fair as between the defendants and the People of the State of Illinois ? A. Yes sir. Q. You believe that you could do that? A. Yes sir. Q. You could fairly and impartially listen to the testimony that is introduced here ? A. Yes. Q. And the charge of the-court and render an impartial verdict you believe ? A. Yes. Q. Have you any knowledge of the principles contended for by socialists, communists and anarchists ? A. Nothing except-what I read in the papers. Q. Just general reading ? A. Yes. Q. You are not a socialist, I presume, or a communist? A. No sir. Q. Have you a prejudice against them from what you have read in the papers ? A. Decided. Q. Do you believe that that would influence your verdict in this case or would you try the real issue which is here as to whether these defendants were guilty of the murder of Mr. Degan or not, or would you try the question of socialism and anarchism, which really has nothing to do with the case ? A. Well as I know so little about it in reality at present it is a pretty hard-question to answer. Q. You would undertake, you would attempt of course to try the case upon the evidence introduced here upon the issue which is presented here? A. Yes, sir. . . . Q. Well, then, so far as that is concerned I do not care very much what your opinion may be now, for your opinion now is made up of random conversations and from newspaper reading, as I understand ? A. Yes. Q. That is nothing reliable. You do not regard that as being in the nature of sworn testimony at all, do you? A. No. Q. Now, when the testimony is introduced here and the witnesses are examined, you see them and look into their countenances, judge who are worthy of belief and who are not worthy of belief, don\u2019t you think then you would be able to determine the question? A. Yes. Q. \u00a1Regardless of any impression that you might have or any opinion? A. Yes. Q. Have you any opposition to the organization by laboring men of associations or societies or unions so far as they have reference to their own advancement and protection and are not in violation of law? A. \u00a1No sir. Q. Do you know any of the members of the police force of the city of Chicago ? A. Not one by name. Q. You are not acquainted with any one, that was either injured or killed, I suppose, at the Haymarket meeting ? A. No. . . . Q. If you should be selected as a juror in this case, do you believe that regardless of all prejudice or opinion, which you now have, you could listen to the legitimate testimony introduced in court, and upon that and that alone, render and return a fair and impartial, unprejudiced and unbiased verdict ? A. Yes.\u201d\nThe foregoing examination was by the defence. The following was by the State:\n.\u201cQ. Upon what is your opinion founded\u2014upon newspaper reports ? A. Well, it is founded on the general theory and what I read in the newspapers. Q. And what you read in the papers? A. Yes sir. Q. Have you ever talked with any one that was present at the Haymarket at the time the bomb was thrown ? A. No sir. Q. Have you ever talked with any one who professed of his own knowledge to know anything about the connection of the defendants with the throwing of that bomb ? A. No. Q. Have you ever said to any one whether \u25a0or not you believed the statements of facts in the newspapers to be true ? A. I have never expressed it exactly in that way, but still I have no reason to think they were false. \u25a0Q. Well, the question is not what your opinion of that was. 'The question simply is\u2014it is a question made necessary by our statute, perhaps ? A. Well, I don\u2019t recall whether I have or not. Q. So far as you know then you never have? A. No sir. Q. Do you believe, that, if taken as a juror, you can try this case fairly and impartially and render a verdict upon the law and the evidence ?. A. Yes.\u201d It is objected, that Sanford had formed such an opinion as disqualified him from sitting upon the jury.\nIt is apparent from the foregoing examination, that the opinion of the juror was based upon rumor or newspaper statements, and that he had expressed no opinion as to the truth of such rumors or statements. He stated upon oath that he believed he could fairly and impartially render a verdict in the case in accordance with the law and the evidence. That the trial court was satisfied of the truth of his statement would appear from the fact, that the challenge for cause was overruled.\nTherefore, the examination of the juror shows a state of facts, which brings his case exactly within the scope and meaning of the third proviso of the 14th section of chapter 78, entitled \u201cJurors, \u201d of our Revised Statutes. That proviso is as follows: \u201cAnd provided further, that in the trial of any criminal cause, the fact that a person called as a juror has formed an opinion or impression, based upon rumor or upon newspaper statements (about the truth of which he has expressed no opinion) shall not disqualify him to serve as a juror in such case, if he shall, upon oath, state that he believes he can fairly and impartially render a verdict therein, in accordance with the law and the evidence, and the court shall be satisfied of the truth of such statement.\u201d\nIn Wilson v. The People, 94 Ill. 299, one William Gray was examined touching his qualifications as a juror and said: \u201cI have read newspaper accounts of the commission of the crime with which the defendant is charged, and have also conversed with several persons in regard to it since coming to Carthage and during my attendance upon this term of court; do not know whether they are witnesses in the case or not; do not know who the witnesses in the case are. From accounts I have read and from conversations I have had, I have formed an opinion in the ease; would have an opinion in the ease now, if the facts should turn out as I heard them, and I think it would take some evidence to remove that opinion; would be governed by the evidence in the case and can give the defendant a fair and impartial trial according to the law and the evidence.\u201d Gray was challenged for cause and the challenge overruled by the trial court. We held that all objection to Gray\u2019s competency was clearly removed by the proviso above quoted. We also there said: \u201cThe opinion formed seems not to have been decided, but one of a light and transient character which, at no time, would have disqualified the juror from serving.\u201d \u00a1\nThe expressions of Sanford in the case at bar as to the opinion formed by him are not so strong as those used by Gray in the Wilson ease in regard to his opinion. Sanford\u2019s impressions were not such as would refuse to yield to the testimony that might be offered, nor were they such as to close his mind to a fair consideration of the testimony. They were not \u201cstrong and deep impressions,\u201d such as are referred to by Chief Justice Marshall when he said upon the trial of Aaron Burr for treason: \u201cThose strong and deep impressions, which will close the mind against the testimony which may be offered in opposition to them,. which will combat that testimony and resist its force, do constitute a sufficient objection\u201d to a juror. (1 Burr\u2019s Trial, 416.)\nCounsel for the defence seem to claim in their argument, that the proviso above quoted is unconstitutional in that it violates section 9 of article 2 of the present constitution of this State, which guarantees to the accused party in every criminal prosecution \u201ca speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the offence is alleged to have been committed.\u201d We do not think that the proviso ' is unconstitutional for the reason stated. The rule, which it lays down, when wisely applied, does not lead to the selection of partial jurors. On the contrary, it tends to secure intelligence in the jury-box and to exclude from it that dense ignorance, which has often subjected the jury system to just criticism. A statute upon this subject, similar to ours and attacked as unconstitutional for the same reason here indicated, was held to be constitutional by the Court of Appeals in the State of New York in Stokes v. The People, 53 N. Y. 171.\nThe juror Sanford further stated that he had a prejudice against socialists, communists and anarchists. This did not disqualify him from sitting as a juror. If the theories of the anarchists should be carried into practical effect, they would involve the destruction of all law and government. Law and government can not be abolished without revolution, bloodshed and murder. The socialist or communist, if he attempted to put into practical operation his doctrine of a community of property, would destroy individual rights in property. Practically considered the idea of taking a man\u2019s property from him without his consent, for the purpose of putting it into a common fund for the benefit of the community at large, involves the commission of theft and robbery. Therefore, the prejudice, which the ordinary citizen, who looks at things from a practical standpoint, would have against anarchism and communism, would be nothing more than a prejudice against crime.\nIn Winneskeik Inswrance Co. v. Schueller, 60 Ill. 465, we said: 41A man may have a prejudice against crime, against a mean action, against dishonesty, and still be a competent juror. This is proper, and such prejudice will never force a juror to prejudge an innocent and an honest man.\u201d In Robinson et al. v. Randall, 82 Ill. 521, we again said: \u201cThe mere fact, therefore, that a juror may have a prejudice against crime does not disqualify him as a juror. A juror may be prejudiced against larceny, or burglary, or murder, and yet such fact would not in the least disqualify him from sitting upon a jury to try some person, who might be charged with one of these crimes.\u201d\nSan ord stated, that he would \u201cattempt to try the case upon the evidence introduced here upon the issue which is presented here.\u201d The issue presented was whether the defendants were guilty or not guilty of the murder of Matthias J. Degan. Any prejudice against communism or anarchism would not render a juror incapable of trying that issue fairly and impartially.\nWe can not see that the trial court erred in overruling the challenge for cause of the twelfth juror. This being so, it does not appear that the defendants were injured, or that their rights were in any way prejudiced by his selection as a juryman.\nOn the motion for a new trial the defendants read three affidavits for the purpose of showing that, shortly after May 4, 1886, two of the jurors had given utterance to expressions, showing prejudice against the defendants. The two jurors made counter-affidavits denying that they used the expressions attributed to them.\nWe do not think that the affidavits satisfactorily proved previously expressed opinions on the part of the two jurors referred to. It is a dangerous practice to allow verdicts to be set aside upon ex parte affidavits as to what jurors are claimed to have said, before they were summoned to act as jurymen. The parties making such affidavits submit to no cross-examination and the correctness of their statements is subjected to no test whatever. We adhere to the views which we have recently expressed upon this subject in the case of Hughes v. The People, 116 Ill. 330.\nThe defendants claim that, although they were entitled to one hundred and sixty peremptory challenges, yet the State was entitled to only twenty, and they charge it as error that the State was allowed to peremptorily challenge more than twenty talesmen. The statute says: \u201cThe attorney prosecuting on behalf of the People shall be admitted to a peremptory challenge of the same number of jurors that the accused is entitled to.\u201d (Rev. Stat. chap. 38, sec. 432.) We can not conceive how language can be plainer than that here used. It explains itself and requires no further remark.\n\u25a0 The defendants also claim that the trial court erred in refusing a separate trial, from the other defendants, to the defendants Spies, Schwab, Fielden, Neebe and Parsons. Error can not be assigned upon the refusal to grant separate trials, where several are jointly indicted. It was a matter of discretion with the court below. We so decided in Maton et al. v. The People, 15 Ill. 536. We are unable to see any abuse of the discretion in this case.\nDefendants also take exceptions to the conduct of the special bailiff. The regular panel having been exhausted and the defendants having objected \u201cto the sheriff summoning a sufficient number of persons to fill the'panel\u201d of jurors, the court appointed a special bailiff named Ryce to summon such persons under section 13, chapter 18, of the Revised Statutes. On the motion for new trial, defendants read the affidavit of one Stevens, in which Stevens swore that he had heard one Favor say, that he, Favor, had heard Ryce say, that he, Ryce, was summoning as jurors such men as the defence would be compelled to challenge peremptorily, etc. The defendants then made a motion, based upon this affidavit, that Favor be compelled to come into court and testify to what Ryce had said to him. The refusal of the court to grant the application is complained of as error.\nThe statements in the affidavit were mere hearsay and were too indefinite and remote to base any motion upon. Moreover, if Ryce did make the remark in question to Favor, it does not appear that defendants were harmed by it. There is nothing to show that Ryce made any remarks of any kind, proper or improper, to the jurors whom he summoned. In addition to this, it is not shown that the defendants served Favor with a subpoena so as to lay a foundation for compelling his attendance.\nWe think that the course, pursued on the trial in regard to the manner of impaneling the jury, was correct and in accordance with the plain meaning of section 21, chapter 78, of the .\u00a1Revised Statutes. That section says \u201cthat the jury shall be passed upon and accepted in panels of four by the parties, commencing with the plaintiff.\u201d The State is not called upon to tender the defendants a second panel before the defendants tender it back four.\nWe can not see that the remarks of the State\u2019s attorney in his argument to the jury were marked by any such improprieties, as require a reversal of the judgment. Wilson v. The People, supra, and Garrity v. The People, 107 Ill. 162.\nIn their lengthy argument counsel for the defence make some other points of minor importance, which are not here noticed. As to these, it is sufficient to say that we have considered them and do not regard them as well taken.\nThe judgment of the Criminal Court of Cook county is affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed.\nMr. Justice Mulkey : Not intending to file a separate opinion, as I should have done had health permitted, I desire to avail myself of this occasion to say from the bench, that while I concur in the conclusion reached, and also in the general view presented in the opinion filed, I do not wish to be understood as holding that the record is free from error, for I do not think it is. I am nevertheless of opinion that none of the errors complained of are of so serious a character as to require a reversal of the judgment.\nIn view of the number of defendants on trial, the great length of time it was in progress, the vast amount of testimony offered and passed upon by the court, and the almost numberless rulings the court was required to make, the won-\u25a0tier with me is, that the errors were not more numerous and more serious than they are.\nIn short, after having carefully examined the record, and given all the questions arising upon it my very best thought, with an earnest and conscientious desire to faithfully discharge my whole duty, I am fully satisfied that the conclusion reached vindicates the law, does complete justice between the prisoners and the State, and that it is fully warranted by the law and the evidence.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. Justice Magruder" } ], "attorneys": [ "Mr. Leonard Swett, for the plaintiffs in error:", "Mr. W. P. Black, and Messrs. Salomon & Zeisler, also for the plaintiffs in error:", "Mr. George Hunt, Attorney General, Mr. Julius S. Grinnell, State\u2019s Attorney, Mr. Francis W. Walker and Mr. Edmund Furthman, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, and Mr. George C. Ingham, for the People:" ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "August Spies et al v. The People of the State of Illinois.\nFiled at Ottawa September 14,1887.\n1. Mtjbdeb defined\u2014malice presumed. Murder is the unlawful killing \u25a0of a human being in the peace of the people, with malice aforethought, either express or implied. Malice is always presumed where one person deliberately injures another. It is the deliberation with which the act is performed that gives it character. It is the opposite of an act performed under uncontrollable passion, which prevents all deliberation or cool reflection in forming a purpose.\n2. Aocessoby befobe the eaot\u2014as principal. The statute abolishes \"the distinction between accessories before the fact and principals; by it all accessories before the fact are made principals.\n3. Same\u2014how the accessory may be cha/rged. As the acts of the principal are made the acts of the accessory, the latter may be charged as having done the act himself, and may be indicted and punished accordingly.\n4. Conspiracy\u2014defined,. A conspiracy may be described, in general terms, as a combination of two or more persons, by some concerted action, to accomplish some criminal or unlawful purpose, or to accomplish some purpose, not in itself criminal or unlawful, by criminal or unlawful means,\n5. Same\u2014of the concurrence of the several members\u2014how made to appear. If one concur, no proof of agreement to concur is necessary. As, soon as the union of wills for the unlawful purpose is perfected, the offence of conspiracy is complete. This joint assent of minds, like all other parts of a criminal case, may be established as an inference from the other facts proved,\u2014in other words, by circumstantial evidence.\n6. Though the common design is the essence of the charge of conspiracy, it is not necessary to prove that the alleged conspirators came together and actually agreed, in terms, to have that design and to pursue it by common means. If it be proved that they pursued by their acts the same object, often by the same means, one performing one part, another performing another part of the same, so as to complete it with a view to the attainment of that same object, the conclusion will be justified that they were engaged in a conspiracy to effect that object.\n7. Same\u2014 whatis an imlawful purpose\u2014chcrnge of government by force. It can not be properly assumed that \u201ca conspiracy to bring about a change of government, by peaceful means if possible, but if necessary, to resort to force for that purpose,\u201d is not unlawful. The fact that the conspirators may not have intended to resort to force, unless, in their judgment, they should deem it necessary to do so, would not make their conspiracy any the less unlawful.\n8. Same\u2014not in at the inception. It is not necessary to prove that the conspiracy originated with those who are particularly charged, or that they met during the process of its concoction; for every person entering into a conspiracy or common design, already formed, is deemed in law a party to all acts done by any of the other parties, before or afterwards, in furtherance of the common design.\n9. Same\u2014not present at the consummation. It makes no difference in the degree of responsibility resting upon those conspiring to do an unlawful act, that some of them were not present at the consummation of the design of the conspiracy. Where persons combine to stand by one another in a breach of the peace, with a general resolution to resist all opposers, and, in the execution of their design, a murder is committed, all of the company are equally principals in the murder, though at the time of the act some of them were at such a distance as to be out of view, if the murder be in furtherance of the common design.\n10. Same\u2014specific malice not necessa/ry. In the case of a homicide, there might be no special malice against the person slain, nor deliberate intention to hurt him; but if the act was committed in the prosecution of the original purpose, which was unlawful, the whole party will be involved in the guilt of him who gave the blow.\n11. Same\u2014particular result not anticipated. A person may be guilty of a wrong which he did not specifically intend, if it came naturally, eleven accidentally, through some other specific or general evil purpose. When, therefore, persons combine to do an unlawful thing, if the act of one proceeding according to the common plan terminates in a criminal result, though not the particular result meant, all are liable.\n12. He who enters into a combination or conspiracy to do such an unlawful act as will probably result in the taking of human life, must be presumed to have understood the\" consequences which might reasonably be expected to' flow from carrying it into effect, and also to have assented to the doing of whatever would reasonably or probably be necessary to accomplish the objects of the conspiracy, even to the taking of life.\n13. Same\u2014difference in ultimata purpose\u2014as between those who incite cmd those who execute. If men combine together as conspirators to accomplish an unlawful purpose, as, the overthrow of society and government and law, called by them a \u201csocial revolution,\u201d and seek, as a means to an end, by print and speech, to excite to tumult and riot and murder, another class of persons having a different purpose in view', as, in case of workingmen who have entered upon a \u201cstrike\u201d with the view of bringing about a reduction o\u00a3 the hours of day labor, then, notwithstanding the difference in the ultimate objects desired to be attained by the respective classes of persons, the conspirators who advised and instigated the others to violence will be held responsible for murder that may result from their aid and encouragement.\n14. Same\u2014original plan deviated from. A plan for the perpetration of crime, or for the accomplishment of any action whether worthy or unworthy, can not always be' executed in exact accordance with the original conception. It must sometimes be changed or modified in order to meet emergencies or unforeseen contingencies.\n15. If A hire B to shoot 0 at a designated place, on a certain night, but B, seeing 0 at another locality on the same night, shoots him there, A is none the less guilty of aiding, abetting, advising and encouraging the murder of 0. So if there be a conspiracy to kill policemen at a station house, but the agents of the conspiracy kill the policemen a short distance away from the station house, there is* no such departure from the original design as to relieve the conspirators of responsibility.\n16. Same\u2014specific means not appointed. Where there is a conspiracy to accomplish an unlawful purpose, and the means are not specifically agreed upon or understood, each conspirator becomes responsible for the means used by any co-conspirator in the accomplishment of the purpose in which they are all at the time engaged.\n17. Same\u2014a's to whic-h of two persons caused the immediate injury. In the ease of a joint attack upon a body of persons, made by a number of other persons, with two kinds of weapons, as, pistols and bombs, in pursuance of a previously arranged conspiracy, and the murder of one of the persons attacked results, those of the attacking party who fired pistol shots only, will be equally responsible for the murder with the one throwing a bomb, although the killing was in fact done by the bomb and not by a pistol shot.\n18. Same\u2014inciting to violence by newspaper organs, and speeches. He who inflames people\u2019s minds, and induces them, by violent means, to accomplish an illegal object, is himself a rioter, though he takes no part in the riot. One is responsible for what wrong flows directly from his corrupt intentions. If he set in motion the physical power of another, he is liable for its result. If he contemplated the result, he is answerable, though it is produced in a manner he did not contemplate. If he awakes into action an indiscriminate power, he is responsible. If he gives directions vaguely and incautiously, and the person receiving them acts according to what he might have foreseen would be the understanding, he is responsible. It can make no difference whether the mind is affected by inflammatory words addressed to the reader through the newspaper organ of a society to which he belongs, or to the hearer through the spoken words of an orator whom he looks up to as a representative of his own peculiar class.\n19. The \u201cInternational Association\u201d in Chicago was an illegal organization engaged in making bombs and drilling with arms for the unlawful purpose of attacking the police force of the city in case the latter should assume to do their duty in the preservation of the public peace. Its members were conspirators, and, by their act of conspiring together, they jointly assumed to themselves, as a body, the attribute of individuality, so far as regarded the prosecution of the common design. Newspapers, conducted by members of the organization, as its organs, advocated the purposes of the conspiracy, and speakers addressed public meetings, called by some of the conspirators, inciting the people to resist the police, and advising riot and murder. The police were attacked, and several of them killed. On a prosecution of some of the conspirators for murder, it was held, that the utterances of these papers and speakers were competent evidence against the defendants, as showing the purposes and intentions of the conspiracy which they represented.\n20. Same\u2014adopting the writings of others\u2014Mosts Science of Revolutionary Warfare. On the same trial, Johann Most\u2019s book on the Science of Revolutionary Warfare, was admitted in evidence against the defendants. This book is a treatise upon the most improved methods of making bombs and preparing dynamite and other explosives, and contained suggestions as to how to apply the results of modern science to the work of destruction of the \u201ccapitalistic system,\u201d and advice to persons who, as members of the so-called revolutionary forces, might purpose to engage in the use of these weapons and explosives. The treatise was distributed among the members of the International groups at their picnics and meetings through the agency of the International Association. Its circulation was an act of the illegal organization to which all the defendants belonged, and was one of the methods by which that organization instructed and advised its members to get ready for the murder of the police during the excitement among the striking workingmen, at the time existing. Their newspaper organs commended it and quoted from it. Some of the conspirators read it and acted upon the suggestions contained in it. When the leaders of the organization thus made use of this treatise, they adopted it as a manual of tactics, and it became a book of their written advice and instructions to their followers. It was competent evidence as showing the purposes and objects which they had in view and the methods by which they proposed to accomplish those objects,\n21. Same\u2014evidence\u2014exhibiting to jury weapons similar to those used. The policeman for whose murder the defendants were indicted, was killed by the explosion of a bomb thrown in the midst of the police force. On the trial the court allowed to be given in evidence, bombs, and cans containing dynamite, and prepared with contrivances for exploding it, which had been found under sidewalks and buried in the ground at certain points in the city, placed there by certain of the conspirators. As specimens of the kind of weapons which Lingg, the one of the conspirators who had charge of their manufacture, and his associates, were preparing, and as showing the malice and evil heart which the intended use of such weapons indicated, the introduction of bombs made by him was not improper. The jury had a right to see them and compare their structure with the description of the bomb that killed the policeman, with a view of determining whether Lingg, as was charged, was the maker of the latter or not.