{ "id": 2562577, "name": "William Boland, Jr., et al. Appellants, vs. The City of LaSalle, Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Boland v. City of LaSalle", "decision_date": "1938-12-19", "docket_number": "No. 24842", "first_page": "387", "last_page": "399", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "370 Ill. 387" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "171 Ill. 255", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3178915 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "334" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/171/0255-01" ] }, { "cite": "347 Ill. 304", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5271459 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/347/0304-01" ] }, { "cite": "242 Ill. 101", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5653511 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/242/0101-01" ] }, { "cite": "120 N. W. 1082", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "107 Minn. 453", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Minn.", "case_ids": [ 122373 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/minn/107/0453-01" ] }, { "cite": "350 Ill. 86", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5302217 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "209" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/350/0086-01" ] }, { "cite": "282 Ill. 122", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 4905441 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/282/0122-01" ] }, { "cite": "261 Ill. 148", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 4739522 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/261/0148-01" ] }, { "cite": "250 Ill. 521", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3431486 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/250/0521-01" ] }, { "cite": "259 Ill. 436", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 4728648 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/259/0436-01" ] }, { "cite": "197 Ill. 432", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 844082 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/197/0432-01" ] }, { "cite": "364 Ill. 150", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2586240 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/364/0150-01" ] }, { "cite": "362 Ill. 469", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2592726 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/362/0469-01" ] }, { "cite": "206 Ill. 80", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5599463 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/206/0080-01" ] }, { "cite": "229 Ill. 198", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5630251 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/229/0198-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 916, "char_count": 21550, "ocr_confidence": 0.787, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.327744761836042e-07, "percentile": 0.7907289189446952 }, "sha256": "07dae4a67e253cca921085a4f03f1062a72abc7a8f07ebcf1a8d5ce102775595", "simhash": "1:8ba6e0aee6cd0932", "word_count": 3787 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:05:39.243894+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "William Boland, Jr., et al. Appellants, vs. The City of LaSalle, Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. Justice Orr\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nIn October, 1937, the electors of the city of LaSalle voted on a single ballot upon three questions of public policy to determine whether the city should acquire and operate a municipal electric light and power plant. The first was to determine whether the city should establish, acquire or construct such public utility; the second, to ascertain whether it should operate a public utility of such character and, third, whether it should issue not to exceed $925,000 of mortgage certificates to pay the cost of constructing and establishing the utility. The election returns showed that the first two propositions carried by decisive margins but the third question received a majority of only six votes. The election was contested in the circuit court of LaSalle county, where it was held all three propositions had carried, the third by a majority of 5.08 votes. In this appeal the appellants (contestants) have abandoned all contest as to the first two propositions and only question the holding of the trial court on the third. The parties to this appeal stipulated in the circuit court, among other things, as follows: \u201cThat at the conclusion of the count of the ballots upon which respective counsel were able to amicably agree, and before the submission of the disputed ballots to the court for his decision thereon, the total number of ballots counted in the several wards for and against the several propositions by counsel for the parties hereto was as follows: * * * Prop. Ill, Total \u2014 Por: 2019; Against: 2016.