{ "id": 2718119, "name": "James McGraw et al. v. Elizabeth M. Bayard et al.", "name_abbreviation": "McGraw v. Bayard", "decision_date": "1880-09-25", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "146", "last_page": "157", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "96 Ill. 146" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "25 Ill. 67", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 443616 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/25/0067-01" ] }, { "cite": "80 Ill. 523", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2679350 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/80/0523-01" ] }, { "cite": "45 Ill. 379", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 424978 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/45/0379-01" ] }, { "cite": "17 Ill. 352", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "13 Ill. 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "1 Gilm. 427", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Gilm.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "17 Ill. 424", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "26 Ill. 343", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "2 Penn. 363", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Penn.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "32 Mo. 334", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo.", "case_ids": [ 993624 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mo/32/0334-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 Ill. 26", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "7 Cal. 204", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "6 Mich. 78", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "43 N. H. 282", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.H.", "case_ids": [ 4553823 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nh/43/0282-01" ] }, { "cite": "51 N. H. 336", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.H.", "case_ids": [ 11250811 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nh/51/0336-01" ] }, { "cite": "22 Mo. 137", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo.", "case_ids": [ 314395 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mo/22/0137-01" ] }, { "cite": "21 Ark. 202", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1868286 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ark/21/0202-01" ] }, { "cite": "18 Wall. 623", "category": "reporters:scotus_early", "reporter": "Wall.", "case_ids": [ 3427548 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/us/85/0623-01" ] }, { "cite": "7 Allen 88", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Allen", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "4 Ia. 39", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "4 Ia. 112", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "65 Ill. 366", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2619454 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/ill/65/0366-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 Ill. 22", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2773236 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/86/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "85 Ill. 296", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2778198 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/85/0296-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 Scam. 18", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Scam.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "22 Ill. 259", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5282006 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "380" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/22/0259-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 881, "char_count": 23076, "ocr_confidence": 0.535, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.017945307964008e-07, "percentile": 0.9736596612389371 }, "sha256": "cea65781e8440e262f55fd87255a8fefd124ddcf2444bf526f2ff537e4af0e08", "simhash": "1:27e878ef6b7a009d", "word_count": 4137 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:20:51.565300+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "James McGraw et al. v. Elizabeth M. Bayard et al." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. Chief Justice Dickey\ndelivered the opinion of the Court:\nThis court has repeatedly held that suits to enforce mechanics\u2019 liens are substantially chancery proceedings, and are governed by the rules of chancery practice. Hamilton v. Dunn, 22 Ill. 259; Lomax v. Dore, 45 id. 380; Clarke v. Boyle, 51 id. 105.\nThe general equity rule is, that all persons interested in the subject matter of a suit must be made parties in order that the decree may affect their rights, and this rule requires that in litigation had in respect to trust property, both the trustee and the cestui que trust be made parties. There is an exception to this where the trust is an active one, imposing on the trustee the duty of receiving, controling and managing the trust fund for the benefit of the cestui que trust. Such is the case of Willis v. Henderson, 4 Scam. 18. But where a trustee is interposed between a lender and a borrower, merely for the purpose of enabling the lender to obtain payment through the exercise by the trustee of powers conferred upon him by a mortgage or a deed of trust, and the trustee can only be called upon to act in case of default of the grantor in performing the conditions of the instrument, both trustee and cestui que trust must be made parties. Such is the case of Scanlan v. Cobb, 85 Ill. 296.