\n22. As to the fact that some of these bombs and cans, like some which nad been shown to certain of the conspirators during their drill, were found buried near one of the designated meeting places where certain of the armed men were to assemble on the night of the attack of the police,\u2014this was a circumstance proper to be considered by the jury in determining the nature and character of the conspiracy and its connection with the events of the night of the killing.\n23. Same\u2014the particular agency, or the particular victim, not knoicn to the perpetrator. It is not essential to the guilt of a person who has conspired with others for the commission of a crime, that in the preparation of the instrumentalities for the carrying out of the design of the conspirators, he did not know the name of the particular individual who was to use them. So where a number of persons conspired together to destroy the police force of a city, in a certain event, as, in case of a collision between them and workingmen, by throwing a bomb among the police, if the bomb-maker knew that it was to be thrown by one of those having the common purpose, that would be sufficient to affect him with the guilt of advising, encouraging, aiding or abetting the crime resulting from the act.\n24. And it would be alike unimportant, in fixing the guilt of the bomb-maker, that he did not know -what particular policeman might be injured or killed. The design of the conspiracy virtually, designated the body ox-class of meii who were to be attacked. Should one of such class be killed, the guilt would be the same as though a person having a particular name had been pointed oxxt as the victim.\n25. So, too, it would be immaterial that he did not know the bomb would be thrown at any particular time or place. It would be enough that he knew it was to be used at the place where the anticipated event might transpire,\u2014 the collision between the workingmen and the police.\n26. Same\u2014identity of the person doing the particular acl, sufficiently shown. Though, where, in the execution of the unlawful purpose of a conspiracy, a bomb was thrown among a body of police, for the purpose of sustaining a conviction of some of the conspirators for murder, as resulting from the throwing of the bomb, the identity of the bomb-thrower is sufficiently shown if it appeared he belonged to the conspiracy, and if he threw the bomb to carry out the conspiracy and further its designs, even though his name and personal description were not known. A person may very properly be charged with advising, encouraging, aiding and abetting an unknown principal in the perpetration of a crime.\n27. Same\u2014as to the particular person doing the act, whether known or unknown\u2014allegations am,d proofs in respect thereto. In an indictment against several for murder, some of the counts charged the defendants with having advised, encouraged, aided and abetted a particular person named, in the perpetration of the crime, and evidence was introduced to show that the particular person named did perpetrate the crime. Other counts charged the defendants with having advised, encouraged, aided and abetted an imknown person in the commission of the crime, and proof was given which tended to show that the perpetrator of the crime was an unknown person. In this condition of the pleadings and the proofs, it was not required of the trial court that it should so direct the jury as to restrict them to the-consideration of the case on the theory that the crime was committed by the particular person named, and to omit any reference to the other theory that it was perpetrated by an unknown person. * =\u25a0\n28. Under our statute, the man who, \u201cnot being present aiding, abetting or assisting, hath advised, encouraged, aided or abetted the perpetration of a crime,\" may be considered as the principal in the commission of the crime, may be indicted as principal, and may be punished as such. The indictment need not say anything about his having aided and abetted either a known principal or an unknown principal. It may simply charge him with 'committing the crime as principal. Then, if, upon the trial, the proof shows that the person charged, aided, abetted, assisted, advised or encouraged the perpetration of the crime, the charge that he committed it as principal is established against him. It would make no difference whether the proof showed that he so aided and abetted a known or an wnlmown principal.\n29. Same\u2014consideration of the purposes amd principles of the conspirators\u2014as, that they are socialists, communists or anarchists. If there be a conspiracy, and crime has resulted from it, it becomes material to show the purposes and objects of the conspiracy with the view of determining whether and in what respects it is unlawful. Anarchy is the absence of government; it is a state of society where there is no law or supreme power. If the conspiracy had for its object the destruction of the law and the government, and of the police and militia as the representatives of law and government, it had for its object the bringing about of practical anarchy. And when murder has resulted from the conspiracy, and the perpetrators are on trial for the crime, whether or not the defendants were anarchists may be a proper circumstance to be considered, in connection with other circumstances in the caso, with a view of showing what connection, if any, they had with the conspiracy and wrhat were their purposes in joining it. So it would be putting it too broadly to instruct the jury in such a case that it could not be material in the case that the defendants, or some of them, were or might be \u201csocialists, communists, or anarchists,\u201d and such an instruction might well be refused.\n30. Same\u2014acts and declarations of one conspirator as the acts and declarations of all. When the fact of a conspiracy is once established, any act of one of the conspirators in the prosecution of the enterprise, is considered the act of all. And when murder results from the act of the conspirators, individuals who, though not specifically parties to the killing, are present and consenting to the assemblage by whom it is perpetrated, are principals when the killing is in pursuance of the common design.\n31. After a conspiracy has been established, only those declarations of each member, however, which are in furtherance of the common design can be introduced in evidence against the other members. Declarations that are merely narrative as to what has been done or will be done, are incompetent, and should not be admitted except as against the defendant making them, or in whose presence they were made.\n32. Same\u2014as to the order in which the proofs may he given, as to the existence of the conspiracy and the individual acts of its members. Whether the acts and declarations of one of several alleged conspirators shall be allowed to \"be proven before proof is made of the conspiracy, or of the connection of those sought to be charged, is a matter largely discretionary with the trial judge. The proof of conspiracy which will authorize the introduction of evidence as to the acts and declarations of the co-conspirators may be such proof only as is sufficient, in the opinion of the trial judge, to establish prima facie the fact of conspiracy between the parties, or proper to be laid before the jury as tending to establish such fact. Sometimes, for the sake of convenience, the acts or declarations of one are admitted in evidence before sufficient proof is given of the conspiracy, the prosecution undertaking to furnish such proof at a subsequent stage of the cause.\n33. The rule that the conspiracy must be first established prima facie before the acts and declarations of one conspirator can be received in evidence against another, can not well be enforced where the proof of the conspiracy depends upon a vast amount of circumstantial evidence, a vast number of isolated and independent facts; and, in any case, where such acts and declarations are introduced in evidence, and the whole of the evidence introduced on the trial, taken together, shows that such a conspiracy actually exists, it will be considered immaterial whether the conspiracy was established before or after the introduction of such acts and declarations. The prosecution may either prove the conspiracy which renders the acts of the conspirators admissible in evidence, or it may prove the acts, of the different persons, and thus prove the conspiracy.\n34. In many important cases evidence has been given of a general conspiracy, before any proof of the particular part which the accused parties have taken. In some particular instances, in which it would be difficult to-establish the defendant\u2019s privity without first proving the existence of a conspiracy, a deviation has been made from the general rule, and evidence of acts and conduct of others has been admitted to prove the existence of a conspiracy previous to the proof of the defendant\u2019s privity. The term \u201cacts,\u201d as here used, includes written correspondence and other papers relative to the main design.\n35. Dispebsing public assemblages\u2014right of resistance. A mere order to an assemblage of persons to disperse, although the meeting be .lawfully convened and peaceably conducted, will not excuse the throwing of a bomb into a body of policemen giving the order.\n36. If, however, a bomb-thrower were illegally and improperly attacked by the police, while quietly attending a peaceable meeting, and he threw the bomb to defend himself against such attack, another question would be presented.\n37. Reasonable doubt\u2014in criminal cases. In a capital case, the trial court gave the rule as to a reasonable doubt, as affecting the finding of the jury, as follows: \u201cThe court instructs the jury, as matter of law, that in considering the case the jury are not to go beyond the evidence to hunt up doubts, nor must they entertain such doubts as are merely chimerical or conjectural. A doubt, to justify an acquittal, must be reasonable, and it must arise from a candid and impartial investigation of all the evidence in the case; and unless it is such that, were the same kind of doubt interposed in the graver transactions of life, it would cause a reasonable and prudent man to hesitate and pause, it is insufficient to authorize a verdict of \u2018not guilty.\u2019 If, after considering all the evidence, you can say you have an abiding conviction of the truth of the charge, you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt.\u201d The rule as thus formulated, has repeatedly received the approval of this court, and is correct.\n38. In another instruction where the rule was somewhat differently expressed, these words were used: \u201cYou are not at liberty to disbelieve as jurors, if, from the evidence, you believe as men.\u201d This expression was unobjectionable.\n39. Juby as judges oe the law-\u2014in criminal cases. Under the statute providing that \u201cjuries in all criminal cases shall be judges of the law and fact,\u201d it is not improper for the court to tell the jury, that \u201cif they can say upon their oaths that they know the law better than the court itself, they have the right to do so;\u201d but that, \u201cbefore saying this upon their oaths, it is their duty to reflect whether from their study and experience they are better qualified to judge of the law than the court.\u201d\n40. Evidence\u2014accused testifying in Ms own behalf\u2014latitude of cross-examination. If a defendant in a criminal prosecution offers himself as a witness in his own behalf to disprove the criminal charge, he can not excuse himself from answering on cross-examination, on the ground that by so doing he may criminate himself. So far as concerns questions touching the merits, the defendant, by making himself a witness as to the offence, waives his privilege as to all matters connected with the offence.\n41. Impeaching A witness\u2014based upon reputation for truth. Before a witness can swear that he will not believe a man under oath, he must first swear that he knows that man\u2019s reputation for truth and veracity among his neighbors, and that such reputation is bad. The unwillingness to believe under oath must follow from and be based upon two facts,-\u2014first, the fact that the witness knows the reputation for truth and veracity among the man\u2019s neighbors; second, the fact that such reputation is bad. As the reputation must be bad before it can be known to be bad, the most material fact to be proved is that such reputation is bad. What a man\u2019s reputation is, is a fact to be proved just as any other fact.\n42. Practice\u2014time to object\u2014as to competency of evidence. When it is desired to object to the receiving in evidence, in a criminal prosecution, of a letter purporting to have been written to the defendant, on the ground that it came into the hands of the prosecution by means \u00f3f _ an unlawful seizure, the objection should be taken at the trial. It can not be made for the first time on error, in this court.\n43. And in taking such an objection at the trial, the ground of it not appearing on the face of the offered evidence, but depending upon proof of an outside fact, the party objecting should prove that the letter was obtained by illegal seizure, and then move its exclusion, or oppose its admission, upon that ground. In that way the question of its admissibility could be raised.\n44. Instructions\u2014if erroneous, when cured, by others in the series. It was complained of an instruction given in a series, in a capital case, that it omitted all reference to the evidence, as being the guide to the jury in their finding. The trial judge, of his own motion, after having given the instructions as asked by the respective parties, gave the following; \u201cWhat are the facts and what is the truth the jury must determine from the evidence, and from that alone. If there are any unguarded expressions in any of the instructions, which seem to assume the existence of any facts, or to be any intimation as to what is proved, all such expressions must be disregarded, and the evidence only looked to to determine the facts.\u201d This was enough to cure the omission complained of. It is the duty of the jury to consider all the instructions together, and when this court can see that an instruction in the series, although not stating the law correctly, is qualified by others, so that the jury were not likely to be misled, the error will be obviated.\n45. Although an instruction, considered by itself, is too general, yet if it is properly limited by others given on the other side, or by the court of its own motion, so that it is not probable that it could have misled the jury, judgment will not be reversed on account of such instruction.\n46. Sep abate tbials\u2014in criminal cases, where several a/re indicted. Error can not be assigned upon the refusal of a trial court to grant separate trials where several are jointly indicted. It is a matter of discretion with the trial court.\n47. Jtjby\u2014peremptory challengesim, criminal cases\u2014of the number gimen to the prosecution. The statute says: \u201cThe attorney prosecuting on behalf of the People shall be admitted to a peremptory challenge of the same number of jurors that the accused is entitled to.\u201d \"Under this statute, in a case where several persons are jointly indicted and put upon trial, eachbeing entitled to twenty peremptory challenges, the prosecution is entitled to a number equal to the aggregate of those accorded to all the defendants.\n48. Same\u2014competency ofjwror who has formed an opinion from rumor and from reading newspapers. In a capital case a juror, upon his examination as to whether he had formed and expressed an opinion \u00e1s to the guilt or innocence of the accused, stated that he had formed an opinion based upon rumor or newspaper statements, but that he had expressed no opinion as to the truth of such rumors or statements. He stated upon oath that he believed he could fairly and impartially render a verdict in the case in accordance with the law and evidence. A challenge for cause was overruled, it thereby appearing that the court was satisfied of the truth of his statement. This brought the case exactly within the scope and meaning of the statute prescribing the qualifications of jurors, and established his competency.\n49. Same\u2014competency\u2014prejudice against crime, as a disqualification. Upon the trial of several persons on the charge of murder, the crime being the result of an alleged conspiracy to establish anarchy in the place of government, and law and order, the conspirators themselves being anarchists, a person called as a juror, upon his examination, stated that he had a prejudice against socialists, communists and anarchists: Held, such prejudice was not a disqualification of the juror to sit in the case.\n50. Same\u2014statute prescribing qualifications of jurors\u2014its constitutionality. The third proviso of the 14th section of chapter 78, of the Revised Statutes, which provides, \u201cthat in the trial of any criminal cause the fact that a person called as a juror has formed an opinion or impression based upon rumor or newspaper statements, (about the truth of which he has expressed no opinion,) shall not disqualify him to serve as a juror in such case, if he shall, upon oath, state that he believes he can fairly and impartially render a verdict therein in accordance with the law and the evidence, and the court shall be satisfied of the truth of such statement, \u201d is not obnoxious to the objection that it is in violation of that clause of the constitution which guarantees to the accused party in every criminal prosecution \u201ca speedy trial by an impartial jury.\u201d\n51. Same\u2014error in rulings as to competency, after peremptory challenges ame exhausted. A judgment of conviction in a criminal case will not be reversed for errors committed in the trial court in overruling challenges for cause to jurors, even though the defendant had exhausted his peremptory challenges, unless it is further shown that an objectionable juror was forced upon him and sat upon the case, after he had exhausted his peremptory challenges.\n52. Bobm 03? verdict\u2014on trial for murder\u2014directionin respect thereto. On the trial of several persons upon the charge of murder, the trial court instructed the jury as to the form'of their verdict, as follows: \u201cIf all the \u25a0defendants are found guilty, the form of the verdict will be: \u201cWe, the jury, find the defendants guilty of murder, in manner and form as charged in the indictment,\u2019 and fix the penalty.\u201d \u201cIf all are found not guilty, the form of the verdict will be, \u2018We, the jury, find the defendants not guilty.\u2019\u201d And correspondingly, in case part were found guilty and part not guilty. The verdict was, guilty of murder. It was objected by the defendants, that under this instruction, the jury were obliged to find the defendants guilty or not guilty of murder, whereas the jury were entitled to find that the offence was a lower grade of homicide than murder, if the evidence so warranted. But the objection was not well taken. If the defendants desired to have the jury differently instructed, they should have prepared an instruction accordingly.\nWrit of Error to the Criminal Court of Cook county; the Hon. Joseph E. Gary, Judge, presiding.\nA collection of extracts from documentary evidence, found in the record in this cause, has been prepared as a preface to the opinion. These extracts are referred to in the opinion as being contained in a \u201cstatement\u201d that precedes the opinion. That \u201cstatement,\u201d or collection of extracts, and the'instructions referred to, and commented upon in the opinion, are as follows:\nExtracts from articles which appeared in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d under the following dates:\nFebruary 23, 1885.\u2014\u201cThe already approaching revolution promises to be much grander and more terrible than that at the close of the last century, which only broke out in one country. The common revolution will be general, for it makes itself already felt everywhere and generally. It will demand more sacrifices, for the number of those over whom we have to sit in judgment is now much greater than that of the last century.\u201d\nMcvrch 2, 1885.\u2014\u201cOur censure is not directed only against the workingmen of Philadelphia. It strikes especially, and in much higher degree, those dirty souls who carry on, as a business, the quieting of the working class, under idle promises of reform in the near future. * * * That thing could not have happened in Chicago, without placing for exhibition on the telegraph wires and cornices of houses, a dozen cadavers of policemen in pieces, for each broken skull of a workman. And this is due solely and purely to the revolutionary propaganda carried on here. * * * (We wonder) whether the workingmen of Chicago will take a lesson from this occurrence, and will at last supply themselves with weapons, dynamite and prussic acid, as fair as that has not been dong yet.\u201d\nMarch 11, 1885.\u2014\u201cThe community will soon have to decide whether to be or not to be. Either the police must be, and then the community can not be; or the community must be, and then the police can not be. One, only, of the two, is possible.\u201d\nMarch 16,1885.\u2014\u201cIn all revolutionary action three different epochs of time are to be distinguished: First, the portion of preparation for an, action, then the moment of the action itself and finally that portion of time which follows the deed. All these portions of time are to be considered one after another.\n\u201cIn the first place, a revolutionary action should succeed. Then as little as possible ought to. be sacrificed,\u2014that is, in other words, the danger of discovery ought to be weakened as much as possible, and, if it can be, should be reduced to naught. This calls for one of the most important tactical principles, which briefly might be formulated in the tvords: Saving of the combatants. All this constrains us to further explain the measwres of, organization and tactics which must be taken into consideration in such an action.\n\u201cMention was made of the danger of discovery. That is, in fact, present in all three of the periods of conflict. This danger is imminent in the preparation of the action itself, and finally, after the completion thereof. The question is now, how can it be met?\u201d\n\u201cIf we view the different phases of the development of a deed, we have, first, the time of preparation.\n\u201cIt is easily comprehensible for everybody, that the danger of discovery is the greater the more numerous the mass of people or the group is which contemplates a deed, and vice versa. On the other, hand, the threatening danger approaches the closer the better the acting persons are known to the authorities of the place of action, and vice versa. Holding fast to this, the following results:\n\u201cIn the commission of a deed, a comrade who does not live at the place of action,\u2014that is, a comrade of some other place,\u2014ought, if possibility admits, to participate in the action ; or, formulated differently, a revolutionary deed ought to be enacted where one is not known.\n\u201cA further conclusion which may be drawn from what was mentioned, is this:\n\u201cWhoever is ivilling to execute a deed, has, in the first place, to put the question to himself, whether he is able, or not, to ca/rry out the action by .himself. If the former is the\u2019 case, let him absolutely initiate no one into the matter and let him act alone; but if that is not the case, then let him look, with the greatest care, for just as many fellows as he must have, absolutely,\u2014not one more nor less; with these let him unite himself to a fighting group.\n\u201cThe founding of special groups of action or of war is an absolute necessity. If it were attempted to make use of an existing group to effect an action, discovery of the deed would follow upon its heels, if it would come to a revolutionary action at all, which would be very doubtful. It is especially true in America, where reaction has velvet panes, and where asinine confidentially is, from a certain direction, directly without bounds. In the preparation, already, endless debates would develop; the thing would be hung upon the big bell; it would be at first a public secret, and then, after the thing was known to everybody, it would also reach the long ea/)'s of the holy Hermandad, (the sacred precinct of the watchman over the public safety,) which, as is known to every man, woman and child, hear the grass grow and the fleas cough.\n\u201cIn the formation of a group of action, the greatest care must be exercised. _ Men must be selected who have head and heart in the right spot.\n\u201cHas the formation of a fighting group been effected, has the intention been developed, does each one see perfectly clear in the manner of the execution, then action must follow with the greatest possible swiftness, without delay, for now they move within the scope of the greatest danger, simply from the very adjacent reason, because the selected allies might yet commit treason without exposing themselves in so doing.\n\u201cIn the action itself, one must be personally at the place, to select personally that point of the place of action, and that pan-t of the action, which axe the most important and a/re coupled with the greatest danger, upon which depend chiefly the success or failure of the whole affair.\n\u201cHas the deed been completed ? Then the group of action dissolves at once, without further parley, according to an wider-standing which must be had beforehand, leave the place of action, and scatters to all directions.\n\u201cIf this theory is acted upon, then the danger of the discovery is extremely small,\u2014yea, reduced to almost nothing; and from this point of view the author ventures so say, thus, and not otherwise, must be acted, if the advance is to be proper.\n\u201cIt would be an easy matter to furnish the proof, by the different revolutionary acts in which the history of the immediate past is so rich, that the executors sinned against the one or the other of the aforementioned principles, and that in this fact lies the cause of the discovery, and the loss to us of very important fellow-champions connected therewith; but we will be brief, and leave that to the individual reflection of the reader. But one fact is established\u2014that is this: That all the mentioned rides can be observed without great difficulties; further, that the blood of owr best comrades can be spared thereby; finally, as a consequence of the last mentioned,'that light actions can be increased materially, for the complete success of an action is the best impulse to a new deed, and the tilings must always succeed ivhen the rules of wisdom are followed.