\u201d This gave a majority of three votes in favor of the third proposition. In this court, so far as contested ballots and allegedly illegal votes are concerned, appellants question the holding of the circuit court on only twenty ballots and confine their brief and argument to those twenty. Other points are briefed and argued, but they have nothing to do with the determination of the validity or invalidity of the twenty questioned ballots and votes. We will consider those ballots and votes in the order they have been presented in the briefs.\nBallot exhibits No. 2 of the first ward and No. 2 of the fifth ward were each cast against proposition three, but were excluded by the trial court because the judge\u2019s initials on the back of each ballot had been penciled out. The initials \u201cJ. N.\u201d for John Novak, one of the judges, on the ballot from the first ward are clearly distinguishable, by the use of transmitted light alone, and the circuit court erred in rejecting this ballot. The fifth ward ballot carried such heavy and black pencil smudges over the place where the judge\u2019s initials usually appeared that it is impossible to discern any certain initials. At the lower side of the black cancellations, however, certain lighter pencil marks appear to have been made by a pencil not so blunt and heavy as that used for the cancellation. While it can not positively be said that these lighter marks were fractional parts of a judge\u2019s initials, yet it seems reasonable to assume that whoever canceled so heavily that particular spot on the back of the ballot was attempting to cover up something which appeared there. Election judges are presumed to have done their duty in so far as the contrary is not shown. (Winn v. Blackman, 229 Ill. 198; Dooley v. VanHohenstein, 170 id. 630; Kreitz v. Behrensmeyer, 125 id. 141.) One of their duties is to initial all ballots. No voter should be disfranchised because some unauthorized person has deliberately marked upon his ballot, whether done innocently or not. Nor is every pencil scratch or marking on the ballot, in addition to that required to indicate the voter\u2019s choice, necessarily a distinguishing mark, even where obviously made by the voter himself. Thus, an index hand drawn opposite the name of a candidate and pointing to such name, and small marks on the back of a ballot, have been held not to be distinguishing marks. (Winn v. Blackman, supra; Rexroth v. Schein, 206 Ill. 80; Parker v. Orr, 158 id. 609.) Whether a given marking is a distinguishing mark is largely a question of fact to be determined from an inspection of the original ballot. (Bullman v. Cooper, 362 Ill. 469; Kerr v. Flewelling, 235 id. 326; Winn v. Blackman, supra.) Our inspection of the original ballot, exhibit No. 2 of the fifth ward, leads us to conclude that some judge, in accordance with his duty, initialed the back of this ballot, and that the over-marking of such initials, whether by the voter or by some other person, and whether made through mistake or inadvertence, was not such an act as would furnish means of identifying the ballot, in order to evade the law as to its secrecy. This ballot, regular in all other respects, should also have been counted as a \"No\u201d vote.\nBallot exhibits No. 3 of the second ward, No. 7 of the first precinct of the seventh ward, and No. 2 of the second precinct of the seventh ward, were all excluded by the circuit court because the voters in each case made the cross over the printed word \u201cNo\u201d on the third proposition, instead of in the blank space adjoining. The question is whether these three ballots were marked in accordance with the statutory requirements. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1937, chap. 46, par. 305.) That paragraph of the statute applicable requires that two spaces must be left on the right hand margin thereof, the space for the votes favoring the measure to be designated by \u201cYes\u201d and for those opposing the measure to be designated by \u201cNo.\u201d A form is given in the paragraph, wherein the left part of each space is given over to its appropriate character and is separated by a vertical line from the blank area that lies to the right of the character. The law does not favor the disfranchisement of voters but where, as here, the voter has marked over the word \u201cNo,\u201d and has failed to mark a cross in the square opposite or against the proposition he desires to vote for, his vote cannot be counted. The trial court properly rejected these three ballots.\nBallot exhibit No. 2 of the fourth ward was voted \u201cNo\u201d on the third proposition, and the circuit court improperly rejected it because it was marked with the initials of an election clerk and not those of an election judge. The statute requires that a ballot bear the initials of an election judge of the particular precinct involved, (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1937, chap. 46, par. 311,) but we held in Waters v. Heaton, 364 Ill. 150, and Neff v. George, 364 id. 306, that the section of the statute as to the initialing of ballots contains no words stating that votes shall not be counted if they are not initialed in strict conformity with the statute. In the absence of proof of fraud or other improper conduct which would affect the result of the election, the statutory provisions, and the section itself, are directory and not mandatory. The initialing of the ballot is something with which the voter has nothing to do, and the penalty of disfranchisement is too severe a burden to impose upon a rioter, where, in the absence of fraud, the ballot is improperly initialed. This vote should have been counted.