\nThe Mechanics\u2019 Lien law provides that no creditor shall be allowed to enforce his statutory lien, as against any other creditor, unless the suit be instituted to enforce such lien within six months after such payment for labor or materials shall become due and payable, and we have construed this law to mean that unless the creditor whose rights are sought to be affected is made a party to the proceeding within the six months, the lien can not be enforced as against him, although the suit may have been commenced within the six months and he subsequently made a party by an amendment to the petition. The time of his being made, a party must be regarded as the time of the commencement of the suit as to him. Dunphy v. Riddle, 86 Ill. 22; Crowl v. Nagle, id. 437.\nIn the case at bar, Bayard was the assignee and holder of the notes secured by'the deeds of trust to Smith, and the trust falls within the class in which the cestui que trust is deemed a necessary party, and not having been made a party within the six months, the lien can not be enforced as against him, unless the circumstances of the case take it out of the general rule above stated.\nCounsel for appellants earnestly contends that, as the name of the holder of the note was unknown, and could not be ascertained from the deeds of trust,\u2014under such circumstances, his being made a party ought to be dispensed with; or that the lien should be enforced against him, if he is made a party as soon as by the pleadings or evidence his name is disclosed, and that the six months limitation by law ought not to be construed to apply in behalf of holders of secret liens, as such a construction would render the enforcement of a mechanic\u2019s lien extremely difficult, and in many cases impossible.\nAppellants knew when they instituted their proceedings, in May, 1876, that the deeds of trust to Smith had been executed and placed upon record. They were well aware that Hayes had been trying to negotiate a large loan by means of these deeds of trust upon the very property upon which they nOAV claim a prior mechanic\u2019s lien. They not only made no objections thereto, but repeatedly called on Hayes to learn whether he had effected this loan, (for from the proceeds of that loan it was anticipated, both by Hayes and the petitioners, that Hayes would be able to pay off the incumbrance upon the property the petitioners were buying from him, and also to pay off the notes Hayes had given to them, and which they had sold, and also to pay to them, in cash, the residue of their claim for work and materials.) We are warranted by the proofs in saying that Hayes consummated this loan upon these trust deeds to Smith with the approbation, if not at the instance, of petitioners. They must have believed that the loan had probably been consummated, and they certainly had such notice as put them on inquiry as to the existence of the debt, and as to the holder of the paper. By inquiry of either Hayes, or Smith, the trustee, they would have learned that Bayard had become a creditor under these trust deeds, and could, and should, have made him a party in apt time if they wished to postpone his lien to theirs. Under the circumstances, we think, Bayard had good ground to insist that the proceeding against him was barred before any steps were taken to make him a party.\nOur attention is called to the fact that these notes held by Bayard are payable on their face to the ord\u00e9r of the maker, and it is suggested that when the holder of real estate executes a deed of his land to a trustee, to secure notes therein described which are payable to his own order, he does not thereby create any lien upon his property,\u2014for, notes payable to the order of the maker are mere nullities, so long as he holds them, and until he has endorsed and delivered them to another. It is suggested that the recording of such a deed of trust is not constructive notice to any one that a valid lien has been imposed upon the- property in question, and that the recording of such a deed of trust ought notto be construed to be anything more than notice merely that the maker expects to create a debt of a given character and amount to some one uuknowuj and that such debt when created is to be a lien upon the property in question.\nIt is not necessary in this case to decide whether the mere record of a trust deed, made to secure notes payable to the order of the maker, should be regarded of itself notice sufficient to impose upon a subsequent purchaser or other stranger to the proceedings the duty of inquiring of the maker of the notes whether they had been endorsed. Nor is it necessary to decide whether a subsequent purchaser under such circumstances might safely buy the land in question, or take other action where upon such inquiry he was informed by the maker and made to believe that the notes had not been assigned, in a case where the notes had, in fact, been sold for value, and indorsed to a bona fide holder. That precise question is not presented here.