{ "id": 8527942, "name": "SHANNON LEE HAWKINS v. JAMES F. HAWKINS", "name_abbreviation": "Hawkins v. Hawkins", "decision_date": "1991-02-05", "docket_number": "No. 9025SC582", "first_page": "529", "last_page": "534", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "101 N.C. App. 529" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "40 ALR4th 11", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 4th", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "286 S.E.2d 535", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "539" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "305 N.C. 106", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8566171 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "112" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/305/0106-01" ] }, { "cite": "376 S.E.2d 247", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "249", "parenthetical": "punitive damages cannot be awarded in the absence of compensatory damages" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "93 N.C. App. 57", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527803 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "60", "parenthetical": "punitive damages cannot be awarded in the absence of compensatory damages" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/93/0057-01" ] }, { "cite": "301 S.E.2d 715", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "719", "parenthetical": "plaintiff must recover nominal or compensatory damages" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "61 N.C. App. 638", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8523477 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "643", "parenthetical": "plaintiff must recover nominal or compensatory damages" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/61/0638-01" ] }, { "cite": "297 S.E.2d 142", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "145", "parenthetical": "compensatory damages must be awarded" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "59 N.C. App. 458", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8526708 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "462", "parenthetical": "compensatory damages must be awarded" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/59/0458-01" ] }, { "cite": "323 S.E.2d 9", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "16", "parenthetical": "jury \"must award the plaintiff either compensatory or nominal damages\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "312 N.C. 393", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4757224 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "405", "parenthetical": "jury \"must award the plaintiff either compensatory or nominal damages\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/312/0393-01" ] }, { "cite": "333 S.E.2d 510", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "76 N.C. App. 420", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. 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App.", "case_ids": [ 8553631 ], "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/13/0388-01" ] }, { "cite": "26 S.E. 772", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1897, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "120 N.C. 292", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8657311 ], "year": 1897, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/120/0292-01" ] }, { "cite": "278 S.E.2d 501", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "303 N.C. 256", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8572768 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/303/0256-01" ] }, { "cite": "332 S.E.2d 179", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "313 N.C. 600", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4721505, 4718310, 4722506, 4720746, 4723540 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/313/0600-02", "/nc/313/0600-05", "/nc/313/0600-01", "/nc/313/0600-03", "/nc/313/0600-04" ] }, { "cite": "327 S.E.2d 22", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "73 N.C. App. 521", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8524838 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/73/0521-01" ] }, { "cite": "370 S.E.2d 375", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "322 N.C. 643", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2518481 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/322/0643-01" ] }, { "cite": "361 S.E.2d 292", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "87 N.C. App. 296", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8358308 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/87/0296-01" ] }, { "cite": "159 S.E.2d 894", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "273 N.C. 340", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8575251 ], "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/273/0340-01" ] }, { "cite": "330 S.E.2d 16", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "74 N.C. App. 610", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8525776 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/74/0610-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 S.E.2d 632", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "308 N.C. 540", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4710093 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/308/0540-01" ] }, { "cite": "298 S.E.2d 718", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "60 N.C. App. 55", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8519400 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/60/0055-01" ] }, { "cite": "225 S.E.2d 640", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "29 N.C. App. 618", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8556868 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/29/0618-01" ] }, { "cite": "283 S.E.2d 507", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "304 N.C. 332", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567608 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/304/0332-01" ] }, { "cite": "163 S.E.2d 761", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "274 N.C. 416", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8560473 ], "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/274/0416-01" ] }, { "cite": "19 S.E.2d 128", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1942, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "221 N.C. 110", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8626290 ], "year": 1942, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/221/0110-01" ] }, { "cite": "18 S.E.2d 166", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1942, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "168", "parenthetical": "invasion of legal right entitles plaintiff to at least nominal damages" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "220 N.C. 642", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11307444 ], "year": 1942, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "644", "parenthetical": "invasion of legal right entitles plaintiff to at least nominal damages" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/220/0642-01" ] }, { "cite": "187 S.E. 771", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "weight": 2, "year": 1936, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "772" }, { "page": "772" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "210 N.C. 498", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8627353 ], "year": 1936, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "499" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/210/0498-01" ] }, { "cite": "72 S.E. 610", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1911, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "616" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "156 N.C. 463", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11271892 ], "year": 1911, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "479" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/156/0463-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 649, "char_count": 10818, "ocr_confidence": 0.794, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.3864541529852e-07, "percentile": 0.944093844853503 }, "sha256": "b9713bdad42e4c6afab9b545813e7b95143f2e2fa304ea1dd2683a9e3b90c798", "simhash": "1:c712d46ae67f242c", "word_count": 1811 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:54:53.681770+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges PHILLIPS and ORR concur." ], "parties": [ "SHANNON LEE HAWKINS v. JAMES F. HAWKINS" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "GREENE, Judge.\nDefendant appeals from the entry of a jury verdict awarding $25,000.00 in punitive damages to the plaintiff.\nIn her complaint the plaintiff seeks damages, compensatory and punitive, which she contends were the result of the defendant\u2019s assaults and batteries upon the plaintiff. The uncontradicted evidence at trial tended to show that the plaintiff was the adopted daughter of the defendant and that between plaintiff\u2019s ages of five and one-half years to fourteen years, the defendant sexually abused the plaintiff.\nThe following issues were submitted to and answered by the jury:\n1. Did James F. Hawkins commit an assault(s) and battery(ies) on Shannon Lee Hawkins?\nANSWER: Yes\n2. If so, what amount, if any, is Shannon Lee Hawkins entitled to recover for:\na. Medical expenses: None\nb. Future medical expenses: None\nc. Pain and suffering: None\n3. In your discretion what amount of punitive damages, if any, should be awarded to Shannon Lee Hawkins?\nANSWER: $25,000.00\nIn charging the jury, the trial court gave the following instruction regarding the elements of assault and battery:\n[A]n assault is a threat or intent by force or violence to do some injury to another by one who apparently has the present ability to do so under circumstances creating a reasonable apprehension of injury. Now a battery is the willful touching of a person without their consent and in a rude or angry manner. It is the consummation of an assault. Now every person has the right to be let alone and freedom from harmful or offensive contact with any other person.