\nBallot exhibits No. 6 and No. 7 of the fourth ward were votes against the third proposition. The trial court refused to count them because exhibit No. 6 contained an indecent expression and exhibit No. 7 had the expression \u201cYou Big Pool\u201d written thereon. With women now serving on nearly all of our election boards, any-voter who writes obscene and indecent expressions on his ballot deserves to be disfranchised, as a matter of public morals and decency. Regardless of this, the expressions on the two ballots here plainly served to distinguish them from all the others, contrary to the law which seeks to maintain the secrecy of voting. The trial court very properly held these two ballots invalid.\nBallot exhibits No. 1 of the fifth ward and No. 1 of the first precinct of the sixth ward were marked with crosses against the word \u201cNo\u201d of the third proposition. The circuit court rejected these two ballots because the word \u201cNo\u201d was-also written upon the backs. This written \u201cNo\u201d was placed upon each ballot either by the voter or by an election official. Examination of the two ballots discloses that on exhibit No. 1, fifth ward, \u201cNo\u201d had not been crossed out, while on exhibit No. 1, first precinct of the sixth ward, the \u201cNo\u201d had been crossed out by three pencil lines. In other particulars these two ballots were without defects. In Pierce v. People, 197 Ill. 432, we said: \u201cThe distinguishing mark prohibited by the statute is such a mark as will separate and distinguish the particular ballot from the other ballots cast at the election. It is some sort of mark put upon the ballot to indicate who cast it and to furnish the means of evading the law as to secrecy.\u201d After quoting the above in the case of Rexroth v. Schein, supra, we added the following observation: \u201cTherefore, not every mark made by a voter on his ballot which may separate and distinguish the particular ballot from other ballots cast at the election will necessarily result in the declaration that the ballot is invalid.\u201d So far as the record shows, it would be reasonable to assume that these two ballots were innocently marked \u201cNo\u201d on their backs by election officials as they were piled or arranged for tabulation. We cannot indulge in the more violent assumption that some person interested in the propositions carrying sought to invalidate a negative ballot, or that one of the election officials committed a criminal offense for that purpose. The invalidation of what are otherwise good ballots, and the consequent disfranchisement of legal voters, should not rest upon vague surmise or assumption not warranted by the record. The most charitable view, and to our minds the most reasonable, is that the election officials marked \u201cNo\u201d on the backs of these two ballots as a matter of convenience while stacking and counting them and then, in one instance, marked across the \u201cNo.\u201d No basis exists, under the record here and authorities previously cited, for disfranchising the voters of these two ballots on the theory that the voters had placed distinguishing marks upon them. The circuit court erred in rejecting these two ballots.\nBallot exhibit No. 8 of the second ward evidenced the intent of the voter to vot\u00e9 \u201cYes\u201d upon the third proposition. The cross made by him was in the form of the letter \u201cX,\u201d with the intersection of the lines resting squarely upon the line forming the top of the rectangle containing the word \u201cYes.\u201d The trial court counted this as a vote for the third proposition. Appellee argues that since the intersection is on the line, it is within the square, as the line is part thereof. In our view the lines form and bound the square and to meet the requirements of the law the intersection of the cross must fall within the area formed and bounded by the lines. (Grubb v. Turner, 259 Ill. 436; Sievers v. Hannah, 296 id. 593; Allen v. Fuller, 332 id. 304.) The trial court erred in not rejecting this ballot. Ballot exhibits No. 1 of the third ward and No. 6 of the fifth ward were cast in favor of the third proposition. The marks opposite the \u201cYes\u201d on the third proposition are not crosses; the mark on the third-ward ballot is a reversed \u201cY,\u201d while on the other the mark is a \u201cY.\u201d In each mark one line does intersect with the other but does not project beyond. The two lines must not only intersect, but must cross. (Brents v. Smith, 250 Ill. 521.) The mark must be such that it can properly be called a cross. (Bell v. Clawson, 261 Ill. 148.) A mark in the shape of a \u201cY\u201d is not sufficient. (Atwater v. Eckard, 282 Ill. 122; Greene v. Bjorseth, 350 id. 469.) The trial court erred in counting the two ballots for the third proposition.