\nIn this case there really seems good ground to hold that appellants are estopped from insisting that the lien of Bayard, under the Smith trust deeds, is subordinate to their mechanic\u2019s lien. After all the work upon these houses was done, and after the trust deeds to Smith had been executed and recorded, and when it was anticipated that Hayes would succeed in negotiating a loan upon the faith of these trust deeds, appellants had a settlement with Hayes, and having accepted the notes of Hayes for $2000 of their claim, and sold and assigned these notes to third parties, they accepted from Hayes a warranty deed conveying lo them real estate at the agreed price of $9000, to be in discharge of $3000, of their claim, aud placed this conveyance upon record, and at the time of accepting this warranty deed from Hayes they made their promissory notes to Hayes, for the sum of $6000, as the balance of the purchase money, and placed this note in escrow, in the hands of a third party, to be delivered to Hayes as soon as he should remove certain incumbrances from the land so conveyed to them by Hayes,\u2014and these encumbrances were less in amount than the amount of the note thus held in escrow. While matters were [in .this condition, it is shown that petitioners were well aware that Hayes was trying to negotiate a large loan upon this property, upon which they now claim a prior lien. As already said, they not only made no objection thereto, but repeatedly called upon Hayes to learn whether he had effected this loan, and, as already suggested, the loan was effected with their approbation, and the money advanced upon these deeds. By their conduct in this regard appellants substantially said to the public that their right to a mechanic\u2019s lien upon the property was, in fact, waived; that when the liens upon the property purchased by them from Hayes should be removed, their claim would be satisfied. And, to secure the performance of that duty by Hayes, their note for $6000 was held by a third party,, and was not to be delivered until these encumbrances were removed. Bayard and his agents, in a negotiation for the loan of this money upon these trust deeds, had a right,' from the circumstances, to assume that that was the truth. Appellants thus put it in the power of Hayes to induce them to believe, without misrepresentation, that Bayard, by advancing the money, was acquiring a first lien upon the property.\nIt may well be that, as between appellants and Hayes, the transaction was such that, upon the failure of Hayes to remove this, encumbrance upon the property purchased by appellants, they had a right to rescind the whole transaction, and thereby rescind their apparent waiver of their mechanic\u2019s lien, and as against Hayes to prosecute their lien upon this property. This, however, does not affect the relative rights of Bayard as against appellants.\nUnder all the circumstances, we hold that the Appellate Court was right in postponing the lien of appellants to that of Bayard, and declaring it subordinate thereto.\nThe judgment of the Appellate Court must be affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. Chief Justice Dickey" }, { "text": "Scott, J.:\nI concur in the decision in this case, but not in all-of the reasoning of the opinion.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "Scott, J.:" } ], "attorneys": [ "Mr. Geo. Scoville, for the appellants,", "Mr. John M. Gartside, for the appellees:", "Mr. George W. Smith, also for the appellees :" ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "James McGraw et al. v. Elizabeth M. Bayard et al.\nFiled at Ottawa September 25, 1880.\n1. Mechanic\u2019s Lien\u2014a chancery proceeding. A suit to enforce a. mechanic\u2019s lien is substantially a chancery proceeding, and is governed by the chancery practice. This is so in respect to necessary parties.\n2. Same\u2014limitation as against other creditors. No creditor under tbe Mechanic\u2019s Lien law will be allowed to enforce his statutory lien as against any other creditor unless suit be brought for that purpose within six months after the payment for labor or materials shall have become due and payable; and unless the creditor whose rights are sought to be affected is made a party to the proceeding within the six months the lien can not be enforced as against him. although the suit may have been brought against others in time and he be subsequently made a party by amendment.\n3. Where the owner of property, after settlement of the amount, due for the building of houses on the same, made notes payable to his own order, secured by a deed of trust on the same property, which was duly recorded, and he negotiated and assigned such notes to raise a large sum of money, it was held, that the holder of those notes was a necessary party to a proceeding to enforce a mechanic\u2019s lien for labor and materials in improving the property, and not being made a party thereto within six months after payment was due for the labor and materials, the proceeding as against him was barred.\n4. Same\u2014waiver of\u2014estoppel. Where, after the completion of certain houses on lots, and after trust deeds by the owner of the property had been executed and recorded, and where it was anticipated that the owner would succeed in negotiating a loan upon the faith of such trust deeds, the mechanics had a settlement with the owner, and having accepted the notes of the owner for a part of their claim, and sold and assigned such notes to third parties, they accepted from the owner a warranty deed conveying to them real estate at a price greater than the balance due them, to be in discharge of this demand, and placed such deed upon record, and made their note to the owner for the excess in the price of the land so conveyed, and placed the same as an escrow in the hands of a third person, to be delivered on the removal of certain incumbrances on the property, and the mechanics at the same time were aware of the fact that the owner was trying to negotiate a loan, and made no objection thereto, it was held, that the mechanics by their acts and conduct were estopped from insisting that the lien of a party loaning money to the owner under the trust deed was subordinate to their mechanic\u2019s lien.