\n\u201cA further question which might probably be raised, would be this: In case a special or conditional group must be formed for the pmpose of action, what is the duty, in that case, of the public groups, or the entire public organisation, in view of the aforesaid actions? Well,_ the answer is very near at hand. Tn the first place, they have to serve as a covering,\u2014as a shield behind which one of the most effective weapons of revolution is bared; then these permanent groups are to be the source from which the necessary pecuniary means are drawn and fellow-combatants are recruited; finally, the accomplished deeds are to fwmish the permanent groups,\u2014the material for critical illustration. These discussions are to wake the spirit of rebellipn,\u2014 that important lever of the advancing course of the development of our race,\u2014without which we would be forever nailed down to the state of development \u00f3f a gorilla or an orang outang. This right spirit is to be inflamed, the revolutionary instinct is to be roused which still sleeps in the breast of man, although these monsters, which, by an oversight of nature, were covered with human skin, are honestly endeavoring to cripple the truly nohle and elevated form of man by the pressure of a thousand and again a thousand years,\u2014to morally castrate the human race. Finally, the means and form of conquest are to he found hy untiring search and comparison, which enhance the strength of each proletarian a thousandfold, and make him the giant Briareus, which alone is able to crush the ogres of capital.\u201d \u2022\nMarch 23, 1885:\u2014\u201cYet one thing more. Although every day brings the news of collisions between armed murder-serfs of the bourgeoise with unarmed crowds of people, (strikers and the like,) we must ever and again read in the so-called workingmen\u2019s papers, discussions of the question of arming ought to be avoided in the associations of the proletarian. We characterize such pacifying efforts as criminal.\n\u201cEach toorkingman ought to have been a/nned long ago. We leave it an open question whether whole corporations are able to completely fit themselves out in a military point of view, with all then numbers; but we say that each single one, if he has the necessary seriousness and the good will, can arm himself, little by little, very easily. Daggers and revolvers are easily to be gotten. Hand grenades are cheaply to be produced; explosives, too, can be obtained; and finally, possibilities an'e also given to buy arms on installments. To give an impulse in that direction one should never tire of. For not only the revolution prop&r, approaching with gigantic steps, commands to prepan'e for it, but also the ivage contests of to-day demand of us not to enter into it with empty hands.\n\u201cLet us understand the signs of the times! Let us have a care for the present, that we will not be smjirised by the future, unprepared!\u201d\nApril 8, 1885.\u2014\u201cThat is something worth hearing. A number of strikers in Quincy, yesterday, fired upon their bosses, and not upon the scabs. This is recommended most emphatically for imitation.\u201d\nMay 5, 1885.\u2014\u201cWhen anywhere a small party of workingmen dare to speak of rights and privileges, then the \u2018order\u2019 draw together all the murdering scoundrels of the whole city, (and, if necessary, from the whole country,) to put their sovereignty the more clearly before the sovereigns. In short, the whole power of the capital,\u2014that is, the entire government,\u2014 is ever ready to suppress the petty demonstrations of the workingmen by force of arms, one after another,\u2014now here, then there. This would be quite different if the workingmen of the entire country could only see that their class is in this wise subjected, part by part, without condition and without repartee. The workingmen ought to take aim at every member of the militia, and, do with him as one would do with some one of whom it is known that he is after taking one\u2019s life. It might then sooner be difficult to obtain murdering tools.\u201d\nIn a small notice, under the same heading, is this: \u201cWorkingmen, arm yourselves! Let the butchery of Lemont be a lesson to you.\u201d\nMay 7,1885.\u2014\u201cBefore you lies this blissful Eden. The road to it leads over the smoking ruins of the old world. Tour passport to it is that banner which calls to you, inflaming letters, the word \u2018Anarchy.\u2019 \u201d\nJune 19, 1S85.\u2014\u201cIt is scarcely necessary for us to say, in conclusion, that it would be an insane undertaking to meet the serfs of order with empty hands, and to allow one\u2019s self to be clubbed down and to be shot down without means of defence. Taking this into consideration, it appears clearly that it is more necessary than anything else, to arm one\u2019s self as soon as possible. Therefore, workingmen, do aim yourselves with the most effectual means. The better you do this the quicker the fight is fought, the sooner the victory is yours. Do not delay, for that would be your ruin.\u201d\nJune 20', 1885.\u2014\u201cEnough is now said about the importance of being armed, and another question approaches us now which also must be discussed. We arre to go to work to supply ourselves, as quickly as possible, with these useful things. The price of them is too high than that one could buy them himself: The writer of these lines expresses his opinion, which does \u2014-;- not intend to be too previous, to this effect: That special groups-ought to form themselves to this end, which are to accomplish these things incorporal, mid which collect and pay the money in small sums, optional with each one, according to his means. Small contributions one can easily spare. One does not mind them, and he is, in this ivay, the sooner in fighting trim for our purposes.. In explanation, it must also be said that dynamite bears several names here in America. Among others, it is known in trade also-under the names of Hercules powder and giant powder.\n\u201cBut we will not tire the reader any longer, and go about to-close this a/rticle. The fable reporis to us that founder\u00a7 of great and difficult toorks have been nwrsed by wild beasts,\u2014among others, Romulus and Remus by a she-wolf. That is to be understood fig-u/ratively. It is not said that the founders of a great work must-have something wolfish in their individuality, for such a beginning-is ever the password in a fight, and in this it is meant for one to-be a zoild animal. Workingmen, fellows in misery, men of action /' A creation greater, more important, higher, more elevated than one has ever been, it is for us to found and establish!\n' \u201c The temple of the unveiled Goddess of Liberty upon the whole-face of the globe. But to this end you must be wolves, and, as: such, ye need sharp teeth. Wofrkingmen, arm yourselves!\u201d\nIn the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d of April 29, 1885, is an editorial describing what is known as the \u201cBoard of Trade Meeting,\u201d in which it is stated, that in the procession which marched past the hoard of trade, there \u201cmarched a strong company of.' well-armed comrades of the various groups. Let us remark, here, that,, with perhaps few exceptions, they were all well, armed, and that also the nitro-glycerine pills ivere not missing. They were prepared for a probable attack, and if it had come-to a collision there would have been pieces. The cordons of the police could have been quite excellently adapted for experiments with explosives! About twenty detectives were loitering about the Market square at the beginning, and them disappeared. That explains the keeping hack of our otherwise-impertinent order,\u2014scoundrels.\u201d\nOctober 5, 1885.\u2014\u201cThe question which presents itself to t\u00edi\u00e9 wage-worker is this : Will you look on quietly that they eject in such manner those who have shown themselves most willing to be sacrificed, and that they are driven from house and home, and persecuted with the whip of hunger,\u2014will you or will you not ? And if they do not want that, there is no other way than to become immediately soldiers of the revolutionary army, and establish conspiring groups, and let the ruins fall on the home of such.\u201d\nOctober 8, 1885.\u2014\u201cAll organized workingmen in this country, no matter what views they might have otherwise, should be united on one point,\u2014they should engage in a general prosecution of Pinkerton\u2019s secret police. No day should pass without a report being heard, from one place or another, of the finding of a carcass of one of Pinkerton\u2019s,\u2014that this should be kept up until nobody would consent to become the bloodhound of these assassins.\u201d\nIn the issue of the same paper, of December 29, 1885, is a report of a meeting of the North Side group, at 58 Clybourn avenue, which is as follows:\n\u201cThe following resolutions were adopted:\n\u201cThis assembly declares, that the North Side group, I. A. A., pledges itself to work, with all means, for the introduction of the eight-hour day, beginning on the 1st of May, 1886. At the same time, the North Side group cautions the workingmen not to meet the enemy unarmed, on the 1st of May,\u201d etc.\nJanuary 22, 1886.\u2014\u201cThe eight-hour question is not, or at least should not be, the final end of the present organization, but, in comparison to the present state of things, a progress \u25a0' not to be underrated. But' now let us consider the question in itself. How is the eight-hour day to be brought about ? Why, the thinking workingman must see for himself, under \"the present power of capital in comparison to labor, it is impossible to enforce the eight-hour day in all branches of business, otherwise than with armed, force. With empty hands the workingmen will hardly be able to cope with the representatives of the club, in case, after the 1st of May of this year, there should be a general strike. Then the bosses will simply employ other men,\u2014so-called \u2018scabs. Such will al-. ways be found.\n\u201cThe whole movement, then, would be nothing but filling the places with new men; but if the workingmen are prepared to eventually stop the working of the factories, to defend himself, with the aid of dynamite and bombs, against the militia, which will, of course, be employed, then, and only then, you can expect a thorough success of the eight-how movement.\n\u201cTherefore, luorkingmen, I call upon you, arm yowselves.\u201d\nIn the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d November 27, 1885, is the following :\n\u201cLetter Box, S.\u2014Steel and iron are not on hand, but tin two or three inches in diameter. The price is cheap. It does not amount to fifty cents apiece.\u201d\nDuring the months of December, 1885, January, February and March, 1886, appeared the following notice, headed \u201cExercise in Arms\n\u201cWorkingmen who are willing to exercise in the handling of arms, should '\u2018call every Sunday forenoon, at half-past nine, at No. 58 Clybourn avenue, where they will receive instructions gratuitously.\u201d\nIn the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d of March 2, 15, 18 and 25,1886, appeared the following notice:\n\u00ab\u2018Revolutionary Warfare\u2019 has arrived, and is to be had through the librarian, at 107 Fifth avenue, at the pnce often cents.\u201d\nThis was not a paid advertisement, as appears from the testimony of Fricke, the business manager of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d as also from the testimony of Seiger, the translator.\nIn the issue of March 15, 1886 :\n\u201cLetter Box.\u2014Seven lovers of peace. A dynamite cartridge explodes not through mere concussion, when thrown. A concussion primer is necessary.\u201d\nIn the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d of January 6, 1886, appeared the following editorial:\n\u201cA New Militia Law.\n\u201cTo return to the Lehr und Wehr Verein, we have already said, that after the adoption of the law, the shallow waters would gradually dry up. That lasted until about the fall elections of 1879, when, at once, the socialistic vote shrunk to four thousand votes,\u2014in the spring there were over twelve thousand,\u2014then the whole \u2018movement,\u2019 to which (we) look back with unaccountable pride, was stopped. What was done for the mass of the people has proved to be a shallow and unclean * * *\n\u201cWell, let us drop the subject. The lesson of 1877 has, meanwhile, been forgotten. Politically, they could not do much with it, and in a business sense,\u2014well, after the failure of the movement,\u2014there was not much the matter. To be brief, it did not pay any more to be a socialist or an armed proletarian: The thing didn\u2019t pay any more, and of the big pile there remained but a very little pile. But this little pile was a good one, and had lately achieved more than formerly the big pile. The army has since made a gigantic progress. Where six years ago a thousand men had been armed with muskets, the majority of which are even to-day on hand, we find, to-day, a power which can neither be fought by law nor by force. Where a milita/ry organization existed formerly, the strength of which was well known, there exists, to-day, on invisible network of fighting groups, the dimensions of which are beyond any calculation, and therefore this organization is a timely one. To the above law we are partially indebted for that.\u201d\nJanuary 23, 1886.\u2014\u201cBrief is the space of time until the eventful day. The working people feel that something must be done. The conditions force them to wake up from slumber. Already an immense mass is without means of subsistence. They are more and more meagre. Capital sucks the marrow out of the bones of the workingmen.\n\u201cBut why do we complain ? Why do we murmur ? We have no right to. Do we not know that all the misery, all the want, are -the necessary consequence of the present state of society ? As long as we admit that we are pariahs,\u2014that we are born to submit our necks, as slaves, under the whip of hunger, of extortioners,\u2014as long as we admit that, we have no right to complain. Therefore, associates in misery,\u2014for this pressure has finally become unbearable,\u2014do not let us treat peaceably with our deadly enemies on the first of May. We do not toant to cheat owsdves for the huncb'edth time that we woidd get from them, in a peaceable and harmonious way, even the least for the betterment of oiw situation. We have so many examples and experiences, that even the large and indifferent mass does not believe any more that an agitation which tends to ameliorate the condition of the workingmen in a harmonious way, would be of any purpose to those people,\u2014and I, for one, think they are right. On the first of May, also, we will have an example of how harmoniously the capitalists will have our skulls crushed by their hirelings, if, out of sheer love of harmony, we will stand by with owr fists in our pockets. He who employs the best means of battle, and uses them, is the victor. Force is right, (by Bismarck,) and if once we have seen that, on account of owr unanimity and the modern means of warfcwe, we ham the power, then we will also see we have the right, and that it is a great stupidity to work for that rabble of pwrasites instead of ourselves.\n\u201c Therefore, comrades, armed to the teeth, we want to demand owr rights on the first of May. In the other case there are only blows of the club for you.\u201d\n. In the issue of February 17, 1886, is an editorial: \u201cThat the conflict between capitalism and workingmen is taking constantly a sharper form, is to be hailed, inasmuch as thereby the decision will be (word out.) Hundreds and thousands of reasons indicate that force will bring about the decisive results in the battle for liberty, and the more conscious the masses are, in that conflict, of their irresistible poiver, the nearer will be the approaching spring-tide of the people.\u201d\nMarch 2, 1886.\u2014\u201cThe order-scoundrels beamed yesterday morning in their full glory. With the help of pick-pockets, (the natural allies of professional cut-throats, who otherwise call themselves also detectives,) they succeeded yesterday in taking seventy scabs to the factory, accompanied also by scoundrels of the secret service, to give' a better appearance. This morning the number of the scabs which went back to work was materially increased. At this opportunity it was once again seen for what purpose the police existed: to protect the workingman if he works for starvation wages, and is an obedient serf; to club him down when he rebels against the capitalistic herd of robbers. Force only gives way to force. Who wants to attack capitalism in ea/mest, must overthrow the body-guards of it,\u2014the well-drilled and well-armed \u2018men of order,\u2019\u2014and kill them, if he does not want to be murdered himself. But for this is needed an armed and systematically drilled organisation.\u201d\nOn the same page: \u201cThe time up to the first of May is short. Look out!\u201d\nIn the issue of April 20 is an editorial: \u201cAs long as the people in the kitchen of life are satisfied with the smell of the roast, and feeds his empty stomach with the idea of national. greatness, national riches, national liberty of the poll, the glutton is always for liberty. Why not? It is useless to others, and he feels comfortable with it. Freedom of making contracts,\u2014most sacred constitutional right of mankind,\u2014 why shouldst thou not be welcome to gentlemanly gluttons ? * * * It is true that hundreds have armed themselves; but thousands are still unarmed. Every trades-union should make it obligatory to every member to keep a good gun at home, and ammunition. The time is probably not very far where such neglect would be bitterly felt, and the governing class is prepared, and their demands and their importunes are backed by muskets and Gatling guns. Workingmen, follow' this example.\u201d\nMarch 19, 1886.\u2014\u201c The only aim of the workingmen should be the liberation of mankind from the shackles of the existing damnable slavery. Here, in America, where the workingman possesses yet the freedom of meeting, of speech, and of the press, most should be done for the emancipation of suffering mankind. But the press gang and the teachers in the schools do all in their power to keep the people in the dark. Thus everything tends to degrade mankind more and more, from day to day, and this effects a \u2018beastening,\u2019 as is observable with Irishmen, and more apparent, even, with the Chinese.\n\u201cIf ice do not soon bestir ourselves for a bloody revolution, we can not leave anything to our children but poverty and slavery. Therefore prepare yourselves, in all quietness, for the revolution.\u201d'\nIn the issue of April 21, 1886, appears an editorial, as follows: \u201cThe love for laic on the part of the workingman is-not so well established, if put to the test. But the hypocritical peace assurances in quiet times are in the way of preparations for serious conflict. When it comes to serious occasions, it unfortunately happens that very often the workingmen break their heads on the walls of the law. The desire to-ignore the law is there, but it remains a desire. Possible action \u2022 means to remain unorganized, and to stand anything that the-extortioner may see fit to do.\n' \u201cHe ivlio submits to the present order of things has no right to complain about capitalistic extortion, for order means sustaining that; and he who revolts against the institutions vouchsafed by the constitution and the laws, is a rebel, and has no right to-complain if he is met by soldiers. Every class defends itself as well as it can. A rebel who puts himself opposite the mouth of the cannons of his enemies, with empty fists, is a fool.\u201d\nApril 28, 1886.\u2014Editorial on second page, headed \u201cEditorial \u201cWhat anarchists have predicted months ago, they have realized now. In quiet times the shackles of law were forged, to apply them in tempestuous times. From dusty garrets they have fetched their musty law books, and so, by a practical application of American liberty, tried to build a-wall against the stream of the laborers\u2019 movement.\n\u201cWell, after you have erected protecting walls in the shape of laws, we will have to break them. The theory of the homoeopath, Tike cures like,\u2019 is applicable here. The power of the associate manufacturers and their state must be met by labor associations. The police and soldiers ivho fight for that power-must be met by armed armies of workingmen. The logic of facts requires this. Arms are more necessary in our times than anything else. Whoever has no money, sell his watch and chain to-buy firearms for the amount realized. Stones and sticks will not avail against the hired assassins of the extortionists. It is tune to arm yourselves.\n\u201cWhat a modest demand, the introduction of the eight-hour day! And yet a corps of madmen could not demean themselves worse than the capitalistic extortioners. They continually threaten with their disciplined police and their strong militia, and those are not empty threats, indeed. This is-proved by the history of the last few years. It is a nice thing, this patience; and the laborer, alas! has too much of this. article, but one must not indulge in a-too frivolous play with it: If you go further, his patience will cease; then it will be no longer a question of the eight-hour day, but a question' of emancipation from wage slavery.\u201d\nApril 29, 1886.\u2014Editorial: \u201cIf the legitimate means of the thieves and scoundrels who practice extortion on their fellowmen, are exhausted, then they resort to force. A wage-slave who is not utterly demoralized should always have a breech-loader and ammunition in his house.\u201d\nApril 30, 1886.\u2014\u201cWhat will the first of May bring ? The workingmen bold .and determined. The decisive day has arrived. The workingman, inspired by the justice of his cause, demands an alleviation of his lot, a lessening of his burden. The answer, as always, is: \u2018Insolent rabble! Do you mean to dictate to us ? That you will do to yo\u00fcr sorrow. Hunger will soon rid you of your desire for any notions of liberty. Police, executioners and militia will give their aid.\u2019 Men of labor, so long as you acknowledge the gracious kicks of your oppressors with words of gratitude, so long you are faithful dogs. Have your skulls been penetrated by a ray of light,; or does hunger drive you to shake off your servile nature, you offend your extortioners. They are enraged, and will attempt, through hired murderers, to do away with you like mad dogs.\u201d\nApril 30, 1886.\u2014(Editorial of this date quoted in opinion.)\nMay 1, 1886.\u2014\u201cBravely forward. The conflict has begun. An army of wage-laborers are idle. Capitalism conceals its tiger claws behind the ramparts of order. Workmen,' let your watchword be: No compromise ! Cowards to the rear! Men to the front. The die is cast. The first of May has come. Eor twenty years the working people have been begging extortioners to introduce the eight-hour system, but have been ' put off with promises. Two years ago they resolved that the \u2022eight-hour system should be introduced in the United States \u2022on the first day of May, 1886. The reasonableness of this \u25a0 demand was conceded on all hands. Everybody, apparently, \"was in favor of shortening the hours; but, as the time ap\"proaehed, a change became apparent. That which was in \"theory modest and reasonable, became insolent and unreasonable. It became apparent, at last, that the eight-hour hymn has only been struck up to keep the labor dunces from socialism.\n\u201cThat the laborers might energetically insist upon the eight-hour movement, never occurred to the employers. And it is proposed again to put them off with promises. We are not afraid of the masses of laborers, but of their pretended leaders. Workmen, insist upon the eight-hour movement. \u2018To all appearances it will not pass off smoothly.\u2019 The extortioners are determined to bring their laborers back to servitude by starvation. It is a question whether the workmen will submit, or will impart to their would-be murderers an appreciation of modern views. We hope the latter.\u201d\nIn the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d of the same day, (Saturday, May 1,) the following editorial notice appeared on the first page: \u201cIt is said that on the person of one of the arrested comrades, in New York, a list of membership has been found, and that all the comrades compromised had been arrested. Therefore, away with all rolls of membership, and minute-hooks, where such are kept. Clean your guns, complete your ammunition. The hired murderers of the capitalists, the police and miltia, are ready to murder. No workingman should leave his house in these days with empty pockets.\u201d\nThe next day, Sunday, May 2, 1886, there appeared in the \u201cFackel,\u201d which was the Sunday edition of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d the following words: \u201cLetter-box Y. Come Monday night.\u201d This was a summons to the members of the armed sections of the different groups to meet at Greif\u2019s Hall on the next evening, to-wit., on the evening of Monday, May 3, 1886.\nIn the same Sunday issue of the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d called \u201cDie Fackel, \u201d published on May 2, 1886, appeared the following passage: \u201cEven where the workingm\u00e9n are willing to accept a corresponding reduction of wages with the introduction of the eight-hour system, they were mostly refused. \u2018No, ye dogs,\u2014you must work ten hours; that\u2019s the way we want it,\u2014we\u2019re\" your bosses.\u2019 Something like this was the answer of the majority, translated into intelligible language.\n\u201cIn the face of this fact, it is pitiful and disgusting; but more than that, it is treacherous, to warn the strikers against energetic, uncompromising measwres.\n\u201cEverything depends upon quick and immediate action. The tactics of the bosses a/re to gain time; the tactics of the strikers must be to grant them no time. ' By Monday or Tuesday the conflict must have reached its highest intensity, else the success ioill be doubtful. Within a week, the fire, the enthusiasm, will be gone, and then the bosses will celebrate victories.\u201d\nMay 8, 1886.\u2014\u201cA hot conflict. The determination of the radical elements brings the extortioners in numerous instances to terms. The capitalistic press has good grounds for abusing the Beds. Without them no agitation. Numerous meetings. The general situation at noon, to-day, was encouraging. A considerable number of extortioners had capitulated this morning, and further capitulations are looked for in the course of the day. The freight-handlers were marching in full force-from depot to depot at noon to-day. It was rumored that. \u2018scabs\u2019 had been imported from Milwaukee. The railroad depots are occupied by special policemen, while the municipal minions of order, under the command of five lieutenants, have entrenched themselves in the Armory. The arch-rascals have made provisions for good victuals and drink. The laborers in the stone yards have formed a union. * * * They went on a strike. The stone-cutters and masons are compelled to join in the strike. A strike will probably take place in the lumber districts. The brewers plan a strike if their bosses do not fully accede to their demand to-day. In the furniture business, strike and lock-out, respectively, still continue. * * * The cabinet-makers\u2019 union will make no compromise. The metal-workers are confident of victory. The number of strikers to-day can not be determined, hut will probably amount to forty thousand.\n\u201cCourage, courage is our cry. Don\u2019t forget the words of Herways: \u2018The host of the oppressors grows pale, when thou, weary of thy burden, in the corner puttest the plow; when thou sayest, It is enough.\u2019 \u201d\nIn the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d of Tuesday, May 4, 1886, appeared the following article, written by Spies:\n\u201cBlood.\n\u201cLead and Powder as a Cure for dissatisfied Workmen!\n\u201cAbout six Laborers mortally and four times that number slightly Wounded!\n\u201cThus are the Eight-hou/r Men to be intimidated!\n\u201cThis is Law and Order!\n\u201cBrave Girls parading the City !\n\u201c The Law and Order Beast frightens the Hungry Children away with Clubs!\nGENERAL NEWS.