\nBallot exhibit No. 1 of the second precinct of the seventh ward was counted \u201cYes\u201d for the third proposition by the trial court although the mark opposite the \u201cYes\u201d was not a cross. It resembled a \u201cV\u201d or a large check mark. For the reasons given for not rejecting exhibits No. 1 of the third ward and No. 6 of the fifth ward, the court erred in not rejecting this ballot as to the third proposition.\nBallot exhibit No. 11 of the fifth ward was counted \u201cYes\u201d for the third proposition by the trial court. The mark used by the voter is not a cross; it looks like a small letter \u201ce\u201d as written vertically in longhand. The mark is composed of a single line and we have said that a cross is formed by the \u201clines\u201d used, intersecting and crossing. (Brents v. Smith, supra; Allen v. Fuller, supra.) The trial court erred in counting this vote.\nBallot exhibit No. 3 of the fourth ward, a vote \u201cYes\u201d for the third proposition, was counted by the trial court. On the back of the ballot was a mark immediately below the initials of the election judge. Thomas Young, aged 81, was the judge whose initials appeared on the ballot. On the stand he testified about the questioned marks, saying: \u201cYes, I think it is mine,\u201d etc. Regardless of the testimony, it is reasonably clear that Young started to make the first letter of his initials and did not finish, for the mark is very similar to the letter \u201cT\u201d as it appears in his initials on the ballot. The mark is an inadvertent one and without significance. The trial court did not err in counting this ballot.\nIn the third ward there were 669 names on the poll-book; 666 ballots were counted and there were four defective or spoiled ballots in a sealed envelope that were not counted. With these, the total votes cast were 670. Appellants contend the excess ballot should be treated as an illegal ballot because there is lack of evidence to show which way it was voted. The question is not raised for the first time in this court, as asserted by appellee, as the poll lists were in evidence by stipulation of the parties and record was made as to the number of ballots in each sack when opened in court. It was the duty of the trial court to determine the results of the election on the evidence before it. The judges of election in this ward did not follow the law and count all of the ballots to see if they agreed in number with the number of names on the poll list, before the ballots were inspected and tallied. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1937, chap. 46, par. 57.) The excess ballot was not withdrawn according to law and cannot be attributed to any voter in that ward, or to either side of the third proposition. We cannot assume, as appellee would have us do, that a voter spoiled a ballot and cast another which became the extra ballot. Instead, we are confronted with 666 ballots, neither spoiled nor defective, cast by 665 electors. Under these circumstances the excess vote should have been deducted from the total vote cast on the third proposition on a pro rata basis. A total of 612 votes was cast in the ward on the third proposition, 389 votes \u201cYes\u201d and 223 \u201cNo\u201d votes. The excess vote should be deducted in the proportion of 389/612 to 223/612, \u2014 i. e., \".635 of a vote from the \u201cYes\u201d vote and .365 of a vote from the \u201cNo\u201d vote. Neff v. George, supra; Talbott v. Thompson, 350 Ill. 86; McNabb v. Hamilton, 349 id. 209; Flowers v. Kellar, 322 id. 265.\nTessie Yopp voted in the second ward when she lived in another ward. The trial court deducted her vote on a pro rata basis because the evidence did not indicate how she cast her ballot on the three propositions. Appellants say her vote should be deducted from the \u201cYes\u201d total because she was city librarian, under duress and compulsion to vote with other city officials for the third proposition favored by the city administration. The allegations of duress and compulsion are not supported by evidence in the record and under the cases above cited, the trial court correctly prorated the excess vote in the second ward. The \u201cYes\u201d and \u201cNo\u201d votes in this ward were practically equal (255-253) and the prorated fractional votes therefore cancel each other and cause no change in the result.\nIn the fourth ward the trial court deducted one vote on the third proposition on a pro rata basis from the total vote cast because a watcher for appellants testified an elector had cast his ballot, although his name was not placed upon the poll list. , The poll list and the number of ballots cast were in harmony. The question raised is whether the testimony of the watcher will override the poll list. The witness testified the unnamed voter had been seen by him in the ward and he was apparently a resident thereof. The watcher was not at the polling place the whole day and it is a fair assumption that some time during the day, while he was absent, the name of the voter was ascertained by one of the election officials and added to the list. No cases from this jurisdiction are cited, but Lannon v. Ring, 107 Minn. 453, 120 N. W. 1082, is persuasive. There, the number of valid ballots corresponded to the number of names on the poll list. On a contest, one additional ballot, was found in the ballot-box. There was no evidence of fraud and it was held the poll list must prevail over testimony concerning the excess ballot and it could not be counted. Here, from the record, the poll list must prevail over the testimony of the sole witness, for his version does not preclude the ascertainment of the name of the voter by the clerks of election and its addition to the list. In the absence of evidence showing fraud, a mere irregularity in time of entering the name of a voter on the poll list must not be allowed to disfranchise him. The court should not have deducted but should have added this vote on a pro rata basis, which means, in this ward, that .453 vote should be added to the \u201cYes\u201d column and .546 vote should be added to the \u201cNo\u201d column.