\n5. Parties\u2014trustee and cestui que trust. The general equity rule is that all persons interested in the subject matter of the litigation must be made parties in order that the decree may affect their rights, and this rule requires that both the trustee and cestui que trust be made parties in suits respecting the trust property.\n6. Same\u2014exception to rule. There is an exception to this rule,'when the trust is an active one, imposing on the trustee the duty of receiving, controling and managing the trust fund for the benefit of the cestui que trust. But when a trustee is interposed between a lender and borrower of money merely for the purpose of enabling the lender to obtain payment through the exercise by the trustee of powers conferred upon him by a mortgage or deed of trust, and the trustee can only be called upon to act in case of default of the grantor in performing the conditions of the contract, both trustee and the cestui que trust must be made parties.\nAppeal from the Appellate Court for the First District; heard in that court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook county, the Hon. E. S. Williams, Judge, presiding.\nOn the 26th day of May, 1876, appellants filed in the circuit court of Cook county their petition for a mechanic\u2019s lien upon certain lots in the city of Chicago, alleging the making by them of a verbal a con tract, on July 31, 1875, with S. S. Hayes, the owner of the lots, for the doing of work and the furnishing of materials for the erection of brick dwellings, to be completed before January 1, 1876. They further alleged the work was completed about December 1, 1875, and a settlement had with Hayes, at which there was found to be due them the sum of $6000, and as this amount had not been paid them they claimed a lien upon the lots. They further alleged that on December 1, 1875, Hayes executed three deeds of trust to George W. Smith, upon the lots, to secure the payment of certain promissory notes, payable to his own order, which trust deeds were recorded December 3, 1875; but appellants averred their lien was prior to the lien created by the trust deeds. Hayes and wife, Smith, the trustee, and several other persons were made parties defendant to the petition; but not Bayard.\nAnswers were filed and proofs were taken before the master, by which it appeared that before and at the commencement of these proceedings Robert Bayard was the assignee and holder for value of all the notes mentioned in the trust deeds to Smith, and that these notes on their face were payable to the order of Hayes, the maker thereof.\nOn July 9, 1877, by an amendment to the petition, Bayard was made a party defendant to the suit.\nUpon final hearing - the circuit court entered a decree dedaring the lien of appellants subordinate to that of Bayard under the trust deeds, and directing a sale subject thereto. From that decree appellants appealed to the Appellate Court for the First District, and assigned for error the action of the court below in postponing their lien to that of Bayard. The Appellate Court affirmed the decree of the circuit court, and from that judgment of affirmance this appeal isiprosecuted.\nMr. Geo. Scoville, for the appellants,\nafter stating the facts and pleadings in the case, made the following points:\nThe only question in the case now presented to the court is, whether the lien of appellants should be postponed to that of the deeds of trust to George W. Smith. Of course the only ground upon which that can be claimed is, that the cestui que trust was not made a party to the suit, \u201c within six months after the last payment for labor and materials became due and payable,\u201d as required by the statute. It is said that here was an \u201cincumbrance\u201d upon the premises, to-wit: the trust deeds, against which the lien of appellants could not be enforced, \u201c unless suit be instituted to enforce such lien within six months,\u201d as aforesaid; and that the institution of such suit against the trustee alone does not take the case out of the limitation of the statute; that the real party in interest under the \u201c incumbrance,\u201d and, consequently, the one against whom the suit must be instituted within six months, is the person who holds the notes secured by the deeds of trust.\nIf the cestui que trust is known in such a case as this he must be made a party to the suit within the six months, to affect his rights under the trust deed. But the question here presented is, whether the lien-holder is bound to search for and discover every \u201c other creditor,\u201d and every person interested in every incumbrance upon the premises and make him a party or lose his lien.\nIt will be admitted that no person should be required to do an impossible act to maintain his statutory right, and the statute should not be so construed, if it is capable of a different construction, as to deprive the lien-holder of his rights under the statute. The difficulties and hardship of finding the various holders of notes secured by deed of trust and payable to the maker\u2019s order are obviated by applying the additional rule in the construction of section 28 of the lien law, that holders of secret liens need not be made parties. The trustee should be held to answer for the cestui que trust when the latter conceals his name and personality.