\n\u201cSix months ago, when the eight-hour movement began, there were speakers and journals of the I. A. A. who proclaimed and wrote: \u2018Workmen, if you want to see the eight-hour system introduced, arm yourself. If you do not do this you will be sent home with bloody heads, and birds will sing \u25a0 May songs upon your graves.\u2019 (\u2018That is nonsense,\u2019 was the reply. \u2018If the workmen are organized, they will gain the eight hours in their Sunday clothes.\u2019) Well, what do you say, now? Were we right or wrong? Would the occurrence of yesterday have been possible if our advice had been followed ?\n\u201cWage-workers, yesterday the police of this city murdered,, at the McCormick, factory, so far as it can now be ascertained, four of your brothers, and wounded, more or less, seriously, some twenty-five more. If brothers who defended, themselves with stones, (a few of them had little snappers in, the shape of revolvers,) had been provided with good weapons and one single dynamite bomb, not one of the murderers zuoidd '\u25a0 have escaped his iv ell-merited fate. As it was, only four of them were disfigured. That is too bad. The massacre of yesterday took place in order to fill the forty thousand workmen of' this city with fear and terror,\u2014took place in order to force back into the yoke of slavery the laborers who had become. dissatisfied and mutinous. Will they succeed in this ? Will they not find, at last, that they miscalculated ? The near \u25a0 future will answer this question. We will not anticipate the \u2022- course of events, with surmises.\n\u201cThe employes in the lumber yards on the South Side held , a meeting yesterday afternoon, at the Black road, about one- \u2022 quarter mile north of McCormick\u2019s factory, for the purpose of \" adopting resolutions in regard to their demands, and to appoint a committee to wait upon a committee of lumber-yard owners, and \u2022 present the demands which had been agreed upon.\n\u201cIt was a gigantic mass that had gathered. Several mem- - hers of the lumber yard union made short addresses in Eng- \u2022 lish, Bohemian, German and Polish. Mr. Fehling attempted ' to speak, but when the crowd learned that he was a socialist, . he was stoned, and compelled to leave the improvised speaker\u2019s \u25a0 stand on a freight can\\ Then, after a few more addresses were - made, the president introduced Mr. August Spies, who had been invited as a speaker. A Pole or Bohemian cried out: \u25a0 \u2018 That is a socialist /\u2019 and again there arose a storm of disappro- \u25a0 bation, and a roa/ring noise, which proved sufficiently that these - ignorant people had been incited against the socialists by their \u25a0 priests. But the speaker did not lose his presence of mind. He continued speaking, and very soon the utmost quiet prevailed. He told them that they must realize then strength over against a little handful of lumber-yard owners; that they must not recede from the demands once made by them. The issue lay in their hands. All they needed was resolution, and the \u2018bosses\u2019 would be compelled to and would give in.\n\u201cAt this moment some persons in the background cried out (either in Polish or Bohemian): \u2018On to McCormick\u2019s ! Let us drive off the scabs!\u2019 About two hundred men left the crowd, and ran towards McCormick\u2019s.\n\u201cThe speaker did not know what was the matter, and continued his speech. \"When he had finished, he was appointed a member of a committee to notify the \u2018bosses\u2019 that the strikers had no concessions to make. Then a Pole spoke. While he spoke, a patrol wagon rushed up towards McCormick\u2019s. The crowd began to break up. In about three minutes several shots were heard near McCormick\u2019s factory, and these were followed by others. At the same time, about seventy-five well-fed, large and strong murderers, under the command of a fat police lieutenant, were marching toward the factory, and on their heels followed three patrol wagons besides, full of law and order beasts; two hundred policemen were on the spot in less than ten or fifteen minutes, and the firing on fleeing workingmen and women resembled a promiscuous bush-hunt. The writer of this hastened to the factory as soon as the first shots were fired, and a comrade urged the assembly to hasten to the rescue of their brothers who were being murdered, but no one stirred. \u2018What do we care for that ?\u2019 was the stupid answer of poltroons brought up in cowardice. The writer fell in with a young Irishman who knew him. \u2018What miserable sons of b-are those,\u2019 he shouted to him, \u2018who will not turn a hand while their brothers are being shot down in cold blood! We have dragged away two. I think they are dead. If you have any influence with the people, for Heaven\u2019s sake run back and urge them to follow you.\u2019 The writer ran hack. He implored the people to come along,\u2014those zuho had revolvers in their pockets,\u2014hut it was in vain. With an exasperating indifference they put their hands in their pockets, and marched home, hahhling as if the whole affair did not concern them in the least. The revolvers were still cracking, and fresh detachments of police, here and there bombarded with stones, were hastening to the battle ground. The battle was lost!\n\u201cIt was in the neighborhood of half past'three o\u2019clock when the little crowd of between two and three hundred men reached McCormick\u2019s factory. Policeman West tried to hold them back with his revolver. A shower of stones for an answer, put him to flight. He was so roughly handled that he was afterwards found about one hundred paces from the place, half dead, and groaning fearfully. The small crowd shouted: \u2018Get out, you d\u2014\u2014d scab,\u2019 \u2018you miserable traitors,\u2019 and bombarded the factory window with stones. The little guard-house was demolished. The \u2018scabs\u2019 were in mortal terror, when, at this moment, the Hinman street patrol wagon, summoned by telephone, came rattling along with thirteen murderers. When they were about to make an immediate attack with their clubs, they were received with a shower of stones. \u2018Back! Disperse!\u2019 cried the lieutenant, and the next minute there was a report. The gang had fired on the strikers. They pretend, subsequently, that they shot over their heads. But, be that as it may, a few of the strikers had little snappers of revolvers, and with these returned the fire. In the meantime, other detachments had arrived, and the whole band of murderers now opened fire on the little company,\u2014twenty thousand, as estimated by the police organ, the \u2018Herald,\u2019\u2014while the whole assembly scarcely numbered eight thousand! Such lies are told. With their weapons, mainly stones, the people fought with admirable bravery. They laid out half a dozen blue-coats, and their round bellies, developed to extreme fatness in idleness and luxury, tumbled about, groaning on the ground. Four of the fellows are said to be very dangerously wounded. Many others, alas, escaped with lighter injuries. (The gang, \u25a0of course, conceals this, just as in \u201977 they carefully concealed the number of those who were made to bite the'dust.) But it looked worse on the side of the defenceless workmen. Dozens who had received slight shot wounds hastened away amid the bullets which were sent after them. The gang, as always, fired upon the fleeing, while women and men carried away the severely wounded. How many were really injured and how many were mortally wounded could not be determined with certainty, but we think we are not mistaken when we place the number of mortally wounded at about six and those slightly injured at two dozen. We know of four, one of whom was shot in the spleen, another in the forehead, another in the breast, and another in the thigh. A dying boy, Joseph Doediek, wras brought home on an express wagon by two policemen. The people did not see the dying boy; they saw only the two murderers. '\u2018Lynch the rascals ! \u2019 clamored the crowd. The fellows wanted to break away and hide themselves; but in vain. They had already thrown a rope around the neck of one of them, when a patrol wagon rattled into the midst of the crowd, and prevented the praiseworthy deed. Joseph Hess, who had put the rope around his neck, was arrested.\n\u201cThe scabs were afterwards conducted, under the protection of a strong escort, down Blue Island avenue. Women and children gave vent to their indignation in angry shouts; rotten eggs whizzed through the air. The men about took things coolly, and smoked their pipes as on Kirmess day.\n\u201cMcCormick\u2019s assistant, Superintendent 0. J. Bendy, was also wounded, and, indeed, quite severely.\n\u201cThe following strikers were arrested: Ignatz Erban, Frank Kohling, Joseph Schuky, Thomas Klafski, John Patolski, Anton Sevieski, Albert Supitar, Hugh McWhifter, Anton Sternack, Nick Wolna and Thomas O\u2019Connell.\n\u201cThe \u2018pimp,\u2019 McCormick, when asked what he thought of it, said: \u2018August Spies made a speech to a few thousand anarchists. It occurred to one of these brilliant heads to frighten our men away. He put himself at the head of a crowd, which then made an attack upon our works. Our workmen fled, and in the meantime the police came and sent a lot of anarchists, away with bleeding heads.\u2019\n\u201cLast night thousands of copies of the following circular were distributed in all parts of the city:\u201d (And then follows the German portion of the Revenge Circular.)\nThe following extracts appeared in the \u201cAlarm,\u201d under the-following dates:\nOctober 18, 1884.\u2014\u201cOne man armed with a dynamite bomb is equal to one regiment of militia, when it is used at the right time and place. Anarchists are of the opinion that the bayonet and Gatling gun will cut but sorry part in the social revolution, The whole method of warfare has been revolutionized by latter-day discoveries of science, and the American people ivill avail themselves of its advantages in the conflict of upstarts and contemptible braggarts who expect to continue their rascality under the plea of preserving laiv and order.\u201d\nOctober 25, 1884.\u2014\u201cA weak opposition, or an opposition that is believed to be weak, will cause bloodshed, but an opposition that is knoivn to be sufficiently strong for certain victory toill command and obtain a bloodless surrender. This is ivhy the communist and anarchist urges the people to study their school books on chemistry, and read the dictionaries and cyclopedias on the compiosition and construction of all kinds of explosives, and make themselves too strong to be opposed with deadly weapons. This alone can insure against bloodshed. Every person can get this knowledge-inside of one week, and a majority now have one or more books, containing all this information, right in their own homes. And every man who is master of these explosives can not be even ap proachecl by an army of men. Therefore, bloodshed being useless,, and justice being defenceless, people loill be forced to deal justly and generously with each other.\u201d\nNovember 1, 1884.\u2014\u201cIlow can all this be done ? Simply by making ourselves masters of the use of dynamite, then declaring we will make no further claim to ownership in anything, and deny every other person\u2019s right to be the owner of anything, and administer instant death, by any and all means, to any and every person who attempts to continue to claim personal ownership in anything. This method, and this alone, can relieve the tvorld of this infernal monster called the \u2018right of property,\u2019\n\u2018\u2018Let us try and not strike too soon, ivhen our numbers are too small, or before more of us understand the use and manufacture of the weapons.\n\u201c To avoid unnecessary bloodshed, confusion and discouiragement, we must be prepared, know why we strike and for just what we strike, and then strike in unison and ivith all our might.\n\u201cOur war is not against men, but against systems; yet we must prepare to kill men who will try to defeat our cause, or we will strive in vain.\n\u201cThe rich are only worse than the poor because they have more power to wield this infernal \u2018property right,\u2019 and because they have more power to reform, and take less interest in doing so. Therefore, it is easy to see where the bloodiest blows must be dealt.\n\u201cWe can expect but few or no converts among the rich, and it will be better for our cause if they do not wait for us to strike first.\u201d\nNovember 15, 1884.\u2014\u201cWhat, then, is the use of an army ? What is to prevent its destruction in the same manner ? Dynamite is the emancipator! In the hand -of the enslaved, it cries aloud: \u2018Justice or\u2014annihilation.\u2019 But, best of all, the workingmen are not only learning its use,\u2014they are going to use it. They will use it,\u2014and effectually,\u2014until personal \u25a0ownership,\u2014property rights,\u2014are destroyed, and a free so\u25a0ciety and justice becomes the rule of action among men. There \"will then be no need for government, since there will be none 'to submit to be governed. Hail to the social revolution! Hail to the deliverer\u2014dynamite.\u201d\nNovember 29,1884.\u2014\u201cThe moment you pay a man for what he produces, he will take that pay and then spend his energies in taking advantage of somebody with it. Down with pay, and dynamite the man who claims it; and hang him who will not let his energies produce something. This is socialism.\n\u201cUpon this principle,\u2014and this only,\u2014can all humanity be raised up, and upon this principle alone can we stop all this quarreling, robbing, starving and throat-cutting. There is no reason on earth why any living being should have less of the benefits and pleasures of this world than-now possesses. The idea that the world can have no more than there are dollars to every representative, is pediculous nonsense. There isn\u2019t money enough in the world to represent the amount of fine combs and tooth-brushes that humanity ought to possess. Down with this infernal nonsense that we must measure everything by money. We have no just use for money, or for banks, or for brokers, or for insurers, or jailers, or for any other hoodlum classes who are wickedly wasting the energy of their whole lives. Nothing but an uprising of the people, and a bursting open of all stores and storehouses to the free access of the public, and a free application of dynamite to every one who opposes, tvill relieve the world of this infernal nightmare of property and wages. Down with such wretched nonsense. No rascality or stupidity is sacred because it is old. Down with it!\u201d\nDecember 6, 1884\u2014\u201cOne dynamite bomb, properly placed, will destroy a regiment of soldiers,\u2014a weapon easily made, and carried with perfect safety in the pockets of one\u2019s clothing. The First regiment may as well disband, for if it should ever level its guns upon the workingmen of Chicago, it can be totally annihilated.\u201d\nNovember 29, 188\u00e1.\u2014\u201cThe Black Flag! The emblem of hunger, unfurled by the proletariats of Chicago. The red flag borne aloft by thousands of workingmen on Thanksgiving day. The poverty of the poor is created by the robberies of the rich. Speeches, resolutions and a grand demonstration of the unemployed, the tramps and the miserables of the city. Significant incidents. * * *\n\u201cMr. Parsons then called for the resolutions, which were then read as follows:\n\u201cWhereas, We have outlived the usefulness of the wage and property system, that is now and must hereafter cramp, limit and punish all increase of production, and can no longer gratify the necessities, rights and ambitions of man; and\n\u201cWhereas, The right of property requires four times more effort to adjust it between man and man, than is required to produce, manufacture and distribute it; therefore, be it\n\u201cResolved, That property rights should no longer be maintained or respected; that the great army of useless workers, among which are the lawyers, insurers, brokers, canvassers, jailers, police, politicians, armies and navies,\u2014including all useless employes whose sole business is to adjust property claims between man and man,\u2014should be deprived of this useless and corrupting employment, and be allowed to spend their energies producing, manufacturing and delivering the necessaries and luxuries of life.\n\u201cAnd this is impossible so long as man continues to pay or-? receive pay for production; therefore, be it fufther\n\u201cResolved, That no man shall pay for anything, or receive. pay for anything, or deprive himself of what he may desire, that he finds out of use or vacant. While none can eat more . than they ought, under any system, or wear more than one. suit of clothes at a time, or occupy more than one house at time, yet, as a free access to all will require more production; therefore, be it further\n\u201cResolved, That any person who will not spend a reasonable portion of energy in the production, manufacture or distribution of the necessaries, comforts and luxuries of life is the enemy of all mankind, and ought to be treated as such. He who will willfully or maliciously waste is no better.\n\u201cAs this system can not be introduced against existing ignorance, selfishness and distrust, without the force of arms and strong explosives; therefore, be it\n\u201cResolved, That when all stores, storehouses, vacant tenements ancl transporting property are thrown open and held open to the free access of the general public, the good of mankind and the saving of blood requires that all forcible opposition should be dealt with summarily, as fast as it may present itself,\u201d etc.\nJanuary 13, 1885.\u2014\u201cWe are told that force is cruel. But this is only true when opposition is less cruel. If the opposition is a relentless power,\u2014that is, starving, freezing, exposing and depriving tens of thousands, and the application of force would require less suffering while removing the old cause,\u2014 then the force is humane. Seeing the amount of needless suffering all about its, ice say a vigorous use of dynamite is both humane and economical. It will, at the expense of less suffering, prevent more. It is not humane to compel ten persons to starve to death when the execution of five persons would prevent it.\n\u201cIt is upon this theory that we advocate the use of dynamite.\n\u201cIt is clearly more humane to blow ten men into eternity than to make ten men starve to death.\u201d\nFebruary 21, 1885.\u2014\u201cThe deep-rooted, malignant evil which compels the wealth-producers to become the dependent hirelings of a few capitalistic czars, can not be reached by means of the ballot.\n\u201c The ballot can be wielded by free men alone; but slaves can \u25a0only revolt, and rise in insurrection against their despoilers.\n\u201cLet us bear in mind the fact that here in America, as elsewhere, the worker is held in economic bondage by the use offeree, and the employment of force, therefore, becomes a necessity to his economic emancipation! Poverty can\u2019t vote /\u201d\nJanuary 9, 1885.\u2014\n\u201cThe Eight to Beak Asms.\n\u201cThe conspiracy of the ruling against the working classes, in 1877, the breaking up of the monster meeting on Market square, the brutal assault upon a gathering of furniture workers in Vorwarts Turner Hall, the murder of Tessmann, and the general clubbing and shooting down of peaceably inclined wage-workers by the blood-hounds of Taw and order,\u2019\u2014greatly enraged the producers in this city, and also convinced them that they had to do something for their future protection and defence. The result was the organization of an armed proletarian corps, known as the \u2018Lehr und Wehr Verein.\u2019 About \u25a0one and one-half years later, this \u2018corps\u2019 had grown so immensely that it numbered over one thousand well-equipped and well-drilled men.\n\u201cSuch an organization the \u2018good citizens\u2019 of our \u2018good city\u2019 \u25a0considered a menace to the common weal, public safety and good order, as one might easily imagine, and they concluded that \u2018something had to be done.\u2019 And very soon after something was, done. The State legislature passed a new \u2018militia law,\u2019 under which it became a punishable offence for any body of men, other than those patented by the Governor and chosen as the guardians of \u2018peace,\u2019 to assemble with arms, drill or parade the streets. This law was expressly aimed at the \u25a0\u2018Lehr und Wehr \"Verein,\u2019 who, as a matter of course, did not enjoy the sublime confidence and favor of \u2018His Excellency.\u2019 * * * Where there once was a military body of men publicly organized, whose strength could be easily ascertained, there exists an organization now whose strength can not even be estimated,\u2014a network of destructive agencies, of a modern military character, that will def ij any and all attempts of suppression. We don\u2019t grumble. Make more \u2018laws\u2019 if you like.\u201d\nFebruary 21,1885.\u2014\u201cDynamite! Of all the good stuff, this is the stuff. Stiff several pounds of this sublime stiff into an inch pip\u00ede, (gas or water pip\u00ede,) plug up both ends, insert a cap ivitli a fuse attached, place this in the immediate neighborhood of- a lot of rich loafers who live by the sweat of other people\u2019s brows, and light the fuse. A most cheerful and gratifying result will follow.. In giving dynamite to the down-trodden millions of the globe, science has done its best icork. The dear stiff can be carried around in the pocket without danger, while it is a formidable-weapon against any force of militia, police or detectives that may-want to stifle the cry for justice that goes forth from the plundered slaves. It is something not very ornamental, bid exceedingly useful. It can be used against persons and things. It is better to use-it against the former than against bricks and masonry. It is a genuine boon for the disinherited, while it brings terror and fear to the robbers. It brings terror only to the guilty, and consequently, the Senator who introduced a bill in Congress to stop its manufacture and use must be guilty of something. He fears the wrath of an outraged people that has been duped and swindled by him and his like. The same must be the case with the \u2018servant\u2019 of the people who introduced a like measure-in the Senate of the Indiana legislature. All the good this will do! Like everything else, the more you prohibit it, the-more it will be done. Dynamite is like Banquo\u2019s ghost,\u2014it keeps on fooling around, somewhere or other, in spite of his. satanic majesty. A pound of this good stuff beats a bushel of ballots all hollow, and don\u2019t you forget it! Our law-makers might as well try to sit down on the crater of a volcano or a bayonet-as to endeavor to stop the manufacture and use of dynamite. It takes more justice and right than is contained in laws to-quiet the spirit of unrest. If workingmen would be truly free, they must learn to know why they are slaves. They must rise above petty prejudice and learn to think. From thought to action is not far, and when the worker has seen the change, he need but look a little closer to find, near at hand, the sledge with which to shatter every link. The sledge is dynamite.\u201d\nMarch 7, 1885.\u2014\u201cOur agitators. The agitation trips of comrades Gorsuch, Fielden and Griffin, during the past two weeks, was prolific of good results. Twelve American groups were organized in different cities, and those united with the International are working to bring into the ranks of the revolutionary army the proletariats of the contiguous districts. The working people\u2019s International Association now embraces eighty groups, scattered all over the United States, mainly in. centers of industry, from which the propagandism radiates everywhere, the membership being many thousands. In Chicago, with thousands of members, five newspapers, with increasing circulations, are published. The good work goes, bravely on, and exertions should be redoubled.\n\u201cAgitation for the purpose of organization,\u2014organization for the purpose of rebellion against wage slavery,\u2014is the duty of the hour.\u201d\nMarch 21, 1885.\u2014\n\u201cHow to Make Dynamite.\n\u201cThe next issue of the \u2018Alarm\u2019 will begin the publication of a series of articles concerning revolutionary warfare, viz.: \u2018The manufacture of dynamite made easy.\u2019 \u2018Manufacturing bombs.\u2019 \u2018Howto use dynamite properly.\u2019 \u2018Exercises in the use of dynamite by the military department of the United States and other countries.\u2019 Each of these articles will be complete and thorough on the subject considered by them. Agents can order copies of paper containing the above information, in advance.\u201d\nApril 18,1885.\u2014\u201cThe moment the abolition of a government is suggested, the mind pictures the uprising of a hundred little despotic governments on every hand, quarreling among themselves, and domineering over the unorganized people. This fact suggests the idea that the present governments must be destroyed, only in a manner that will prevent the organization or rise of any and all other governments, whether it be a government cf three men or three hundred million. No government can exist without a head, and by assassinating the head just as fast as a government head appears, the government can be destroyed, and by this same process all other governments can be kept out of existence.\n\u201cThis is the policy of the nihilist of Russia, and the moment it gets any popular support throughout civilization, all governments will disappear forever. Those governments least offensive to the people should be destroyed last. All governments exist by the abridgment of human liberty, and the more government the less liberty. He, alone, is free, who submits to no government. All governments are domineering powers, and any domineering power is a natural enemy to all mankind, and ought to be treated as such.\n\u201cAssassination will remove the evil from the face of the earth.\n\u201cMan will always have and always need advisers, teachers and leaders in all departments of life, but bosses, jailers and drivers are unnecessary.\n\u201cMan\u2019s leader is his friend. His driver is his enemy. This distinction should be understood, and the parties should be dealt with accordingly. Assassination, properly applied, is tvise, just, huonane and brave. For freedom, all things are just.\u201d\nJune 27, 1885.\u2014In the \u201cAlarm\u201d of this date appears the following, written by the defendant August Spies:\n\u201cThough everybody nowadays speaks of dynamite, that great force of civilization, some with awe, others with delight, it may be said that but few have any knowledge of the general character and nature of this explosive. For those who will, sooner or later, be forced to employ its destructive qualities .in defence of their rights as men, and from a sense of pre.servation, a few hints may not be out of place.\n\u201cDynamite may be handled with perfect safety, if proper 'Care is used. It is a two-edged sword if handled by one who is not acquainted with its character. Dynamite, which is .also known in the market as \u2018giant powder\u2019 and \u2018Herculean powder,\u2019 is a compound of nitro-glyeerine and clay (China \u2022clay is the best.) In many cases sawdust is used. It requires \u2022\u2022a practical chemist to mix nitro-glycerine with clay or sawdust, for it is a very dangerous piece of work. Revolutionists \"would do well to huy the dynamite ready made. It is very \u2022cheap\u2014much cheaper than they can manufacture it for them\u25a0\u2022selves. No. 1 is the best. No. 2 will do also. Dynamite can be purchased from any large powder concern in any of \u2022our cities.