\nAnna Kasza, a resident of the seventh ward voted in the sixth ward. On the witness stand she testified that she had voted \u201cYes\u201d on all three propositions. The trial court held that her demeanor on the stand had weakened her testimony to the point where it was not reliable and deducted her vote on a pro rata basis. Appellants contend her vote should have been deducted solely from the vote favoring the proposition in accordance with her undisputed and unimpeached testimony. The question depends solely upon whether the trial court was justified in his opinion of her veracity. The court did not abuse its discretion in allowing her to testify after both sides had rested (People v. Lukoszus, 242 Ill. 101) and it was within her right to testify how she voted. (Stevenson v. Baker, 347 Ill. 304.) Careful study of her testimony convinces us that the trial court was too harsh in judging her and erred in not deducting her entire vote from those who voted \u201cYes\u201c on the third proposition. Since her \u201cYes\u201d vote was not included in the stipulated total of 2019 \u201cYes\u201d votes, and was clearly illegal because cast in the wrong ward, it cannot now be counted either for or against the third proposition.\nAppellants and appellee had, by agreement, closed their proofs on Friday and argument had been set for the following Monday. On the latter day, appellants sought to introduce evidence upon matters which had not been presented before both sides rested. The case required two weeks of trial. From the record we cannot tell whether appellants had knowledge of this evidence before they closed their proof or whether it was subsequently procured. After a party has closed his evidence, it is a matter of discretion whether the trial court will permit him to give further testimony, and the exercise of such discretion is not reviewable. (Washington Ice Co. v. Bradley, 171 Ill. 255; Hartrich v. Hawes, 202 id. 334; People v. Lukoszus, supra.) An election contest furnishes no cause for an exception to this established principle.\nIn view of the above findings as to the twenty disputed votes, it is unnecessary for us to consider other points raised by appellants, such, for instance, that the ballots had not been properly preserved. The stipulation made between the parties, referred to early in this opinion, was that 2019 \u201cYes\u201d ballots had been cast for the third proposition, as against 2016 \u201cNo\u201d ballots, giving a majority of three in favor of the third proposition. From our separate consideration of the twenty disputed votes, we have added a net total of 5.181 \u201cNo\u201d votes. We have also added 1.453 to the \u201cYes\u201d votes and deducted .635 \u201cYes\u201d vote therefrom, leaving a net addition to the \u201cYes\u201d column of .818 vote. The final result of these additions and subtractions, when added to the stipulated figures, is a total of 2021.181 \u201cNo\u201d votes against the third proposition, and 2019.818 \u201cYes\u201d votes in favor of it. This final tabulation shows that the third proposition, to authorize an indebtedness of not to exceed $925,000 to acquire or construct an electric light and power public utility in the city of LaSalle, failed by 1.363 votes of receiving a majority of all the legal votes cast on the question, and we so hold.\nThe judgment of the circuit court of LaSalle county, so far as it relates to the third proposition on the ballot, is reversed.\nJudgment reversed.\nJones and Farthing, JJ., dissenting.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. Justice Orr" } ], "attorneys": [ "Hamilton, Black & Klatt, Duncan & O\u2019Conor, and James Eugene Malone, Jr., (E. Bentley Hamilton, A. J. O\u2019Conor, and George L. Herbolsheimer, Jr., of counsel,) for appellants.", "W. J. Aplinton, City Attorney, and Arthur H. Shay, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 24842.\nWilliam Boland, Jr., et al. Appellants, vs. The City of LaSalle, Appellee.\nOpinion filed, December 19, 1938\nRehearing denied Feb. 8, 1939.\nJones and Farthing, JJ., dissenting.\nHamilton, Black & Klatt, Duncan & O\u2019Conor, and James Eugene Malone, Jr., (E. Bentley Hamilton, A. J. O\u2019Conor, and George L. Herbolsheimer, Jr., of counsel,) for appellants.\nW. J. Aplinton, City Attorney, and Arthur H. Shay, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0387-01", "first_page_order": 387, "last_page_order": 399 }