\nIn construing this statute, the courts have been guided somewhat by equity rules and practice in relation to parties. The suit being a chancery proceeding, the courts have looked at chancery precedents, and the authorities cited have been drawn largely from that source. As in equity it is held that all parties interested in the subject matter of the controversy shall be made parties to the suit, and as the trustee can not usually answer for the cestui que trust, and the latter, as the real party in interest, is required to be brought in when discovered, before the court will make final disposition of the case ; so in this proceeding, even if there were no statute, the court would require mortgagees, trustees and beneficiaries, interested in the premises, whenever that interest appeared, to be made defendants. That is a proper thing to dq, and the court has full power to do it, apart from the statute.\nA remedial statute, if subject to two constructions, should be so construed as to save the remedy. Rockford, Rock Island and St. Louis Railroad Co. v. Heflin, 65 Ill. 366.\nMr. John M. Gartside, for the appellees:\nAppellants waived their lien. A lien once waived can not be re-established.\nIt is insisted that petitioners (appellants) have waived and extinguished all right of lien, if any ever existed, and for the following reasons:\n1. By accepting and negotiating the notes of Hayes, in the sum of $2,000.\n2. By accepting the warranty deed of Hayes and wife, in the payment of $3,000.\n3. By the renewal of the notes by Hayes with the holders and assignees.\n4. By their failure to repossess themselves of the notes and judgments thereon, during the life of the lien, as against creditors and incumbrancers, to-wit: within six months.\n5. By their conduct.\nThe negotiation of notes accepted by the contractor of the owner of the premises improved, is and should be, it seems to us, an absolute waiver of the right of lien. Teaz v. Christie, 2 E. D. Smith, 631; Scott v. Ward, 4 Ia. 112; Hawley v. Ward, 4 Ia. 39; Green v. Fox, 7 Allen 88.\nThere is nothing in the adjudged eases, nor in the elementary works, hostile to the theory that the lien of the mechanic may be extinguished or waived by implication arising from the conduct of the parties, as well as by express agreement.\nWhat constitutes a waiver must be determined from the circumstances of each particular case, it being essentially a question of intention; such intention implying either an actual determination of the lien holder to surrender the right, or such acts on his part that the public may reasonably suppose he had waived his security of lien, in which latter case he would be estopped from asserting it. Grant v. Strong, 18 Wall. 623 ; Scott v. Robinson, 21 Ark. 202; Doub v. Barnes, 4 Gill, (Md.) 1; Phillips on Mechanic\u2019s Liens sec. 280; Gorman v. Sagner, 22 Mo. 137.\nAppellants are estopped from asserting a right of lien, as against Bayard. They, by their conduct, induced persons to believe they were paid and their lien discharged, or at least to induce others to believe that the deed of trust was given with their consent and approbation. See Cairncross v. Lorimer, 3 Macq. 827; Stevens v. Dennett, 51 N. H. 336; Drew v. Kimball, 43 N. H. 282; Bigelow on Estoppel, (2d ed.) p. 453, note 1. Washburn on Real property, (4th ed.) Vol. 3, p. 78; Quirk v. Thomas, 6 Mich. 78; Mitchell v. Reed, 7 Cal. 204.\nThe suit was not commenced against Bayard, the incumbrancer, within the statutory limitation. R. S. 1874, p. 668, sec. 28; Dunphy v. Riddle, 86 Ill. 26.\nRobert Bayard, being the cestui que trust, in the trust deeds of Hayes and wife to George W. Smith, trustee, was' a necessary party to a suit to enforce a mechanic\u2019s lien. Phillips on Mechanic\u2019s Liens, sec. 395, citing Hauser v. Hoffman, 32 Mo. 334; Christine v. Manderson, 2 Penn. 363; Raymond et al. v. Ewing et al. 26 Ill. 343 ; Williams v. Chapman, 17 Ill. 424; Kimball et al. v. Cook, 1 Gilm. 427; Kelly et al. v. Chapman, 13 Ill. 534; Steigleman v. McBride, 17 Ill. 352; Lomax v. Dore, 45 Ill. 379; Greenleaf v. Beebe, 80 Ill. 523; Philips v. Stone, 25 Ill. 67.\nMr. George W. Smith, also for the appellees :\nThe cestui que trust should have been made a party within the six months. This position is stare decisis. Dunphy v. Riddle, 86 Ill. 26; Crowl v. Nagle, id. 440; Scanlan v. Cobb, 85 id. 296; Gaytes v. Franklin Savings Bank, id 256.\nThe rule of convenience is very often invoked; it would seem sometimes to be treated as a reserve, to fall back upon when all else fails. It can, of course, have no force as against the provisions of a statute. It is peculiaidy misapplicable as related to the \u201clien\u201d act, which selects a \u201cprivileged\u201d class, and is in \u201cderogation of the common law.\u201d\nBut the difficulties which counsel suggests,' do not in fact exist.\nThe action of petitioners precludes them from asking relief as against appellees.\nWhile neither Robert Bayard, nor Smith, as his attorney, knew McGraw or Downey, when the notes were taken in April, 1876, and when the moneys were advanced, yet the authority given to Hayes enures to the benefit of the former.\nHayes was permitted to procure the loan upon the faith of the security which he offered. In the fruits of this loan appellants expected to participate. They looked to Hayes then, and must look to him now.\nHayes would not have asked for the loan if he had not been authorized.\nIf he had not asked, it would not have been made. MeGraw and Downey, were, therefore, privy to the solicitation of the loan, and should be held bound by the representations upon which it was procured." }, "file_name": "0146-01", "first_page_order": 146, "last_page_order": 157 }