\n\u201cDynamite explodes from heat and detonation. It is self- \u25a0 explosive at a temperature of 180 degrees (Fahrenheit), and through sudden and violent concussion, as, for instance, produced hy the fulminate of silver or mercury. If you keep your stock of dynamite below a temperature of 100 degrees, and even 125, it will not explode itself. Yet you ought not \u25a0expose it directly to the rays of the sun or get it too near the \u00a1stove. The best way of storing it is: Wrap it well in oil \u25a0paper, place it in a box of sawdust, and bury it in your cellar, garden, or where nobody can touch it. The moisture is neutralized hy the sawdust. Never attempt to thaw frozen dynamite. This requires the skillful hand of a chemist, and is wery dangerous.\n\u201cIn handling dynamite, be careful not to get any of it on your lips, nose, eyes, or skin anywhere, for if you do, it will give you a terrible headache. When filling bombs, and you must handle it with your fingers, place a rubber mitten on your hand, and tie a handkerchief over mouth and nose, so that you may not inhale the dangerous gases. They likewise-produce a frightful headache. In filling bombs, use a little-wooden stick, and never be careless.\n\u201cKeep the stuff pure! Beware of sand. For the revolutionist, it is necessary that the revolutionist should experiment for himself. Especially should he practice the knack of throwing bombs.\n\u201cFor further information, address A. S.,'1 Alarm,\u2019 107 Fifth, avenue, Chicago.\u201d\nIn the \u201cAlarm\u201d of July 25, 1885, is an article entitled,. \u201cStreet Fighting.\u2014How to Meet the Enemy.\u2014 Some valuable hints for the revolutionary soldiers.\u2014What an officer of' the United States army has to say.\u201d\nIn the \u201cAlarm,\u201d from August 17, 1885, to the last issue off that paper, appeared the following notice:\n\u201cThe armed section of the American group meets Monday-night, at 54 West Lake street.\u201d\nSeptember 5, 1885.\u2014\u201cNow, in regard to the proposed strike-next spring, a few practical words to our comrades. The-number of organized wage-workers in this country may be-about 800,000; the number of the unemployed about 2,000,-000. Will the manufacturing kings grant the modest request, under such circumstances? No, sir. The small ones can. not, and the big ones will not. They will then draw from the army of unemployed. The strikers will attempt to stop them. Then comes the police and the militia. * * *' Say, workingmen, are you prepared to meet the latter\u2014are you,armed?\u201d\nThe following extract from \u201cBakunin\u2019s Groundwork for the-Social Revolution,\u201d was published in the \u201cAlarm,\u201d December 26,1885:\n\u201cA revolutionist\u2019s duty to himself:\u2014\n\u201c1. The revolutionist is a self-offered man. He has no personal interest, feelings or inclinations; no property,\u2014not even a name. Everything in him is consumed by one single interest, by one single thought, one single passion,\u2014the Revolution.\n\u201c2. The whole work of his existence,\u2014not only in words, but also in dee'ds,\u2014is at war with the existing order of society, \u25a0and with the whole so-called civilized world. With its laws, morals and customs he is an uncompromising opponent. He lives in this world for the purpose to more surely destroy it.\n\u201c3. The revolutionist despises every doctrine, and disclaims society in its present form. He leaves the re-organization of society to the future generations. He knows only one science\u2014 the science of destruction. He studies mathematics, physics, chemistry, and perhaps medicine, for, and only for, this purpose. For the same reason he studies, day and night, the living science of men, characters, conditions, and also the situation of the present social \u2018order.\u2019 The quick and sure destruction of the present unreasonable order of the ivorld is the object of these studies.\n\u201c4. He despises public sentiment. He despises and hates the present social \u2018morality\u2019 in all its instigations and manifestations. He acknowledges as moral whatever favors the triumph of the revolution; immoral and criminal whatever checks it.\n\u201c5. The revolutionist is a consecrated being,\u2014who does not belong to himself. He ivould not spare the State in general, and the entire class society, and at the same time does not expect mercy for himself. Between him and society reigns the ivar of death or life, publicly and secretly, but ahvays steady and unpardoning. He has got to get used to standing all endurance.\n\u201c6. Stringent with himself, he must also be to others. All weak sentiment towards relation, friendship, love and thankfulness must be suppressed through the only cold passion of the revolutionary work. For him there exists only one benefit,, one wager, one satisfaction,\u2014the effect of the revolution.. Day and night dare he have only one thought,\u2014one aim: The-unmerciful destruction. While he, cold-blooded and without rest, fol\u00edolos that aim, he himself must be ready to die at any time, and' ready to kill, loith his oion hands, any one who seeks to thwart his; ami. * * *\n\u201cThe revolutionist\u2019s duty towards his revolutionary comrades :\u2014 * * *\n\u201c9. It is unnecessary to speak of the fellowship amongst the revolutionists. Upon them exists the entire might of the revolutionary work. Comrades of the revolution, who stand even high on the revolutionary understanding and revolutionary habit, must, as much as possible, consult all important, affairs in common, and take resolution unanimously. In executing a resolved-upon case, evei-ybody must, as much as possible,, depend upon himself. In case where a lot of destructive deeds is-to be done, evei-ybody must be self-operating, and reguest help and'eounsel of his comrades only in cases where it is absolutely necessary for success.\n\u201c10. Every comrade of the revolution shall have several revolutionists in the second or third order, on hand,\u2014that is, such persons as are not thoroughly instructed; he shall dispose of them as a trusted part of the revolutionary capital.. He shall use his part of the capital economically, in order to get'as great results from them as possible. He shall dispose-of himself as so much capital to be used for the triumph of' the work of the revolution, but a capital which he can not dispose of without the full consent of all the fully consecrated, comrades. * * *\n\u201cThe revolutionist\u2019s duty toward society:\u2014 * * *\n\u201c13. A revolutionist moves in the world of State, in the world of classes, in the so-called \u2018civilized\u2019 world, and lives in the same, just for the simple reason that he believes in its speedy destruction. He is no true revolutionist who clings to-anything at all in this hourgeoise world. He dare not shrink where the cause is at stake, or refuse to break any tie which binds him to the old world, or hesitate to destroy any institution or its upholders. Equally must he hate everything hut that is anti-revolutionary. So much the worse for him if he has in the present world ties of relation, friendship or love. lie is no revolutionist if these ties are able to arrest his arm.\n\u201c15. The entire filthy society of our times should be divided into different categories. The first one consists of those who are immediately sentenced to death. The members may make up lists of such delinquents, in a degree according to their rascality, and in regard to the effect of the revolutionary work, but so that the first numbers may be served before the rest.\n\u201c16. In making up these lists, and arranging the categories, the individual corruptionist dare not justify himself, or perhaps the hatery by which he is feared, to the members of the organization or the people, because corruption is useful when it is able to stir up a riot. The measure of usefulness is only to be considered, which may result from the death of a certain person for revolutionary work. In the first place, those persons are to be destroyed who are most harmful to the revolutionary organization, and whose violent and sudden death is able to terrify the governments and shake their might the most, in so-fair as it will rob the powers that be, of their most energetic and intelligent agents. * * *\n\u201c21. The sixth category is of importance. It is the women, who are to he divided into three classes : To the first belong the perfunctorious women, without intellect or heart, who are. to be used in the same manner as the men in the third and fourth categories. To the second class belong the passionate, devoted and qualified women, who, although they do not. belong to us, because they have not risen to the practical, praiseless, revolutionary comprehension, they must he handled as the men in the fifth category. In the third category aru the women who are wholly consecrated to the social revolution,\u2014that is, they have accepted our whole programme. They are to he regarded as the most valuable part of the revolutionary treasures, for without their assistance ive are unable to achieve the social revolution.\u201d\nMarch SO, 1886.\u2014\u201cArgument is no good unless based on force. You must be able to make your antagonist stand still and listen to your plea. When he refuses to do that, the use of force becomes a necessity.\u201d\nApril 8, 1886. \u2014 \u201cAmerican group,\u201d etc. \u201cMr. Parsons thought the organization of the vast body of unskilled and unorganized laboring men and women a necessity, in order that they formulate their demands and make an effective defence of their right. He thought the attempt to inaugurate the eight-hour system would break down the capitalistic system, and bring about such disorder and hardship that the social revolution would become a necessity. As all roads in ancient times led to Eome, so now all labor movements, of whatever character, inevitably lead to socialism.\u201d The unskilled laborers\u2019 eight-hour league was then organized, thirty joining.\nApril S\u00e9, 1886.\u2014\u201cWorkingmen, to arms. War to the palace, peace to the cottage, and death to luxurious idleness. The wage system is the only cause of the world\u2019s misery.\n\u201cOne pound of dynamite is better than a bushel of bullets. Make your demand for eight hours with weapons in your hands, to meet the capitalistic blood-hounds, police and militia in proper manner.\u201d\n\u201cAbove hand-bill sent from Indianapolis, Indiana, as posted all over that city last week.\u201d.\nApril 24, 1886.\u2014\n\u201cKnaves or Fools ?\n\u201cIn the contest now going on between labor and capital, the pretended leaders and official mouth-pieces of trades-unions and Knights of Labor assemblies are attempting to prevent the toiling masses from using the best, most effective and only successful means against the predatory beasts which must be exterminated as public enemies, during strikes and boycotts,\u2014 our only weapons against capitalistic conspiracy, and organized murder, starvation and wage-slavery. These flunkies and lickspittles speculate on their chances of securing places at the public crib as influential agitators, or as foremen and \u25a0\u2018sweaters\u2019 over their fellow-workers, or some other sinecure. Others are tickled by the praises of the capitalistic press, and by being quoted as representative reformers, in interviews, etc. These enemies of labor manage to get themselves elected to trades assemblies and other representative bodies of organized labor,\"where they play the role of harmonizers and peacemakers between the despoiled wage-slaves and their despoilers. The toiling masses never gave Mr. Powderly or any other man the authority to issue a proclamation against the enforcement of the eight-hour law from and after May 1, nor has he been empowered by any plebiscite to forbid strikes and boycotts, and to preach the harmony of capital and labor, as against the gospel of discontent. The Knights of Labor, trade unionists, and other working people, repudiate, by their action, the foolish talk of such men. The social war has come, and whoever is not tvith us is against us,\u201d\nThe following is an extract from the \u201cAnarchist\n\u201cMotto: All government we hate. Organ of the autonomous group of the I. A. A. Volume 1. Chicago, January 1,1886. No.l. Complaints should be sent to G-. Engel, 286 Milwaukee avenue. Call.\u2014Workingmen and fellows: We recognize it our duty to contend against existing rule, but he who would war successfully must equip himself with all implements adapted to destroy his opponents and secure victory. In consideration thereof we have resolved to publish the \u2018Anarchist,\u2019 as a line in the fight for the disinherited. It is necessary to disseminate anarchistic doctrine. As we strive for freedom from government, we advocate the principle of autonomy, in this sense r We strive towards the overthrow of the existing order, that an end may be put to the \u2018abhorrent work of destruction on the' part of mankind, and fratricide may be done away.\u2019 The equality of all, without distinction of race, color or nationality, is our fundamental principle, thus ending rule and servitude. We reject reformatory endeavors, as useless play, adding to' the miserable derision and oppression of the workingmen. Against the never-to-be-satisfied ferocity of the capital, we recommend the radical means of the present age. All endeavors of the working classes, not aiming at the overthrow of existing conditions of ownership, and at complete self-government, are to us reactionary,\u201d etc. '\nDuring the years 1885 and 1886 the defendants Fielden,. Parsons, Engel, Spies and Schwab made numerous speeches; to the workingmen. Schwab and Spies were generally together on these occasions, and an address by one was generally followed by an address by the other. At a gathering of workingmen at Mueller\u2019s Hall, in the North Division, in June, 1885,. Schwab said in German, that the gap between the rich and poor was growing wider; that, although despotism in .Russia had endeavored to suppress nihilism, nihilism was still growing ; that the death of Reinsdorf, a man then recently executed in Europe, had been avenged by the killing of the chief of police of Frankfort, who had been industrious in endeavoring, to crush out socialism; that murder was forced on many a man through the misery brought on him by capital; that freedom in Illinois was unknown; that what was needed here was. a bloody revolution, which would right their wrongs. The \u201cArbeiter Zeitung,\u201d in reporting this speech, quotes the concluding remark of Schwab as follows: \u201cBecause we know that the ruling class will never make any concessions, therefore we have, once for all, severed on/r connection with it, and, made all preparations for a revolution by force.\u201d\nOn1 February 15, 1886, Schwab made a speech at the Twelfth street Turner Hall, in regard to the London riots, which closed as follows: \u201cWe greet the London events as the announcement of the near approach of the social revolution.\u201d\nAt a mass meeting on the Lake Front on April 26, 1886, about a Aveek before the Haymarket meeting, the defendant Schwab said: \u201cTo-day is Easter day. * * * The Avorkingmen of Chicago to-day celebrate their resurrection. They are resurrected from their laziness,\u2014from then indifference in which they have remained so long. * * * From the first of May we will Avork eight hours a day. The workingmen want this, and Avanting it is having it, if the desire is based on power. The workingmen are poAverful if they are united. * * * Therefore, also in future let us be a united, solid army. Unite with your unions ! Never desert them! * * * Fveryiohere police and mwderers me employed to grind down workingmen. For every workingman who has died through the pistol of a deputy sheriff, let ten of those executioners fall. Arm yourselves. After the first of May, eight hows, and not a minute more.\u201d\nSpies, in a speech at the Mueller Hall meeting, in June, 1885, advised the workingmen to revolt at once, and said, that he had been accused of giving this advice before, and that it was true, and that he was proud of it; that wage-slavery could only be abolished through powder and ball. He says that he was accused by a little paper to have called upon the workingmen to commit criminal acts. He conceded that, and repeated it again. What is crime, anyway ? When the workingman was putting himself in the possession of the fruits of his labor, stolen from him, that was called a crime. A \u2019 pseudo-opponent had remarked that he could bring about the emancipation of the working classes through the ballot. This, \u2014\u2014 the workingman, then Napoleon and Bismarck never would have .given the franchise to the people. The ballot was serving only for the covering over of capitalistic tyranny and highway robbery. The speaker pointed out the miserable condition the \u25a0coal-diggers in the Hocking Yalley had gotten into, and in \u25a0conclusion he gave his hearers the advice to frequently visit the meetings of the International Workingmen\u2019s Association, and to read the organs of the workingmen for the-purpose of informing themselves.\nAt a meeting at Twelfth street Turner Hall, on October 11, 1885:\n\u201cMr. August Spies was introduced at this point, and offered the following resolution:\n\u201cWhereas, a general move has been started among the organized wage-workers of this country for the establishment of an eight-hour work day, to begin May 1, 1886; and\n\u201cWhereas, it is to be expected that the class of professional idlers,\u2014the governing class, who prey upon the bones and marrow of the useful members of society,\u2014will resist this attempt by calling to their assistance the Pinkertons, the police and State militia: Therefore, be it\n\u201cResolved, That we urge upon all wage-workers the necessity of procuring arms before the inauguration of the proposed eight-hour strike, in order to be in a position of meeting our foe with his own argument\u2014force.\n\u201cResolved, That while we are skeptical in regard to the benefits that will accrue to .the wage-workers in the introduction of an eight-hour work day, we nevertheless pledge ourselves to aid and -assist our brethren in this vast struggle with all that lies in our power, as long as they show an open and defiant front to our common enemy, the labor-devouring classes of aristocratic vagabonds, the brutal murderers of our comrades in St. Louis, Lemont, Chicago, Philadelphia and other places. Our war-cry may be, \u2018Death to the enemy of the human race\u2014 \u25a0our despoilers.\u2019\n\u201cAugust Spies supposed that Mr.-did not like the terms in which members of the government were referred to. The reason of this was, that Mr. - was one of those political vagabonds himself. There were nine millions of people engaged in industrial trades in this country. There were but one million of them as yet organized, while there were two millions of them unemployed. To make a movement in which they were engaged a successful one, it must be a revolutionary one. Don\u2019t let us, he exclaimed, forget the most forcible argument of all,\u2014the gun and dynamite.\u201d\nAt a meeting on the Lake Front, in July, 1885, the defendant Parsons made a speech. \u201cHe was speaking in a general way about trouble with the workingmen and the people, what he called the proletariat class, and spoke about their enemies, as he termed them,\u2014the police and the constituted authorities. He said that they were their enemies, and that they would use force against them. The authorities would use the police and the militia, and they would have to use force against them. He advised them to purchase rifles. If they hadn\u2019t money enough to buy rifles, to buy pistolsand if they couldn\u2019t buy pistols, they could buy sufficient dynamite for twenty-five cents to blow up a building the size of the Pullman building, and pointed to it.\u201d\nAt another meeting, in the same month, at the same place: \u201cAfter the picnic Mr. Parsons\u2014I won\u2019t be sure of that\u2014spoke about a young German experimenting with \"dynamite at this picnic. \u25a0 He had dynamite in a can, a tomato can, and spoke of hoto the thing was thrown into a pond, or lake, and how much execution coidd be done with that amount of dynamite. He also spoke of what could be done with it in destroying buildings and property in the city.\u201d\nAt a meeting in Market square, in April, 1885, the defendant Parsons made a speech to a company of workingmen, in which he said: \u201cIt is no use of arguing,\u2014we will never gain anything by argument and words. The only ivay to convince these capitalists and robbers is to use the gun and dynamite.\u201d\nAt a meeting .at Baum\u2019s Pavilion, on February 22, 1885, Parsons said, in a speech: \u201cI want you all to unite together and throw off the yoke. We need no president; no congressmen, no police, no militia and no judges. They are all leeches, sucking the blood of the poor, who have to support them all by their labor. I say to you, rise, one and all, and let us exterminate them all. Woe to the police or the militia whom they send against us.\u201d\nAt a meeting in April, 1885, of workingmen, for the purpose of denouncing the new board of trade, the defendant Parsons spoke as follows:\n\u201cThe present social system makes private property, of the means of labor and the resources of life, capital; and thereby creates classes and inequalities, conferring upon the holders of property the power to live upon the labor product of the propertyless. Whoever owns our bread owns our ballots, for a man who must sell his labor or starve, must sell his vote when the same alternative is presented. The inequalities of our social system, its classes, its privileges, its enforced poverty and misery, arise out of the institution of private prop-, erty, and so long as this system prevails, our wives and children will be driven to toil, while their fathers and brothers are thrown into enforced idleness, and the men of the board of trade, and all other profitmongers and legalized gamblers, who live by fleecing the people, will continue to accumulate millions at the expense of their helpless victims. This grand conspiracy against our liberty and lives is maintained*'and upheld by statute law and the constitution, and enforced by the military arms of the State. If toe would achieve owr liberation from economic bondage, and acquire owr natural right to life and liberty, every man must lay by a part of his wages, buy a Colt\u2019s navy revolver, (cheers, and \u2018That\u2019s what we want,\u2019} a Winchester rifle, (a voice, \u2018And ten pounds of dynamite! we will make it owselves,\u2019) and learn hoio to make and use dynamite. (Cheers.) Then raise the flag of rebellion, (cries of \u2018Bravo,\u2019 -and cheers,) the scarlet banner of liberty, fraternity, equality, and strike down to the earth every tyrant that lives upon this .globe. (Cheers, and cries of \u2018Vive la Commune.\u2019) Tyrants have no rights which we should respect. Until this is done you will \u25a0continue to be robbed, to be plundered, to be at the mercy of the privileged few. Therefore, agitate for the purpose of organization, organize for the purpose of rebellion, for wage-slaves have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world of freedom \u25a0and happiness to win. (Cheers.)\u201d\nAt a meeting in Greif\u2019s Hall, in August, 1885, referring to \"the late street car strike, the defendant Parsons made a speech, in which he said: \u201cIf but one shot had been fired and Bonfleld had happened to be shot, the whole city tvould have been \u25a0deluged in blood, and the social revolution would have been inaugurated.\u201d\nAt a meeting at Greif\u2019s Hall, on March 29, 1885, Fielden said that a few explosions in the, city of Chicago would help the cause considerably. \u201cThere is the new board of trade,\u2014a roost of thieves and robbers. We ought to commence by blowing \u25a0that up.\u201d\nAt another meeting, at the same place, Fielden said: \u201cIt is a blessing that something has been discovered whereioith the workingman can fight the police and the militia with the Gatling guns.\u201d\nAt a meeting held at Ogden\u2019s Grove, June I, 1885, Fielden \u25a0said: \u201cI. want all to organize. Every ivorkingman in Chicago \u25a0ought to belong to our organization. It is of no use to go and beg of owr masters to give us more wages or better times. When I say organize, I mean for you to use force. It is of no use for the working people to hope to gain anything by means of the ordinary weapons. Every one of you must .learn the use of dynamite, for that is the power with which we hope to gain our rights.\u201d\nIn the fall of 1885, the defendant Fielden addressed a crowd on the Lake Front, in which he stated \u201cthat the workingmen, the laborers, were justified in using force to obtain that which was theirs, and which was toithheld from them by the rich.. That our present social system was not proper,\u2014that an equality of possession should exist; and if the rich kept on withholding from the poor what was justly due to the poor, because they had earned it, they should use force and violence. That force should be used against the rich, the wealthy, and the men who had means. That the existing order of society should be destroyed\u2014annihilated\u2014and as no other redress could be had peaceably, they were justified in using force and violence.\u201d\nAt a meeting of the American group, on the 2d of September, 1885, Fielden, in a speech, said: \u201cIt is useless for you. to suppose that you can ever obtain anything in any other way than by force. You must arm yourselves, and prepare for the coming revolution.\u201d\nAt a public meeting, held in Twelfth street Turner Hall October 11, 1885, Fielden said: \u201cThe eight-hour law will be of no benefit to the workingman. You, must all organize and use force. You must crush out the present government, as by force is-the only way in which you better yoivr present condition.\u201d\nOn the 20th of December, at the same place, Fielden said: \u201cAll the crowned heads of Europe are trembling at the very name of Socialism, and I hope soon to see a few Liskas (the man who murdered the chief of police of Frankfort and was hanged for it) in the United States, to put out of the way a few of the tools of capital.\u201d\nAt a meeting at 106 Randolph street, on January 11, 1886, Fielden made a speech, in which he said: \u201cIt is quite true that we have lots of explosives and dynamite in our possession, and we will not hesitate to use it when the proper time comes. We care nothing either for the military or police, for these are in the pay of the capitalist.\u201d\nOn March 12, 1886, Fielden made a speech at Zepf\u2019s Hall, at the corner of West Randolph and Desplaines streets, in. which he said: \u201cWe are told that we must attain our ends and aims by obeying law and order. Damn law and order \u00cd We have obeyed law and order long enough. The time has come for you, men, to strangle the law, or the law will, strangle you.\u201d\n\u00c1t a meeting at the Twelfth street Turner Hall, the defendant Fielden, in a speech, said: \u201c The first of May will be our time to strike the blow, there are so many strikes, and there will be fifty thousand men out of ivork\u2014that is to say, if the eight-hour law is a failure\u2014if the eight-hour movement is a failure.\u201d\"\nHenry Weinecke, a police officer, testified that some time in February, 1886, before he came on the police force, he heard the defendant Engel, at Timmerhoifs Hall, 703 Milwaukee avenue, address a meeting. The witness said: \u201cI was standing in the door,\u2014the door that goes in the hall from the saloon. I heard him talking about buying revolvers for the police. He advised everybody\u2014\u2018every man wants to join them, to save up three or four dollars to buy revolvers to shoot every policeman down.\u2019 He says he ivants every ivorkingman whom he could get, to join them, and then advise everybody you know\u2014 you save up three or four dollars to buy a revolver that was good enough for shooting policemen down, he said.\" The witness further stated that the hall at that meeting was crowded, and. Engel spoke in German.\nGustav Lehmann, a socialist, and a member of the Lehr und Wehr Verein, testifies that in January or February of this year, (1886) he heard the defendant Engel make a speech at Neff\u2019s Hall, 58 Clybourne avenue, before the assembly of workmen of the North Side, in which he said that those toho could not arm themselves, and who could not buy revolvers, should buy dynamite, that it ivas very cheap, and easily handled, and gave a general description of how bombs coidd be made,\u2014how gas-pipes could be filled; that a gas-pipe was to be taken and a wooden block put into the end, and it was to be filled with dynamite; then the other end is also closed up with a wooden block, and old nails are tied around the pipe by means of wire; then a hole is bored into one end of it, and a fuse with a cap is put into that hole; that the nails should be tightened to the pipe, so that when it explodes there will be many pieces flying around ; that gas-pipe could be found on the west side from the river, near the bridge.\nWilliam Seliger, a member of the \u201cInternational, \u201d testified that he heard Engel, one of the defendants, make a speech to the North Side group, in Neff\u2019s Hall, last winter, in which he said that every one should manufacture bombs- for themselves; that pipes could be found everywhere, without any cost; that the pipes were to be closed up with wooden blocks, fore and aft, and that in one of the blocks was to be drilled a hole for the fuse and cap; that every workingman should arm himself with them; that they were cheap to be had, and were the best means against the police and capitalist.\nMoritz Neff, who was the keeper of the hall known as \u25a0\u201cThoeringer Hall,\u201d sometimes called \u201cThe Shanty of the Communists,\u201d and also called \u201cNeff\u2019s Hall,\u201d testified that he heard Engel address a public meeting of the North Side group, at that place; that he addressed the meeting on general principles, and came, around and wanted money for a new paper which they had started. It is called the \u201cAnarchist.\u201d \u201cIt is a paper started by the North-west Side group .and two of the South Side groups. He came there for the purpose of obtaining money in order to push the paper along. He said that the \u2018Arbeiter Zeitung\u2019 was not outspoken enough in those anarchistic principles; therefore, it was necessary to start something else, and for this purpose they started this paper. They distributed some of these papers around there, and after that he sat down. Later on he spoke again, and he gave a kind of history of revolutions in the old country, and stated that the nobility of France were only forced to give up their privileges by brute force; and then he stated that the slaveholders at the South had only liberated their slaves after being compelled by force by the Northern States, and therefore, he said, that the present wage-slavery would only be done away with by force also; and he advised them to arm themselves, and if guns were two dear for them, they \u25a0 should use cheaper means,\u2014dynamite, or anything they could get hold of, to fight the enemy. He stated that in order to \"make bombs it was not necessary that they should be round; anything that was hollow inside would,\u2014in the shape of gas-pipes, or something like that. * * * This was in the speech that he made. He sat down afterwards. It was customary to have a discussion after the speech was made, and anybody that wanted to ask the speaker a question could do \u25a0so. That part of the speech I did not hear. I was in the .saloon.\u201d\nThe following is a substantial abstract of the contents of. iHerr Host\u2019s book:\n\u201cScience of Bevolutionary War.\u2014Manual for instruction :in the use and preparation of nitro-glycerine, dynamite, gun--cotton, fulminating mercury, bombs, fuses, poisons, etc., etc. By Johann Most, New York. Printed and published by the Internationale Zeitung Verein, (International News Co.) 167 William street.\nThe substance of this treatise is as follows:\nAbout the importance of modern explosives for the social revolution, present and future, nothing need be said. They will form a decisive element in the next epoch of the world\u2019s, history. It is, therefore, natural that the revolutionists of all. countries should be anxious to obtain these explosives, and. learn to apply them practically. Too much time has been, wasted, books are expensive, etc. Even explanations of learned, treatises are unavailing. Persons attempting to experiment, according to the instructions, met with results not encouraging.. The matt( r was expensive, dangerous, etc.\nSome, under experiment, have produced tolerable gun-cotton, ai(d small quantities of nitro-glycerine converted into-dynamite. But this was of small value, as with small quantities of dynamite little can be done, and it is expensive.. Eor manufacture of dynamite on a large scale, an expensive-outfit is required, and separate quarters. A private dwelling can not be used. Such a laboratory must be kept in a. secluded spot, because of the stench, which would lead to-discovery and ejection. We have not, however, abandoned, experiments, but concluded that dynamite can not be successfully supplied by private manufacture, but must be obtained from professional manufacturers. Not an ounce of' dynamite heretofore used has been manufactured by revolutionists, but obtained by them. Watchmen can not prevent, the securing of a supply. Beside, it is now an article of commerce for many purposes, so that its obtainment can not be-prevented. The purchase is easier and cheaper than private-manufacture, and for this money is required. Dynamite factories may be confiscated. The purpose of this treatise is to-publish the simplest methods for the manufacture of explosives, and to explain their use and effect. In this direction, many mistakes have been made, attributable to ignorance.. Dynamite may be exploded by a spark of fire, but it is not, so usually, for when brought in contact with the flame, it usually burns without causing further effects. It is exploded by shock, and therefore must be handled carefully; explodes easier when frozen than not, and freezes a few degrees above Hero, Beaumer. It will stand a high degree of heat without exploding. Moisture has no effect upon it, as the principal ingredient, nitro-glycerine, is greasy. The simplest and surest way to explode dynamite, is in the application of blasting cartridges, obtainable in all large houses dealing in Wasting or shooting utensils. (Description of the cartridge given.) In important undertakings procure best quality of fuse, which looks like common twine, which should be guarded against moisture, by being soaked in tallow or tar, or incased in rubber. When explosion is desired from a distance, a wire and electric battery are preferable, but if only a few minutes are desired to get away, six or eight inches of fuse will answer, attached to a piece of touchwood. For a bomb only so much fuse required as can burn in the interval of throwing\u2014six or eight inches is enough, determinable by experiment. To explode dynamite by fuse and percussion cartridge, the bomb or other vessel should be inclosed on all sides, with an opening tM\u2019ough which the blasting cartridge may be introduced. The cartridge should reach into the explosive material, two-thirds of its length, but not let the fuse touch, for the fuse might set fire to the dynamite, and it might escape in flame through the orifice. When the fuse burns to the cartridge, it explodes the latter, and that, the dynamite. The fulminating cap should be tightly squeezed into the petard, to avoid dislocation. Before introducing the fuse into the cap, cut it off to make a fresh end. In important undertakings, the greatest care is \u25a0 advisable. The fulminating mercury rests loosely, and may fall out of the cartridge, wMch should therefore be examined before being used. The same rules obtain as to nitro-glycerine, but the latter is a more powerful explosive than dynamite, the latter consisting of seventy-five to eighty per cent of nitro-glycerine, and twenty to twenty-five per cent of charcoal, sawdust, or other proper material. On account of its rapidity, the greatest force of a dynamite explosion is in.the direction where it meets the greatest resistance. No very heavy or very strong cylinder should be used to demolish a wall, but a simple tin can is preferable. But where dynamite is proposed to be exploded among a number of persons, the stronger the shell \u201cthe more splendid are the results.\u201d\nThe best shape for a bomb is globular, as furnishing equal resistance, and producing the same explosive effect in all directions.' Iron shells are the best, obtainable in a foundry.. Zinc globes are not to be despised, and can be privately manufactured ; but the latter requires obtaining a brass mould from-, a trustworthy expert. With such a mould, fifty semi-globes of' moderate size can be manufactured in a day, and these can be soldered together. Every bomb must have an opening, about three-quarters of an inch, through which to fill, provided with a screw top, to be put in after the filling is done, with a hole \u2022 bored through the top, large enough to pass a detonating cap, which is connected with the fuse. After the bomb is filled with dynamite, it is screwed together, and then the fuse can be lighted and the bomb thrown. \u201cA trial of such a bomb has. had a most excellent result.\u201d\nA zinc globe, four inches in diameter, filled with dynamite, was experimented with. The explosion was-like a cannon shot, bursting a large flagstone into twenty pieces,, scattering them ten to fifteen feet, making a hole two feet in the ground, and at thirty to forty feet distance, pieces of the shell were found,, about the size of a revolver ball, and very ragged. If this bomb had been placed under the table of a gluttonous dinner party, or if it had been thrown, through a- window, onto the table, what a beautiful effect it would have had.\nAnother method: A piece of gas or water-pipe, a few inches long. Cut a screw on each end, and cover with a screw cap, and for explosion, proceed as with the other bomb. Such missiles are easily manufactured, cheap.,, and, against a crowd. must produce brilliant effects. No certainty of one bomb being successful,\u2014may result only in broken windows, etc. Any ordinary house will resist such explosions, and in operating against houses, a different method must be pursued. Percussion primer bombs can be provided by making pyramid or other shaped shells, with a percussion cap on each side, so that -when thrown, whichever side strikes will explode the cap; but these, if falling in soft ground, are ineffective. The cap must be secured tightly, so as not to fall off, and the detonating chamber closed at its bottom with fulminating mercury, and the space being filled with fine gunpowder,\u2014 a second explosive cap being placed at the bottom of the vent in the dynamite, which is to be used preferably. A bomb filled with fulminating mercury would have to have a very strong shell to be effective, and filling a bomb with fulminating mercury is dangerous, and the fulminate is more expensive than dynamite. Besides all which, the primer bombs described are more expensive and difficult of construction than a globular bomb. We are of opinion that the fuse construction (with detonating chamber) is more practical and reliable. The best construction for a bomb that will explode by concussion, is one in which is inserted a small glass tube, slightly bent, closed at each end by melting, and then inserted in a shell, so that the ends of the tube meet the opposite sides of the chamber. Around this inner tube is placed another tube full of a mixture of chlorate of potash and sugar, and around this combined tube the chamber is filled with dynamite, and the shell closed. When this bomb is thrown, the concussion breaks the glass tube, the sulphuric acid ignites the potash mixture, and the result is an explosion of the dynamite. In practical use, the power of dynamite is illustrated in mining blasts, etc., small quantities producing wonderful results, which are dependent upon the confinement of the dynamite. In attacking buildings, unless the dynamite can be introduced into the chimneys or other orifices, considerable quantity must be used to shake the building or bring it down. For ordinary buildings, nothing less than ten pounds will do, 'and for massive buildings, barracks, churches, etc., forty or fifty pounds may be required, and even then will not be effective unless skillfully placed. The explosive should be placed 'under or within a foundation, or close to the main wall, just above the ground, but not packed in a shell,\u2014simply in tin cylinders, the length of the cylinder being proportionate to the breadth of the breach desired. Care must be taken not to break the fuse. Waterproof fuse may be had ready made.\nFollowing are results of experiments by the War Department of Austria: Four pounds of dynamite, in a tin box, made a hole two feet by eighteen inches, in a one-foot brick wall; seven pounds made a hole thirteen by fifteen inches, in a two-foot brick wall; twenty-seven pounds made a hole fifteen feet square in a three-foot brick wall; forty-three pounds knocked down a brick wall three and a half feet thick. Good results were obtained by loading down the dynamite with sandbags of earth,\u2014two pounds at the bottom of a wall, sunk in the earth and. covered with a foot and a half of ground, shaking down seven feet of a wall eighteen inches thick; fourteen pounds of dynamite in two tin cylinders, each two feet long and three inches in diameter, made a breach in a wall six and one-half feet wide and seven, feet high. In a foundation of a four-foot brick wall, three holes were dug, eight feet apart, and seven and one-half feet deep, and six pounds of dynamite, in a tin box, placed in each hole, and exploded simultaneously by electricity. The result was the demolition of the wall for a distance of twenty-five feet. As compared with dynamite, sixty pounds of gunpowder in tin boxes, exploded against a stone wall, produced no other effect than to blacken it, the damage to the wall being eight to ten times less, even when confined, than in the ease of dynamite. In ease of war, the destruction of bridges, etc., is important, and here, dynamite has been especially effective. As examples: Two pounds of dynamite in a tin box, exploded on a wrought iron plate two inches thick, tore a hole through the plate; twenty-six pounds of dynamite, in eight tin boxes, laid one on another, destroyed an iron single-track railroad bridge, pipe construction, securely built; seven pounds of dynamite, exploded near a railroad track, threw off one rail and splintered the second, destroying the nearest tie. A train following immediately, (perhaps imperial special,) might have \u201cgone to the .devil.\u201d Other experiments also mentioned.\nTo thaw dynamite, which freezes very easily, the best plan is to put the dynamite in a waterproof vessel into a larger one containing water. Frozen dynamite is dangerous when ignited, and may fail to explode if special pains are not taken. Failures should be avoided in revolutionary movements. It is cheapest to buy explosives, or confiscate them; but instruction given for manufacture, avoiding technical terms. Advises processes which we have tried successfully, the principles of operation resting on the method discovered by Ditmar, the New York dynamite manufacturer, but simpler.\nTo manufacture dynamite, there are mixed, first', two parts sulphuric acid with one of nitric acid; second, there is added one-eighth of the whole quantity of glycerine. Scientists have overstated the dangers of this manufacture, with the result, that on the part of revolutionists less nitro-glycerine has been manufactured than would otherwise have been. Sulphuric acid of at least forty-five degrees can be had of any wholesale druggist, in nine-pound bottles; nitric acid of at least sixty-six degrees, in seven-pound bottles. To eighteen pounds of sulphuric acid you need nine pounds of nitric acid and three and one-half pounds of glycerine. Mixing can be done in an iron pot, enameled, or \"in any porcelain or glazed vessel. In . an outer vessel pour water till it reaches three-fourths of the height of the inner vessel, kept cold by the use of ice. Put \u25a0 the sulphuric acid into the inner vessel; add half the quantity of nitric acid, stirring with a glass rod, and pouring in slowly. To get rid of the - offensive and unhealthy fumes, cover the mouth and the nose by a handkerchief, keep the-windows open, and mix near or under an open flue. When the mixture is completed, cover with a piece of glass, and leave for fifteen to twenty minutes to cool off, the mixture-causing a high degree of heat; then add the glycerine, stirring briskly with the glass rod while pouring. If yellowish-, red fumes arise, indicating conflagration, stop pouring theglycerine, and stir more briskly, and afterwards resume the addition of the glycerine. After completing the mixture, stir ' for ten minutes or so; then lift out the inner vessel, containing the mixture, and pour it into the water in the outer vessel, slowly. A yellowish oil will settle to the bottom, which isnitro-glycerine. After some time, pour off the water. Then pour the nitro-glycerine, for further purification, into a bowl filled with good soda lye, stirring briskly, so as to cause all off the nitro-glycerine to come in contact with the lye; let settle and pour off the lye, when the nitro-glycerine can be bottled.. Nitro-glycerine, in a natural .state, being-dangerous frohi concussion, it is desirable to manufacture the dynamite at' once. To do this, take sawdust or pulverized charcoal, or a mixture-equal parts powder, sugar, dust of saltpetre and wood pulp; put this material into a vessel, and pour on the nitro-glycerine, kneading it with a wooden ladle, to the consistency of a-thick dough; pack in oil paper or tin boxes. Long-continued. handling of dynamite with the bare hands, produces severe headache.\nGun-cotton is also an explosive, not much inferior to dynamite. To prepare it, take unglued cotton wadding, boil in soda lye, dry carefully, either in the air or upon hot iron plates or bricks. The cotton is then dipped in the mixture of acids(sulphuric and nitric,) and after being left until 0thoroughly saturated, is taken out, squeezed dry, but not with the hands,. and is then put in a vessel with soda lye; after fifteen minutes again taken and squeezed out, which may be done with-the hand, and which is repeated two or three times, hut each, time in new warm water. Then the wadding must be dried by atmosphere,\u2014not by hot material. It is not extensively used, because it ignites in warm sunshine. Use immediately after manufacture, or keep in water until required-, and then dry and use. Unconfined gun-cotton burns without explosion, but is explosive when placed in cylindrical bombs and rammed in securely. It can be exploded-by fire without concussion. It is not to be despised, because it is more easily manufactured than dynamite, and has an innocent appearance.\nGun-cotton saturated with nitro-glycerine results in nitrogelatine, incredibly explosive, and far superior to dynamite; but its keeping on hand is dangerous, and the mixture should therefore immediately precede its contemplated use.\nNear Washington the following experiment was recently made: By a dynamite gun, bombs were thrown containing eleven pounds of nitro-gelatine, two thousand feet against solid rock. One bomb tore a hole six feet deep and twenty-five feet in diameter in the rock, and ten tons of rock were cut loose and thrown in all directions, while stones from ten. to twelve pounds were carried about half a mile. The spectators, nearly all military men from foreign countries, concurred that an ordinary vessel would be destroyed by the explosion of a single such bomb, while an ironclad receiving-it in the side would thereby be disabled. Revolutionists can not manufacture dynamite cannon, (which are about forty feet long,) but they can make bombs and use ordinary slings.. \u201cThat which reduces what had been solid rocks into splinters, may not have a bad effect in a court, or monopolists\u2019 ball room.\u201d\nFulminate of mercury is a powerful explosive, consisting of mercury, sulphuric acid and alcohol, equal weights, which must be mixed in a clean, glazed vessel, in cold water or ice, the mercury being first put into the vessel and the rest stirred in slowly, the acid being added first, and enough of it to secure the entire solution of the mercury; pour in the alcohol \u25a0after cooling. The pfoduct, a gray substance, is then spread \u2022on tissue paper to dry, and a little potash is added to reduce the danger of explosion. It explodes at a temperature of 150 degrees. Silver may be substituted for mercury, giving a better product, but more expensive. Experimenting should be done with Very small quantities, to begin with. Fulminate of mercury explodes under a spark, as, for instance, a gun cap and bombs charged with this explosive; explode by concussion, simply. In filling a bomb, great care must be taken, as no ramming or concussion is allowed, and the filling is therefore better done while the mixture is moist, and when it will settle into shape; but in this event the shell must be left open until completely dry. In closing the shell, care must be taken not to cause any spark or ignition, which would be followed by an explosion. In modern wars they do not confine themselves to explosives and weapons of any particular description, but are aimed to weaken the enemy by all means possible.\nA particularly effective weapon is fire. For example, in Moscow, against Napoleon, and by the Prussians in France in 1870-71. Therefore, in a list of revolutionary war utensils the article serviceable for incendiary purposes must not be omitted. A very effective mixture is of phosphorus and bi-sulphide of carbon. Buy yellow phosphor, (which is always kept under water, and must never be touched with the bare hands, but taken from the containing bottle with a fork or stick,) put in a porcelain bowl full of water, and cut into portions about the size of a bean, under water. The phosphor must be kept in a bottle with a glass stopper, fitting air-tight.' Fill a bottle with bi-sulphide of carbon, drop in the phosphor quickly, and close, .then shake slowly until dissolved. The fluid is then ready for use, and if poured on rags will result in spontaneous combustion, after a time. Petroleum added, retards the combustible action, and may be used when one desires to make good his escape. Experiments with this mixture were made in France by detectives.\nAnother incendiary article is thus constructed: Take a tin fruit jar, remove the cover; cut a hole in the center of the cover, into which insert a medicine glass; then resolder the cover; pour in benzine; fill the medicine glass with gunpowder, and close with a stopper, passing a fuse through the stopper; light the fuse; the result is, after a time, the explosion of the powder, bursting the can and scattering the benzine blazing in every direction. A hundred men equipped with such implements, scattered through a city, could achieve more than twenty batteries of artillery, and the thing is easily made, and cheap.\nThere may be cases in which the revolutionist must abandon shelter, and sacrifice his own life in the warfare against the property-owning beast of society; but no revolutionist should unnecessarily endanger his own life. An unknown danger is the more terrible. Therefore, revolutionists should act singly, or in as small numbers as possible.\nOwing to the failure of various attacks, the idea has been suggested to poison weapons used for assault; but this idea has never been carried out, owing to the expense and difficulty of procuring suitable poisons. The best substance for poisoning arms is curari, used by the South American Indians on their arrows. It is absolutely fatal, but is high-priced. A dagger red-hot, and hardened, in a decoction of rose laurel, is fatal. Pulverized phosphor, mixed with gum-arabic, and applied to the weapon, is also fatal. So with verdigris. So as to cadaver poison and prussic acid. But poisons must always be prepared immediately before use, as they dissolve in the atmosphere and become innocuous.\nThe successful arming of the people can not be achieved by one definite procedure, but by utilizing all different circumstances. The best thing would be for organized workingmen throughout the civilized world to provide themselves with muskets and ammunition, and to thoroughly drill; but this is almost impossible, as the authorities would interfere with - them, and throughout Europe even the purchase of weapons by the common people is made difficult, while secret purchase subjects to the charge of \u201cconstructive treason.\u201d In America every one has the constitutional right to arm, but the carrying of concealed weapons is prohibited, while, if carried openly, that also would soon be prohibited. That is not all. Hardly had a military organization been effected in Illinois, when the legislature passed a law allowing to march and drill, only the State organizations. A litigation has resulted, which is as yet undetermined. There is evidenced also among legislators, a disposition to prohibit dynamite, except for industrial purposes and national defence. The workingmen of America can not arm themselves unless they do it soon. If they arm themselves at once,\u2014well. If not, it will soon be difficult or impossible, and \u201cyou will find yourselves defenceless and powerless in the face of a mob of murderers in uniform, armed to the teeth.\u201d The price of a watch would buy a fine breech-loader. We do not take much stock in the arming of organizations for several reasons, among others, that it will cause a great pressure upon those who are unwilling to join, which is in violation of the anarchistic p>rinciple, .and \"dangerous to the existence of the organization. Besides which, it would involve great financial sacrifice to those who prefer to do nothing for the cause. Labor organizations should therefore content themselves with allowing arming by those who desire to do so. They may buy arms at wholesale, and retail to those who wish to purchase, on the installment plan, if necessary, at cost, thus saving expense, without trenching upon the assets of the society. Muskets are not the only desirable weapons. Good revolvers, daggers, poisons and firebrands are destined-to be of immense service during a revolution. The modern explosives deserve attention first\" of all. Quantities of nitro-glycerine and dynamite, numerous hand grenades and blasting cartridges, should be at the disposal of the revolutionists, these things acting as the proletariats\u2019 substitute for artillery. These are particularly recommended to European revolutionists, as they can not buy rifles. \u201cTaken all in all, our motto is: Proletarians of all countries, arm yourselves, arm yourselves, no matter what may happen. The hour of battle draws near.\u201d\nCertain precautions should be adopted by the revolutionist if he wishes to address an associate in writing. He should use a fictitious address, which should be frequently changed, and its contents ought to be shaped with a view to the possibility of its falling into the wrong hand. He should never mention the true name of his confederates. Initials or nicknames are preferable. There should never be a communication, even to a comrade, of a fact which it is not necessary for him to know. Tour right name should never be signed. The use of a cipher is not desirable, because it is a suspicious method and is very liable to detection. If used at all, the key to the cipher should be communicated only to one confederate. \u201cAll letters received, which bear secrets, should always be burned immediately after reading.\u201d Revolutionists should never retain things which would lead to detection, and should always be on guard against detectives and police. Neither through friendship, love or family ties should you talk unnecessarily. These rules apply particularly \u201cto all enterprises that are directed against the prevailing disorder and its laws.\u201d If a revolutionary deed is proposed, it should not be talked about, but silently pursued. If assistance is indispensable, it may be chosen, but a misstep in this is fatal. The society of suspected persons should be carefully avoided, thus spies would be rendered harmless. Self-composure in arrest is essential. Only when the arrest can be successfully resisted should there be resort to it, or when it becomes a question of life and death. But if you are sure that the arrest is on suspicion, you protest energetically and submit quietly. To examinations by a judge, the revolutionist should submit only so far as he can prove an alibi. Admit nothing except what is proven. If all means of deliverance are exhausted, then the prisoner should defend his deed from the standpoint of the revolutionist and anarchist, and convert the defendant\u2019s seat into a speaker\u2019s stand. Shield your person as long as possible, but when you are irredeemably lost, use your respite for the propagation of your principles. We thus speak because we observe that even expert revolutionists violate its plainest rules.\nAppendix.\nWe have received, from a layman, an essay presenting another means of preparing fulminate of mercury, which essay reads as follows: Use an ordinary retort; to precipitate the fumes, put the neck of the retort in water, put in five grains of mercury and fifty grains of nitric acid; after this has Cooled, add sixty grains of best alcohol in small quantities, shaking the retort well while mixing; upon the neck of the retort put an india rubber tube, thirty or forty centimeters long, passing through a vessel filled with water; light an alcohol flame under the retort until the mixture begins to boil; the fulminate of mercury crystallizes; pour off the liquid residue; refine the fulminate in cold water several times, and then boil the water; spread on tissue paper \u25a0 to dry, in a high temperature; then close carefully to prevent absorbing moisture. Thus writes our correspondent.\nAs a substitute for a blasting cartridge, where the latter can not be conveniently obtained, cut a piece off the closed end of a metal penholder, say an inch and a half long, and fill this with the caps ordinarily used for toy pistols, stuffing them in, then add a fuse, and the cartridge is ready for use.\nPulverized seeds of stramonium, baked in almond or other cake, furnish an effective poison to be used against a spy, informer, minion of the law, or other scoundrel.\nInvisible ink is recommended for revolutionary correspondence. To mislead spies, write an ordinary letter, and then write with the invisible ink between the lines, or on the reverse pages, or send an old book and write on the blank pages, or write on the inside of paper wrappers. There are invisible inks which are developed by heat, but these are not recommended, as heat is always applied to suspicious correspondence, by the detectives. The chemical is preferable. If you write with nitrate of cobalt (invisible,) it becomes bluish if you spread oxalate of potash over it. Nitrate of copper made legible by spreading cyanide of potassium on. And so, if written with hydro-chlorate. There are still other methods, but enough has been suggested.\nWe speak now of Sprengel\u2019s acid and neutral explosives. Sprengel has found that hydro-carbons, mixed with vehicles, can be exploded by a cap, like dynamite. For instance, equal parts of carbolic acid, dissolved in nitric acid, gives an explosive. By the solution of carbolic in nitric acid, picric acid is produced; in the mixture, heating takes place, which should be cooled off. Mix the picric acid with nitric acid, and an explosive as strong as nitro-glycerine is produced, the proportions being 58.3 of picric acid to 41.7 of nitric acid. If, instead of carbolic acid, benzine is used, the result is nitrobenzole. Add nitric acid in the proportion of 71.92 to 28.08 nitric benzole, and you have an explosive. These various-liquids can be utilized by absorbing them into chlorate of potash, moulded into suitable shapes, which can be exploded ordinarily by a percussion cap; but these preparations are not as handy as dynamite, and can be used only in glass, stone or iron shells, other shells being affected by the acid, but they are easier to produce than nitro-glycerine.\nPrussic acid may be prepared as follows: Take thirty grains yellow prussiate of potash, twenty grains sulphuric acid, and forty grains of water; heat the mixture in a retort, and catch the fumes in a well-cooled receiver. It is desirable that the receiver should be bent, and furnished with water in its lower portion, through which the fumes must pass, thus aiding condensation. There must be a hollow globe to receive the accumulating prussic acid. It is very volatile, and, upon drying np, no poisonous substance remains. Avoid the escaping fumes. Proceed under a well-ventilated flue. Prussic acid is not useful for poisoning arms, but is for liquors,\u2014looks like water, and smells and tastes like bitter almonds. May be preserved in the dark for a long time.\nEor combustion, we add the following suggestion: Take blotting paper, saturate it with the phosphor dissolved in carbon, as published recently in the \u201cFreiheit,\u201d and put it in an unclosed envelope, with pulverized chlorate of potash. Close the letter, and in about a quarter of an hour, upon opening it, an explosion and intense blaze will ensue. These letters \u25a0can be carried around and dropped, and be carried safely in an air-tight tin box. For large buildings, such as courts, etc., put the phosphor in a-small box, that can be carried in the \u25a0overcoat pocket, filling the lower part with tar, and the upper part with shavings, saturate with prepared phosphor, and add potash, nail on a lid carefully, bore a few holes to let in the \u2022ak, and in the course of three or four hours an explosion will follow, and a fire.\nPhosphor may be used as a fuse for dynamite, keeping it \u2022from the air until the box of dynamite is placed in the proper position, then raise the lid, letting the ah\u2019 to the fuse, and in due time an explosion will follow.\nPlatform International Association of Workingmen, published in the \u201cArbeiter Zeitung\u201d during February, March and April, 1886:\nThe Declaration of Independence declares when a long train of abuses and usurpation, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them (the people) under absolute despotism, it is their right,\u2014it is their duty,\u2014to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Are we not too much governed, and is .it not the time to practice this thought of Jefferson? Is our government anything but a conspiracy of the privileged classes against the people ? Fellow-laborers, read the following declaration, which we issue in your interest, for humanity and progress:\nThe present order of society is based upon the spoliation \u2022of the non-property by the property owners. The capitalists buy the labor of the poor for wages, at the mere cost of living, taking all the surplus of labor. By machinery constantly reducing the volume of human labor, produces constantly increasing quantities of goods, whereby the competition of labor is increasing, and its price being reduced. Thus, while the poor are increasingly deprived the opportunities of advancement, the rich grow richer through increasing robbery. Only by rare and accidental opportunities can the poor become rich; ' avarice increases with wealth, and capitalists compete for the spoliation of the masses In this struggle, the moderately wealthy succumb, while monopolists flourish, \u2022concentrating in their hands entire branches of industry, trade and commerce Industrial and commercial crises follow, which force the wretchedness of the non-property owners to the highest point. Statistics of the United States show, that after deducting raw material, interest on capital, etc., \u25a0property-owners claim five-eighths, and allow to the laborers but three-eigliths of the residue. The result of the present \u2022system is recurring over-production, while the increasing elimination of labor from the process of production brings the impoverishment of an increasing percentage on non-property \u2022owners, \u201cwho are driven into crime, vagabondage, prostitution, suicide, starvation and manifold ruin. This system is unjust, insane and murderous.\u201d Therefore, those who suffer under it, and do not wish to be responsible for its continuance, ought to strive for its destruction by all means and with their utmost energy. \u201cIn its place is to be put the true order of society. This can be brought about only when all instruments of property,\u2014all capital produced by labor,\u2014has been transformed into common property, for thus only is the possibility of spoliation cut off. Only by the impossibility of accumulating private capital can every one be compelled to work who claims the right to live. Neither lordship nor servitude will thereafter exist. This system would result further, that no one would need to work more than a few hours a day, and yet every reasonable want of society would be satisfied. In this way, time and opportunity are also given for opening to all the people the possibility of the highest imaginable culture.\u201d\nOpposed to such a system are the political organizations, of the capitalists, whether monarchies or republics. States, are in the hands of property owners, with no other apparent, end than to -maintain the disorder of the present day. The. laws turn their sharp points against the laboring \"people, and, so far as they seem otherwise, are evaded by the ruling class. The school exists for the offspring of the rich, while the children of the poor receive scarcely an elementary education, and this directed to promote conceit, prejudice, servility,\u2014 anything but intelligence. By reference to a fictitious heaven the church seeks to make the masses forget the loss of paradise on earth, while the press takes care to confuse the public mind. These institutions aim to prevent the people from reaching intelligence, being under the sway of the capitalist class. The laborers can look for aid from, no outside source in their fight against the existing system, but must achieve deliverance through their own exertions. Hitherto, no privileged class have relinquished tyranny, nor will the capitalists, of to-day forego .their privilege and authority without compulsion. This is evidenced by the brutal resistance always manifested by the middle classes against all efforts by the laboring classes for their advancement. It is therefore evi\u25a0dent that the fight must be of a revolutionary character\u2014 that wage conflicts can not lead to the goal. Every reform in favor of the laboring classes involves a curtailment of the privileges of the rich, to which we can not expect their assent. \u201cThe ruling classes will not voluntarily relinquish their prerogatives, and will make no concession to us. Under all these circumstances, there is only one remedy left\u2014force.\u201d Our ancestors of 1776 have taught us that resistance to tyrants is justifiable, and have left us an immortal example. By force, they freed themselves from foreign oppressors, \u201cand through force their descendants must free themselves from domestic oppression.\u201d Therefore, it is your right and duty to arm, says Jefferson. Agitation to organize, organizations for .the purpose of rebellion,\u2014this is the course if the workingmen would rid themselves of their chains. And since all governments combine in their policy of oppression, it is evident that the victory of the laboring population can be confidently expected only when the wage-workers along the whole line of capitalistic society inaugurate the decisive combats simultaneously. Hence the necessity for international affiliation and the organization of the International Association of \"Workingmen. Our platform is simple and clear:\nFirst\u2014Destruction of existing class denomination, through inexorable revolution and international activity.\nSecond\u2014The building of a free society on communistic organizations or production.\nThird\u2014Free exchange of equivalent products through the productive organization, without jobbing and profit making.\nFowrth\u2014Organization of the educational system upon nonreligious and scientific and equal basis for both sexes.\nFifth\u2014Equal rights for all, without distinction of sex or -race.\nSixth\u2014The regulation of public affairs through agreements between the independent communes and confederacies.\nThe letter referred to as Host\u2019s letter, was offered in evidence by the State. A translation of the letter, dated 1884, was-read, as follows:\n\u201cDear Spies\u2014Are you sure that the letter from the Hocking Valley was not written by a detective? In a week I will go to Pittsburg, and I have an inclination to go also to the-Hocking Valley. For the present I send you some printed matter. There Sch. \u2018H\u2019 also existed but on paper. I told you this some months ago. On the other hand, I am in a-condition to furnish \u2018medicine,\u2019 and the \u2018genuine\u2019 article at-that. Directions for use are perhaps not needed with these people. Moreover, they were recently published in the \u2018Fr.\u2019' The appliances I can also send. Now, if you consider the address of Buchtell thoroughly rehable, I will ship twenty or twenty-five pounds. But how? Is there an express line to-the place, or is there another way possible? Paulus, the Great, seems to delight in hopping around in the swamps of the N. Y. V. Z. like a blown-up (bloated) frog. His tirades excite general detestation. He has made himself immensely ridiculous. The main thing is only that the fellow can not smuggle any more rotten elements into the newspaper company than are already in it. In this regard, the caution is important to be on the minute. The organization here is no-better nor worse than formerly. 'Our group has about the-strength of the North Side group in Chicago, \u2014 and then, besides this, we have also the soc. rev. 6. 1, the Austrian. League and the Bohemia,n League,;\u2014so to say, three more groups. Finally, it is easily seen that our influence with the-trade organizations is steadily growing. We insert our meet- \u2022 ings in the Fr., and can not notice that they are worse-attended than at the time when we got through, weekly, $1.50 to $2 into the mouth of the N. Y. V. Z. Don\u2019t forget to-j>ut yourself into communication with Drury in reference to-the English organ. He will surely work with you much and well. - Such a paper is more necessary as to truth. This,, indeed, is getting more miserable and confused from issue to' issue, and in general is whistling from the last hole. Enclosed is a flyleaf, which recently appeared at Emden, and is-perhaps adapted for reprint. Greeting to Schwab, Ban and to you. Yours, Johann Most.\n\u201cP. S.\u2014To Buchtell I will, of course, write for the present, only in general terms.\n\u201cA. Spies, No. 107 Fifth avenue, Chicago, Illinois.\u201d\nA translation of postal card referred to, was as follows:\n\u201cL. S. (Dear Spies)\u2014I had scarcely mailed my letter yesterday, when the telegraph brought news from H. M. One does not know whether to rejoice over that or not. The advance is in itself elevating. Sad is the circumstance that it will remain local, and, therefore, might not have a result. At any rate, these people make a better impression than the foolish voters on this and the other side of the ocean. Greetings and a shake. Yours, J. M.\u201d\nThe following are among the instructions given for the prosecution :\n\u201c4. The-court further instructs the jury, as a matter of law,, that if they believe, from the evidence in this case, beyond a, reasonable doubt, that the defendants, or any of them, conspired and agreed together, or with others, to overthrow the law by force, or to unlawfully resist the officers of the law, and if they further believe, from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that in pursuance of such conspiracy and in furtherance of the common object, a bomb was thrown by a member of such conspiracy at the time, and that Matthias J. Began was killed, then such of the defendants that the jury believe,, from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, to have been parties to such conspiracy, are guilty of murder, whether present at the killing or not, and whether the identity of the person throwing the bomb be established or not.\n\u201c5. If the jury believe, from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that there was in existence in this county and \u2022State, a conspiracy to overthrow the existing order of society, and to bring about social revolution by force, or to destroy the legal authorities of this city, county or State by force, and that the defendants, or any of them, were parties to such conspiracy, and that Began was killed in the manner described in the indictment, that he was killed by a bomb, and that the bomb was thrown by a party to the conspiracy, and in furtherance of the objects of the conspiracy, then any of the defendants who were members of such conspiracy \u00e1t that time, are in this case guilty of murder,\u2014and that, too, although the jury may further believe, from the evidence, that the time and place for the bringing about of such revolution or the destruction of such authorities had not been definitely agreed upon by the conspirators, but was left to them and the exigencies of time, or to the judgment of any of the co-conspirators.\n\u201cgi. If these defendants, or any two or more of them, conspired together, with or not with any other person or persons, to excite the people or classes of the people of this city to sedition, tumult and riot, to use deadly weapons against and take the lives of other persons, as a means to carry their designs and purposes into effect, and in pursuance of such conspiracy, and in furtherance of its objects, any of the persons so conspiring, publicly, by print or speech, advised or encouraged the commission of murder, without designating time, place or occasion at which it should be done, and in pursuance of, and induced by such advice or encouragement, murder was committed, then all of such conspirators are guilty of such murder, whether the person who perpetrated such murder can be identified or not. If such murder was committed in pursuance of such advice or encouragement, and was induced thereby, it does not matter what change, if any, in the order or condition of society, or what, if any, advantage to themselves or others, the conspirators proposed as the result of their conspiracy; nor does it matter whether such advice and encouragement had been frequent and long-continued or not, except in determining whether the perpetrator was or was not acting in pursuance of such advice or encouragement, and was or was not induced thereby to commit the murder. If there was such conspiracy as in this instruction is recited, such advice or encouragement was given, and murder committed hi pursuance of and induced thereby, then all such conspirators are guilty of murder. Nor does it matter, if there was such a conspiracy, how impracticable or impossible of success its end and aims were, nor how foolish nor ill-arranged were the plans for its execution, except as bearing upon the question Whether there was or was not such conspiracy.\n\u201c6. The court instructs the jury that a conspiracy may be established by circumstantial evidence, the same as any other fact, and that such evidence is legal and competent for that purpose. So as to whether an act which was committed was done by a member of the conspiracy, may be established by circumstantial evidence, whether the identity of the individual who committed the act be established or not; and, also, whether an act done was in pursuance of the common design may be ascertained by the same class of evidence; and if the jury believe, from the evidence in this case, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendants, or any of them, conspired and agreed together, or with others, to overthrow the law by force, or destroy the legal authorities of this city, county or State by force, and that in furtherance of the common design, and by a member of such conspiracy, Matthias J. Degan was killed, then these defendants, if any, whom the jury believe, from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, were parties to such conspiracy, are guilty of the murder of Matthias J. Degan, whether- the identity of the individual doing the killing be established or hot, or whether such defendants were present at the time of the killing or not.\n\u201c11. The rule of-law which clothes every person accused of crime with the presumption of innocence, and imposes upon the State the burden of establishing his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, is not intended to aid any one who is in fact guilty of crime, to escape, but is a humane provision of law, intended, so far as human agencies can, to guard against the danger of any innocent person being unjustly punished.\n\u201c12. The court instructs the jury, as a matter of law, that in considering the case the jury are not to go beyond the evidence to hunt up doubts, nor must they entertain such doubts, as are merely chimerical or conjectural. A doubt, to justify an acquittal, must be reasonable, and it must arise from a candid and impartial investigation of all the evidence in the case; and unless it is such that, were the same kind of doubt interposed in the graver transactions of life, it would cause a reasonable and prudent man to hesitate and pause, it is insufficient to authorize a verdict of not guilty. If, after considering all the evidence, you can say you have an abiding conviction of the truth of the charge, you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt.\n\u201c13. The court further instructs the jury, as a matter of law, that the doubt which the juror is allowed to retain on his own mind, and under the influence of which he should frame-a verdict of not guilty, must always be a reasonable one. A doubt produced by undue sensibility in the mind of any juror,, in view of the consequences of his verdict, is not a reasonable doubt, and a juror is not allowed to create sources or materials of doubt by resorting to trivial and fanciful suppositions and remote conjectures as to possible states of fact differing from that established by the evidence. Tou are not-at liberty to disbelieve as jurors, if, from the evidence, you believe as men. Tour oath imposes on you no obligation to-doubt, where no doubt would exist if no oath had been administered.\n\u201c13^-. The court instructs the jury, that they are the judges of the law, as well as the facts, in this ease, and if they can say, upon their oaths, that they know the law better than the court itself, they have the right to do so; but before assuming so solemn a responsibility, they should be assured that they are not acting from caprice or prejudice, that they are not controlled by their will or their wishes, but from a deep and confident conviction that the court is wrong and that they are right. Before saying this, upon their oaths, it is their duty to reflect whether, from their study and experience, they are better qualified to judge of the law than the court. If, under all the circumstances, they are prepared to say that the court is wrong in its exposition of the law, the statute has given them that right.\n\u201c14. In this case the jury may, as in their judgment the-evidence warrants, find any or all of the defendants guilty, or not, or all of them not guilty; and if, in their judgment, the-evidence warrants, they may, in case they find the defendants,, or any of them, guilty, fix the same penalty for all the defendants found guilty, or different penalties for the different, defendants found guilty. In case they find the defendants, or any of them, guilty of murder, they should fix the penalty either at death, or at imprisonment in the penitentiary for life, or at imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of any number of years, not less than fourteen.\u201d\nThe following instructions, among others, asked by the defendants, were refused by the court:\n\u201c3. The court instructs the jury, that in order to convict these defendants, they must not only find that they entered into an illegal conspiracy, and that the Haymarket meeting was an unlawful assembly in aid of said conspiracy, but that' in addition thereto, the bomb by which Officer Began lost his life was cast by a member of said conspiracy in aid of the common design, or by a person outside of said conspiracy, aided and advised by all or some one of these defendants ; but, in any event, should you find such a conspiracy, drom the evidence, to have been in existence, any one or more \u25a0of these defendants not found, beyond a reasonable doubt, to have been a member thereof, and who is or are not proved, beyond a reasonable doubt, to have been present at the Hay-market meeting, or who, if present, did not knowingly counsel, aid or abet the throwing of the bomb by which Officer Degan lost his life, such defendant or defendants you are bound to acquit.\n\u201c8. If the jury believe, from the evidence, that the defendants, or any one of them, entered into a conspiracy to bring about a change of government for the amelioration of the condition of the working classes, by peaceable, means, if possible, but, if necessary, to resort to force for that purpose, and that, in addition thereto, in pursuance of that object, the Haymarket meeting was assembled by such conspirator or conspirators to discuss the best means to right the grievances of the working classes, without any intention of doing any unlawful act on that occasion, and, while so assembled, the bomb by which Officer Degan lost his life was thrown by a person outside of said conspiracy, and without the knowledge and approval of the defendant or defendants so found to have entered into said conspiracy, then, and in that case, the court instructs the jury that they are bound to acquit the defendants.\n\u201c9. The court instructs the jury, that it is not enough to find that the defendants unlawfully conspired to overthrow the present form of government, and that the Haymarket meeting was an unlawful assembly, called by these defendants in furtherance of that conspiracy, but you must find, in addition thereto, that the bomb by which Officer Degan lost his life was thrown by a member of said conspiracy, in aid of the common design; or, if you should find that it was . thrown hy a person not proved, beyond a reasonable doubt, to have been a member of said conspiracy, then you must find that these defendants knowingly aided and abetted or advised such bomb-thrower to do the act, otherwise you are bomid to acquit them.\n\u201c11. The court further instructs the jury, that unless you find, from the evidence, beyond all reasonable doubt, that there was a conspiracy existing, to which the defendants or some of them were parties, and that the act resulting in the death of Matthias J. Degan was done by somebody who was a party to said conspiracy, and in pursuance of the common design of said conspiracy, you must find the defendants not \u2018guilty, unless the evidence convinces you, beyond all reasonable doubt, that the defendants, or any of them, personally committed the act resulting in the death of Matthias J. Degan, as charged in the indictment, or that the defendants, or any of them, stood by and aided, abetted or assisted, or, not being present, had advised, aided, encouraged or abetted the perpetration of the crime charged in the indictment, and then you should find guilty only those defendants as to whom the evidence satisfies you, beyond all reasonable doubt, that they thus committed or aided in the commission of the crime charged in the indictment.\n\u201c13. The court further instructs the jury, that under the constitution of this State it is the right of the people to assemble, in a peaceable manner, to consult for what they believe to be the common good, and that so long as such meeting is peaceably conducted, orderly, and not tending to riot or a breach of the peace, no official or authority has or can have any legal right to attempt the dispersal thereof in a forcible manner. Such attempt, if made, would be unwarranted and illegal, and might legally be resisted with such necessary and reasonable degree of force as to prevent the consummation of such dispersal. If the jury believe, from the evidence in this cause, that the meeting of May 4, 1886, was called for a legal purpose, and, at the time it was ordered to disperse by the police, was being conducted in an orderly and peaceable manner, and was about peaceably to disperse, and that the defendants, or those participating in said meeting, had, in connection therewith, no illegal or felonious purpose or design, then the order for the dispersal thereof was unauthorized, illegal, and in violation of the rights of said assembly and of the people who were then gathered. And if the jury further believe, from the evidence, that the meeting was a quiet and orderly meeting, lawfully convened, and that the order for its dispersal was unauthorized and illegal, under the provisions of the constitution of this State referred to, and that upon such order being given, some person in said gathering, without the knowledge,\u2019 aid,\"counsel, procurement, encouragement or abetting of the defendants, or any of them, then or theretofore given, and solely because of his own passion, fear, hatred, malice or ill-will, or in pursuance of his view of the right of self-defence, threw a bomb among the police, wherefrom resulted the murder or homicide charged in the indictment, then the defendants would not be liable for the results of such bomb, and your verdict should be not guilty.\n\u201c18. Although certain of the defendants may have advised the use of force in opposition to the legally constituted authorities, or the overthrow of the laws of the land, yet, unless the jury can find, beyond all reasonable doubt, that they specifically threw the bomb which killed Began, or aided, advised, counseled, assisted or encouraged said act, or the doing of some illegal act, or the accomplishment of some act, by illegal means, in the furtherance of which said bomb was thrown, you should return said defendants not guilty.\n\u201c22. The fact, if such is the fact, that the defendant Neebe circulated or distributed or handled a few copies of the so-called Revenge Circular,' and, while doing so, said, substantially, \u2018Six workmen have been killed at McCormick\u2019s, last night, by the police; perhaps the time will come when it may go the other way,\u2019 is not of itself sufficient to connect him with the killing of Began; nor is the fact that he had in his house a red flag, a gun, a revolver and a sword, sufficient, even when taken together with the other statement contained in this instruction, to connect said Neebe with the act which resulted in the death of Began, as charged in this indictment.\n\u201c23. There has not been introduced any evidence in this \u25a0case, to either show that the defendant Neebe, by any declaration, either spoken or written, has advised or encouraged the use of violence or the doing of any act in any way connected with the offence at the Haymarket, at which Began was killed, nor is there any evidence that he was engaged at any time in any conspiracy to do any unlawful act, or the doing of any act in an unlawful manner, in the furtherance of which said Began was killed, and, therefore, the State has not established any case as against the defendant Neebe, and you are therefore instructed to render a verdict of not guilty as to him.\n\u201c24. The jury are instructed to return a verdict of not guilty as to the defendant Neebe.\u201d\nUpon the conclusion of the reading of the instructions in behalf of the defendants, which were read after the instructions on behalf of the People, the court, of its own motion, gave to the jury the following instruction:\n\u201cThe statute requires that instructions by the court to the jury shall be in writing, and only relate to the law of the case. The practice, under the statute, is, that the counsel prepare, on each side, a set of instructions and present them to the court, and, if approved, to be read by the court as the law of the case. It may happen, by reason of the great number presented, and the hurry and confusion of passing on them in the midst of the trial, with a large audience to keep in order, that there may be some apparent inconsistency in them, but, if they are carefully scrutinized, such inconsistencies will probably disappear. In any event, however, the gist and pith of all is, that if advice and encouragement to murder was given, if murder was done in pursuance of and materially induced by such advice and encouragement, then those who gave such advice and encouragement are guilty of the murder. Unless the evidence, either direct or circumstan.tial, or both, proves the guilt of one or more of the defendants upon this principle, so fully that there is no reasonable doubt of it, your duty to them requires you to acquit them. If it does so prove, then your duty to the State requires you to convict whoever is so proved guilty. The ease of each defendant should be considered with the same care and scrutiny as if he alone were on trial. If a conspiracy, having violence and murder as its object, is fully proved, then the -acts and declarations of each conspirator, in furtherance of the conspiracy, are the acts and declarations of each one of the conspirators. But the declarations of any conspirator before or after the 4th of May, which are merely narrative as to what had been or would be done, and not made to aid in carrying into effect the object of the conspiracy, are only evidence against the one who made them. What are the facts and what is the truth, the jury must determine from the evidence, and from that alone. If there are any unguarded expressions in any of the instructions, which seem to assume the existence of any facts, or to be any intimations as to what is proved, all such expressions must be disregarded, and the evidence only looked to to determine the facts.\u201d\nThe following was the instruction given as to the form of the verdict:\n\u201cIf all of the defendants are found guilty the form of the verdict will be: \u2018We, the jury, find the defendants guilty of murder in manner and form as charged in the indictment, and fix the penalty..........\u2019 If all are found not guilty the form of .the verdict will be: \u2018We, the jury, find the defendants not guilty.\u2019 If part of the defendants are found guilty and part not guilty, the form of the verdict will be: \u2018We, the jury, find the defendant or defendants (naming him or them) not guilty; we find the defendant or defendants (naming him or them) guilty of murder in manner and form, as charged in the indictment, and fix the penalty.......\nMr. Leonard Swett, for the plaintiffs in error:\nThe admission of the letter of Most to Spies was error, being the result of a violation of the law in relation to cross-examination. It was also obtained by an unlawful search, and was the act of a stranger. An unanswered letter, even when found in a party\u2019s possession, addressed to him, is inadmissible, unless acted upon by him. Gifford v. People, 87 Ill. 210; Commonwealth v. Edgerly, 10 Allen, 187; Wharton on Crim. Law, (9th ed.) secs. 644, 682.\nA party is protected against unreasonable searches, (Const, of U. S. art. 4 of amendments,) and against being compelled to testify against himself in a criminal case. Id. art. 5; Boyd v. United States, 116 U. S. 616; Entic v. Carrington, 19 Howell\u2019s State Trials, 1029 ; Watts v. State, 5 W. Va. 532.\nWhen the common enterprise is ended by accomplishment or abandonment, no subsequent act or declaration of one conspirator is admissible against the others. Wharton on Crim. Evidence, see. 699; People v. Stanley, 47 Cal. 112; Commonwealth v. Thompson, 99 Mass. 444; State v. Westfall, 49 Iowa, 328 ; Strady v. State, 5 Coldw. 300; State v. Fuller, 39 Vt. 74; Hunter v. Commonwealth, 7 Gratt. 641; Hudson v. Commonwealth, 2 Duv. 531; Reuben v. State, 25 Ohio St. 464; People v. Stephens, 47 Mich. 411; People v. Arnold, 46 id. 68; Spencer v. State, 31 Texas, 64; Abe v. State, id. 416; Commonwealth v. Ingraham, 7 Gray, 46; Ormsbee v. People, 53 N. Y. 472; Morris v. State. 50 Ohio St. 439.\nIt is necessary to prove the union of the minds conspiring, or the conspiracy? first, and then the acts and declarations of each become those of all so conspiring. Eoscoe on Crim. Evidence, (7th Am. ed.) 417, sec. 416; 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. Ill; 1 Starkie on Evidence, *342; Kylling\u2019s Crown Cases, *24.\nOne crime can not be established by proof of another crime. Wharton on Crim. Law, sec. 30; Schaffner v. Commonwealth, 72 Pa. St. 60; Kribs v. People, 82 Ill. 424; Watts v. State, 5 W. Va. 532.\nThe erroneous introduction of illegal evidence is not cured by its subsequent exclusion. (Howe v. Rosine, 87 Ill. 105.) In a capital case, no evidence should be admitted which does not prove or tend to prove the guilt of the defendant. Devine v. People, 100 Ill. 290; Sutton v. Johnson, 62 id. 209; 1 Phillips on Evidence, (5th Am. ed.) 765, 766, p. 644; Kinchillow v. State, 5 Humph. 9; Wiley v. State, 3 Coldw. 362.\nAfter a conspiracy, it is only acts and declarations done and expressed in furtherance of the common design which are admissible. People v. Stanley, 47 Cal. 113; State v. George, 7 Ind. 321; Rex v. Hardy, 25 State Trials, 1.\nMr. W. P. Black, and Messrs. Salomon & Zeisler, also for the plaintiffs in error:\nMere participation in an unlawful assembly does not make one responsible for the independent crime of a participant. 1 Wharton on Crim. Law, secs. 220, 397; 1 Bishop on Crim. Law, secs. 633, 634, 641; Regina v. Skeet, 4 Foster & Fin. N. P. Cases, 931; Rex v. Hawkins, 3 Carr. & Payne, 392; 1 Curw. Hawk. 101; 1 Russell, 652; Hodgson case, 1 Leach, 6 S. P.; Rex v. White, Russ. & Ry. C. C. 99; Rex v. Collison, 4 Carr. & Payne, 565; Regina v. Price, 8 Cox\u2019s C. C. 96; Duffey\u2019s case, 1 Lewin\u2019s C. C. 194; Regina v. Luck, 3 Foster & Fin. N. P. Cases, 483; State v. Hildreth, 9 Ired. L. 440; White v. People, 81 Ill. 333; United States v. Jones, 3 Washb. C. C. 209.\nTo hold one as an accessory on the ground of a conspiracy, the principal actor must be identified as a co-conspirator. Wharton on Crim. Evidence, sec. 325; Ogden v. State, 12 Wis. 553; Hatchett v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. 925; Jones v. State, 64 Ga. 697.\nThe crime charged must be within the purview ol such conspiracy, and committed in its furtherance. State v. Lucas, 55 Iowa, 321; Watts v. State, 5 W. Va. 532; State v. Absence, 4 Porter, 397; 4 Blackstone\u2019s Com. 23; 3 Greenleaf on Evidence, sees. 44, 50; 1 Wharton on Crim. Law, sec. 647.\nIt is error for the court to suggest, in the hearing of the jury, an hypothesis not supported by the evidence. State v. Harkin, 7 Nev. 382; Hair v. Little, 28 Ala. 236; Andrews v. Ketcham, 77 Ill. 377.\nBy cross-examining Spies as to matters not covered by his direct testimony, improper evidence was elicited, and he was thus compelled to give testimony against himself. This was fatal error. Gifford v. People, 87 Ill. 210.\nThere can be no criminal responsibility for the act of an associate in purpose, but not in action. 2 Starkie on Evidence, pt. 1, *324; State v. Price, 88 N. C. 627.\nA distinct crime, unconnected with that charged in the indictment, can not be given in evidence. Schaffer v. Commonwealth, 72 Pa. St. 60; Wharton on Crim. Evidence, sec. 30; Kribs v. People, 82 Ill. 424; Devine v. People, 100 id. 290; Sutton v. Johnson, 62 id. 209; 1 Phillips on Evidence, (5th Am. ed.) 765, 766, p. 644; Roscoe on Crim. Evidence, sec. 90, p. 90; Kinchillow v. State, 5 Humph. 9; Wiley v. State, 3 Coldw. 362.\nA prima facie conspiracy must be established, before the acts and declarations of an alleged co-conspirator can be evidence against another. State v. George, 7 Ired. 321; Roscoe on Crim. Evidence, (7th Am. ed.) 416, secs. 417, 418; 1 Green-leaf on Evidence, sec. 111.\nBefore one can be convicted as an accessory, the guilt of -the principal must be alleged, and proved on the trial. See, 1 Wharton on Crim. Law, sec. 237; State v. Ricker, 29 Me. 84; Baxter v. People, 2 Gilm. 578; Bishop op Crim. Law, sec. 71; Wharton on Crim. Evidence, sec. 325; State v. Crank, 13 S. C. (L. R.) 86; Holmes v. Commonwealth, 25 Pa. St. 221 Regina v. Howell, 9 C. & P. 437; Fairles v. People, 11 Ill. 5; Ritzman v. People, 110 id. 362.\nA known party can not be indicted as unknown, and if an indictment against an accessory states the principal to be-unknown, contrary to the fact-, no conviction can be had. Wharton on Crim. Pl. and Pr. sec. 112; Wharton on Crim. Evidence, sec. 97; Geiger v. Steele, 5 Iowa, 484; 2 East\u2019s Crown Law, 651, 781; Simmons v. State, 4 Ga. 465; Moore v. State, 65 Ind. 213; Regina v. Stroud, 2 Moody\u2019s C. C. *270; Rex v. Waters, 1 id. 457; Rex v. Russell, id. 489; Blodgett v. State, 3 Ind. 403; Rex v. Walker, 3 Campb. 264.\nAn instruction stating an abstract proposition of law, erroneous in itself, and not based on evidence properly before the jury, is erroneous. Coughlin v. People, 18 Ill. 266.\nAn instruction not restricting the jury\u2019s belief to the evidence, is bad. Ewing v. Runkle, 20 Ill. 448; Chambers v. People, 105 id. 409.\nA material error in an instruction, calculated to mislead, is. not cured by a subsequent contradictory one. Wharton on Crim. Pl. and Pr. sec. 793; Clem v. State, 31 Ind. 480; Murray v. Commonwealth, 79 Pa. St. 311; Howard v. State, 50 Ind.. 194; People v. Valencia, 43 Cal. 543.\nIt is not the law, that to justify an acquittal the reasonable-doubt must arise out of the evidence given, and be such as to-cause a prudent man to hesitate. The doubt may arise from a want of evidence. Jewell v. State, 58 Ind. 293; Stout v. State, 90 id. 1; 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 13 a, and note a; Wharton on Crim. Evidence, sec. 718.\nAn instruction to the effect the jury must take the law as given by the court, unless they, on their oaths, are jirepared to say they know the law better than the court, is bad. Clem v. State, 31 Ind. 480.\n\u25a0 It was error for the court, on its own motion, to sum up all the People\u2019s instructions, and not, in like manner, present the points favorable to the defence. McEwen v. Morey, 60 Ill. 32.\nA parly charged with crime is entitled to a trial by an impartial jury. Const, of U. S. art. 6 of amendments; Const, of Illinois, art. 2, sec. 9.\nAs to the qualification of jurors, see Neely v. People, 13 Ill. 685 ; Smith v. Eames, 3 Scam. 76 ; Gardner v. People, id. 83; Vennum v. Harwood, 1 Gilm. 659; Baxter v. People, 3 id. 368; Gray v. People, 26 Ill. 344; Collins v. People, 48 id. 146; Railroad Co. v. Adler, 56 id. 344; Plummer v. People, 74 id. 361; Insurance Co. v. Schueller, 60 id. 465; Robinson v. Randall, 82 id. 521; Wilson v. People, 94 id. 299; Stevens v. People, 38 Mich. 742; Holt v. People, 13 id. 224; State v. Clarke, 42 Vt. 629; Boardman v. Wood, 3 id. 270 ; Black v. State, 42 Texas, 377; Wright v. Commonwealth, 32 Gratt. 941; Curry v. State, 4 Neb. 544; Farmer v. People, 4 id. 68; Eason v. State, 6 Baxter, 466; 1 Trial of Burr, 416.\nAs to the prisoner\u2019s right to question jurors, with a view to exercise his right of peremptory challenge, see Railroad Co. v. Buttolf, 66 Ill. 347; Lavin v. People, 69 id. 303; Commonwealth v. Eagan, 4 Gray, 18; People v. Rogers, 5 Cal. 347.\nThe motion for a new trial on account of the partiality of jurors, as shown by the affidavits, should have been allowed. Vennum v. Harwood, 1 Gilm. 659; Brakefield v. State, 1 Sneed, 215; Wright v. Commonwealth, 32 Gratt. 941.\nIt was improper conduct of the jurors to take partial notes of the evidence. Thompson & Merriam on Jury, sec. 390; Cheek v. State, 35 Ind. 492; Palmer v. State, 29 Ark. 249.\nAs to the number of peremptory challenges given by law to the State, on a trial of several, see Crim. Code, sec. 432; Schaeffer v. State, 3 Wis. 730; Wiggins v. State, 1 Lea, 738; Mayhon v. State, 10 Ohio, 232; State v. Earle, 24 La. Ann. 38; State v. Gay, 25 id. 472; Savage v. State, 18 Fla. 925; Wylie v. State, 4 Blackf. 458; State v. Reed, 47 N. H. 466.\nWhen a panel of four jurors were excused by the defendants, it was the duty of the State to tender another panel accepted by it. Brazier v. State, 34 Ala. 387; Fitzpatrick v. Joliet, 87 Ill. 58.\nAs to the improper remarks of the court being error, see Andrews v. Ketcham, 77 Ill. 377; State v. Harkin, 7 Nev. 382; Hair v. Little, 28 Ala. 236.\nAs to the remarks of the prosecuting attorney, in his argument to the jury, see Fox v. People, 95 Ill. 70; Henans v. Vogle, 87 id. 242; Ferguson v. State, 19 Ind. 43; State v. Smith, 75 N. C. 306; Dennis v. Haywood, 63 id. 53; Jenkins v. Ore Dressing Co. 65 id. 563; State v. Williams, id. 505; Earll v. People, 99 Ill. 123; Brown v. Swineford, 42 Wis. 282; Tucker v. Hennecker, 41 N. H. 317; Hilliard v. Beattie, 59 id. 465; Berry v. State, 10 Ga. 522; Mitchum v. State, 11 id. 618; Cobel v. Cobel, 79 N. C. 587; Willis v. McNeill, 57 Texas, 465; State v. Trumbull, 86 Mo. 113.\nIn cases of conspiracy, a new trial as to one is a new trial as to all. Wharton on Crim. Pl. and Pr. sec. 305; Wharton on Crim. Law, sec. 1395; 3 Russell on Crimes, (9th ed.) *176; Rex v. Gompertz, 9 Q. B. 824; Commonwealth v. McGowan, 2 Parsons, 365.\nMr. George Hunt, Attorney General, Mr. Julius S. Grinnell, State\u2019s Attorney, Mr. Francis W. Walker and Mr. Edmund Furthman, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, and Mr. George C. Ingham, for the People:\nWhere there is a conspiracy to do an unlawful act, Which naturally or probably involves the use of force and violence, the act of each conspirator, done in furtherance of the common design, is the act of all. If murder results, all are guilty of murder, even though the conspirator who does the act can not be identified. Brennan v. People, 15 Ill. 511; Hanna v. People, 86 id. 243; Lamb v. People, 96 id. 74, and cases cited in both opinions; Kennedy v. People, 40 id. 488; Wharton on Crim. Law, (9th ed.) sec. 1405.\nEven though the particular act may not have been arranged .for, or the means of its perpetration provided, the act was the natural result of the conspiracy, and was perpetrated in furtherance of the common design. Whether the act was the act of a member of the conspiracy, and whether it was done \u25a0in furtherance of the common design, are questions of fact. 'See same authorities.\nA man may be guilty of a wrong which he did not specifically intend, if it came naturally, or even accidently, through some other specific or a general evil purpose. Where there is combination to do an unlawful thing, if the act of one, proceeding and growing out of the common plan, terminates in a criminal result, though not the particular result meant, all are liable. 1 Bishop on Crim. Law, 636; Hawkin\u2019s Pleas of the Crown, chap. 29, sec. 8; Foster, 351, sec. 6; Wharton on Homicide, 708; State v. McCahill, 30 N. W. Rep. 553; Nevill v. State, 60 Ind. 308; Ritzman v. People, 110 Ill. 369; Hamilton v. People, 113 id. 34; Regina v. Tyler, 8 C. & P, (34 E. C. L.) 616; Regina v. Bernard, 1 F. & F. 240.\nAny act or declaration of any of the defendants, tending to prove the conspiracy, or the connection of that defendant with it, whether made during the existence of the conspiracy or after its completion, is admissible against him.\nThe conspiracy having been established prima facie, in the opinion of the trial judge, any act or declaration of any member of the conspiracy, though he may not be a party defendant, in furtherance of the conspiracy, is evidence against all the conspirators on trial. These propositions are elementary.\nWhether a conspiracy is established prima facie, is a matter for the consideration of the trial court. But the order in which the proof is given is ordinarily immaterial. Greenleaf on Evidence, sec.111; State v. Winner, 17 Kan. 298.\nThe conspiracy may be established, in the first instance, by evidence having no relation to the defendants. It may be shown by acts of different persons, at different times and places, and by any circumstances which tend to prove it, and the defendants will not be affected by such proof unless they are connected with the conspiracy by proof. State v. Winner, 17 Kan. 305; 3 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 93 ; Rex v. Hammond, 2 Esp. 718; People v. Mather, 4 Wend. 261; 1 Bishop on Crim. Practice, secs. 277, 228; Wharton on Crim. Law, see. 1398; Regina v. Murphy, 8 C. & T. 310; Regina v. Frost, 9 id. 129; United States v. Cole, 5 McLean, 601; King v. Parsons, 1 W. Black. 391; Regina v. Bernard, 1 F. & F. 240; Campbell v. Commonwealth, 84 Ill. 187; Roscoe on Crim. Evidence, 414; Rex v. Stone, 6 Durn. & E. 527; Railroad Co. v. Collins, 56 Ill. 212.\nWhen a defendant takes the stand he is subject to the same rules of cross-examination as any other witness. By making himself a witness as to the offence, he waives his privilege, and, as affecting his credibility, may be asked whether he has been in prison for other crimes, etc. Wharton on Crim. Evidence, sec. 432.\nA judgment clearly right will never be reversed for errors not affecting the substantial merits of the case. Wilson v. People, 94 Ill. 327; Calhoun v. O\u2019Neill, 53 id. 354; Leach v. People, id. 311; Clark v. People, 31 id. 479; Richmond v. People, 110 id. 371; Lander v. People, 104 id. 250; State v. Winner, 17 Kan. 304.\nWhere advice to murder instigates murder, the adviser is guilty even if the perpetrator is unknown, provided the jiroof shows that the act was caused by the advice. Bev. Stat. chap. 38, secs. 274, 275.\nAn accessory before the fact may be charged and punished as a principal. Baxter v. People, 3 Gilm. 368; Dempsey v. People, 47 Ill. 326.\nAt common law, the accessory may be guilty of the substantive crime, even if the principal is not pointed out, and is, in fact, unknown. 1 Archbold on Crim. Pl. and Pr. 67; 1 Wharton on Crim. Law, sec. 207; Regina v. Tyler, 8 C. & P. 616; 1 Bishop on Crim. Law, sec. 651; Pilger v. Commonwealth, 112 Pa. St. 220; Brennan v. People, 15 Ill. 516; State v. Green, 26 S. C. 103. \u2018\nBut if the principal is declared unknown in the indictment, and the proof shows he was known, there will be a fatal variance. Rex v. Walker, 3 Campb. 264; Rex v. Blick, 4 C. & P. 377.\nNo distinction exists between an accessory present and advising the commission of a crime, and one absent, who has advised, encouraged or instigated the act. Pilger v. Commonwealth, 112 Pa. St. 220; Brennan v. People, 15 Ill. 516; State v. Green, 26 S. C. 103; Hawkins\u2019 Pleas of the Grown, chap. 29, sec. 11; 1 Bishop on Crim. Law, sec. 673.\nUnder the statute making accessories principals, the fact \"that some other principal is also guilty, but unknown, in no way lessens the guilt of those known. Commonwealth v. Adams, 127 Mass. 15; 1 Wharton on Crim. Law, sec. 327.\nOne who instigates the perpetration of crime is guilty, even though the advice was general in its character, and was not specifically directed to any particular person to do any particular act. Queen v. Most, L. R. 7 Q. B. 244; Green\u2019s case, 26 S. C. 128; Regina v. Sharp, 3 Cox\u2019s C. C. 288; 1 Bishop on Crim. Law, sec. 641; Foster, 370, sec. 3; Coxy v. People, 82 Ill. 192.\nThe giving of an instruction containing merely an abstract proposition of law, is a matter of discretion with the trial court. Corbin v. Shearer, 3 Gilm. 482; Parker v. Fergus, 52 Ill. 419; Pate v. People, 3 Gilm. 44; Devlin v. People, 104 Ill. 504.\nAs to instructions in relation to a reasonable doubt, see Earl w. People, 73 Ill. 329; Dunn v. People, 109 id. 635; May v. People, 60 id. 119; Miller v. People, 39 id. 457; Connaghan v. People, 88 id. 460.\nNo error to instruct that the jury are not at liberty to disbelieve as jurors, if, from the evidence, they believe as men, and that their oath imposes no obligation to doubt, when no doubt would exist if no oath had been taken. Commonwealth v. Harman, 4 Pa. St. 272.\nNo error to instruct the jury to form their verdict from the evidence alone, unaided and uninfluenced by any opinions or presumptions not founded upon the evidence. Nevling v. Commonwealth, 98 Pa. St. 334.\nIt is proper to instruct the jury that they have no right to disregard the instructions, unless prepared, on their oaths, to say they know the law better than the court. Schnier v. People, 23 Ill. 17; Fisher v. People, 23 id. 283; Mullinix v. People, 76 id. 211; Davison v. People, 90 id. 223.\nThe office of an instruction is to inform the jury of the law of the case. Lander v. People, 104 Ill. 248.\nThe court may instruct of its own motion, or modify instructions asked, and explain those given. Vanlandingham v. People, 4 Gilm. 125; Rev. Stat. chap. 110, sec. 53.\nIf counsel desire an instruction as to the form of the verdict other than that given by the court, they should prepare and ask it. Dunn v. People, 109 Ill. 646.\nThe overruling of a challenge of a juror for cause, can not be assigned for error unless it appears that the party has, exhausted his peremptory challenges. Collins v. People, 103 Ill. 23.\nAn opinion of a juror, formed upon rumor or newspaper-statements, as to the truth of which he has expressed no-opinion, does not disqualify him, if he can=state, on oath, that he believes he can impartially try the case on the law and the evidence. Rev. Stat. chap. 78, sec. 14; Stokes v. People, 53, N. Y. 171; Thomas v. People, 67 id. 220; Phelps v. People, 72 id. 363; Greenfield v. People, 74 id. 277; Balbo v. People, 80 id. 484; Cox v. People, id. 512; Abbott v. People, 86 id. 460; Corneth v. People, 92 id. 85; People v. Otto, 101 id. 690; Stevens v. People, 38 Mich. 739; People v. Mahoney, 18 Cal. 183.\nAs to what is an impartial jury,\u2014prejudice against crime: Baxter v. People, 3 Gilm. 376; Smith v. Eames, 8 Scam. 76 ; Gardner v. People, id. 83; Neely v. People, 13 Ill. 685.\nIn decisions of this court prior to the act of 1874, the jurors were competent. Collins v. People, 48 Ill. 145; Leach v. People, 53 id. 311; Thompson v. People, 24 id. 60.\nAnd especially so under the act of 1874, changing the law. Albright v. Walker, 73 Ill. 69; Plummer v. People, 74 id. 261; Insurance Co. v. Ward, 90 id. 545; Robinson v. Randolph, 82 id. 521; Wilson v. People, 94 id. 299; Richmond v. Roberts, 98 id. 476; Gradle v. Hoffman, 105 id. 147; Hughes v. People, 116 id. 339; Carrow v. People, 113 id. 550; Railroad Co. v. Bingenheimer, 116 id. 226.\nThe jury was properly impaneled. Fitzpatrick v. Joliet, 87 Ill. 58.\nA juror\u2019s affidavit will be received to sustain, but not to impeach, his verdict. 3 Graham & Waterman on New Trials, 1450, 1451; Hayne on New Trials, 224; Hughes v. People, 116 Ill. 338.\nThe People were entitled to the same number of peremptory challenges as the defendants,\u2014one hundred and sixty. Rev. Stat. chap. 38, see. 432.\nThe granting of separate trials is a matter of discretion. Maton v. People, 15 Ill. 536.\nWhere the evidence of guilt is satisfactory, the judgment will not be reversed for mere improper remarks of counsel for the People, tending to prejudice the jury against the accused. Wilson v. People, 94 Ill. 299; Ganrity v. People, 107 id. 163." }, "file_name": "0001-01", "first_page_order": 7, "last_page_order": 273 }