\nThe trial court did not instruct the jury as to nominal damages. On the issue of punitive damages, the trial court instructed in pertinent part:\nNow this third issue as to punitive damages ... in your discretion what amount of punitive damages, if any, should be awarded to Shannon Lee Hawkins? Of course, you won\u2019t answer this issue unless you have answered this first issue yes. . . . [Punitive damages] may be awarded only when the jury finds that the conduct of the defendant is so outrageous as to justify punishing him or making an example of him. Upon such a finding whether to award such damages and within reasonable limits the amount to be awarded are matters within the sound discretion of the jury.\nSo I instruct you that if you find by the greater weight of the evidence that James Hawkins\u2019 conduct was accompanied by such aggravated circumstances, and under the instruction I have given you would permit an award of punitive damages, you may award Shannon Hawkins an amount which in your discretion will serve to punish James Hawkins and to deter others from committing like offenses.\nAfter the jury verdict was rendered, the defendant moved that \u201cnotwithstanding the verdict, the court not award punitive damages.\u201d The trial court denied the motion and ordered that the \u201cplaintiff have and recover of the defendant the sum of $25,000 together with the cost of this action as taxed by the Clerk of Superior Court for Caldwell County.\u201d\nThe sole issue presented is whether the lack of an award of at least nominal damages precludes an award of punitive damages.\nAs a general rule, \u201c[pjunitive damages do not and cannot exist as an independent cause of action, but are mere incidents of the cause of action and can never constitute a basis for it. If the injured party has no cause of action independent of a supposed right to recover punitive damages, then he has no cause of action at all.\u201d J. Stein, Damages and Recovery \u00a7 195 at 389 (1972). North Carolina follows this general rule of law. \u201c[Where] a right of action exists, though the loss is nominal, exemplary damages may be recovered in a proper case; for the plaintiff had a right to maintain his action apart from the privilege of recovering exemplary damages.\u201d Sanders v. Gilbert, 156 N.C. 463, 479, 72 S.E. 610, 616 (1911). Once a cause of action is established, plaintiff is entitled to recover, as a matter of law, nominal damages, which in turn support an award of punitive damages. Worthy v. Knight, 210 N.C. 498, 499, 187 S.E. 771, 772 (1936); Hairston v. Greyhound Corp., 220 N.C. 642, 644, 18 S.E.2d 166, 168 (1942) (invasion of legal right entitles plaintiff to at least nominal damages). See also Parris v. Fischer & Co., 221 N.C. 110, 19 S.E.2d 128 (1942); Clemmons v. Life Insurance Co., 274 N.C. 416, 163 S.E.2d 761 (1968); Shugar v. Guill, 304 N.C. 332, 283 S.E.2d 507 (1981); Fagan v. Hazzard, 29 N.C. App. 618, 225 S.E.2d 640 (1976); Onslow v. Fisher, 60 N.C. App. 55, 298 S.E.2d 718 (1982), aff\u2019d, 308 N.C. 540, 302 S.E.2d 632 (1983); Hewes v. Wolfe, 74 N.C. App. 610, 330 S.E.2d 16 (1985). Therefore, the failure of the plaintiff to actually receive an award of either nominal or compensatory damages is immaterial. The question thus becomes one of whether plaintiff in this case has established her cause of action for assault and battery.\nCertain torts require as an essential element to a cause of action that plaintiff incur actual damage. We define actual damage to mean some actual loss, hurt or harm resulting from the illegal invasion of a legal right. See 22 Am. Jur. 2d Damages \u00a7 2 (1988). These torts include, among others, fraudulent misrepresentation, Speller v. Speller, 273 N.C. 340, 159 S.E.2d 894 (1968); interference with contractual relations, United Laboratories v. Kuykendall, 87 N.C. App. 296, 361 S.E.2d 292 (1987), aff\u2019d in part, rev\u2019d in part, 322 N.C. 643, 370 S.E.2d 375 (1988); institution of wrongful civil proceedings, 2 W. Haynes, North Carolina Tort Law \u00a7 30-3 (1989); nuisance, Hanna v. Brady, 73 N.C. App. 521, 327 S.E.2d 22, disc. rev. denied, 313 N.C. 600, 332 S.E.2d 179 (1985); and defamation per quod, 1 W. Haynes, North Carolina Tort Law \u00a7 8-11 (1989).\nOther torts, however, do not include actual damage as an essential element. These torts include, among others, conversion, Spinks v. Taylor & Richardson v. Taylor Co., 303 N.C. 256, 278 S.E.2d 501 (1981); defamation per se, 1 Haynes \u00a7 8-11; false imprisonment, Lewis v. Clegg, 120 N.C. 292, 26 S.E. 772 (1897); malicious prosecution, 1 Haynes \u00a7 14-3; invasion of privacy, Barr v. Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co., 13 N.C. App. 388, 185 S.E.2d 714 (1972); trespass to chattels (except by dispossession), 2 Haynes \u00a7 27-4; and trespass to land, Suggs v. Carroll, 76 N.C. App. 420, 333 S.E.2d 510 (1985).\nThe elements of assault are intent, offer of injury, reasonable apprehension, apparent ability, and imminent threat of injury. 1 Haynes \u00a7 3-3. Plaintiff establishes a cause of action for assault upon proof of these technical elements without proof of actual damage. 1 Haynes \u00a7 3-5. The elements of battery are intent, harmful or offensive contact, causation, and lack of privilege. 1 Haynes \u00a7 4-2. As with assault, a showing of actual damage is not an essential element of battery. 1 Haynes \u00a7 4-5.\nThe jurors in the present case were instructed, consistent with this opinion, on the elements of assault and battery and they decided this separate issue in favor of plaintiff, thereby establishing plaintiff\u2019s cause of action for assault and battery. In addition, defendant does not argue that plaintiff has not established the torts of assault and battery. Therefore, the failure of the jury to award nominal or compensatory damages is immaterial to plaintiff\u2019s award of punitive damages.\nWe reject defendant\u2019s argument that plaintiff must have actually recovered at least nominal damages, through a jury award, to be entitled to punitive damages. See Jones v. Gwynne, 312 N.C. 393, 405, 323 S.E.2d 9, 16 (1984) (jury \u201cmust award the plaintiff either compensatory or nominal damages\u201d) (emphasis added); Scott v. Kiker, 59 N.C. App. 458, 462, 297 S.E.2d 142, 145 (1982) (compensatory damages must be awarded); Kuykendall v. Turner, 61 N.C. App. 638, 643, 301 S.E.2d 715, 719 (1983) (plaintiff must recover nominal or compensatory damages); Lynch v. North Carolina Dept. of Justice, 93 N.C. App. 57, 60, 376 S.E.2d 247, 249 (1989) (punitive damages cannot be awarded in the absence of compensatory damages). The issue presented to this court was not squarely presented to the courts in the cases cited by defendant since in those cases plaintiff was either awarded compensatory damages or no damages at all. Here, we are faced with an award of punitive damages where the jury refused to award compensatory damages and the trial court did not submit an issue to the jury on nominal damages. Furthermore, we read the language in those cases, as well as the authorities they cite, as stating only the well-recognized principle that plaintiff may not maintain a civil action merely to inflict punishment or to collect punitive damages, but that a cause of action must exist. Worthy.\nBeyond establishing a cause of action, plaintiff must also show the presence of aggravating circumstances such as malicious, wanton and reckless injury before plaintiff is entitled to punitive damages. Worthy at 499, 187 S.E. at 772. The jury in this case was so instructed and defendant raises no issue regarding this prerequisite to an award of punitive damages.\nDefendant argues in his brief that an award of punitive damages violates the eighth and fourteenth amendments to the Constitution of the United States and the related provisions of Sections 19 and 27 of Article I of the Constitution of North Carolina. As we see no evidence in the record that these constitutional issues were raised at trial, we do not consider them on appeal. State v. Hunter, 305 N.C. 106, 112, 286 S.E.2d 535, 539 (1982).\nAccordingly, we find no error in the failure of the trial court to set aside the verdict of the jury awarding punitive damages.\nNo error.\nJudges PHILLIPS and ORR concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "GREENE, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "McElwee, McElwee, Cannon & Warden, by William H. McElwee, III, for plaintiff-appellee.", "Rudisill & Brackett, P.A., by Curtis R. Sharpe, Jr., for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "SHANNON LEE HAWKINS v. JAMES F. HAWKINS\nNo. 9025SC582\n(Filed 5 February 1991)\nDamages \u00a7 11 (NCI3d)\u2014 establishment of cause of action \u2014 entitlement to nominal damages \u2014support for punitive damages\nOnce a cause of action is established, plaintiff is entitled to recover, as a matter of law, nominal damages, which in turn support an award of punitive damages. Therefore, where the jury found that defendant committed an assault and battery upon plaintiff by sexual abuse, it could award punitive damages to plaintiff even though it refused to award compensatory damages and the court failed to submit an issue to the jury on nominal damages.\nAm Jur 2d, Damages \u00a7 744.\nSufficiency of showing of actual damages to support award of punitive damages \u2014 modern cases. 40 ALR4th 11.\nAPPEAL by defendant from judgment entered 9 February 1990 in Caldwell County Superior Court by Judge Howard R. Greeson, Jr. Heard in the Court of Appeals 5 December 1990.\nMcElwee, McElwee, Cannon & Warden, by William H. McElwee, III, for plaintiff-appellee.\nRudisill & Brackett, P.A., by Curtis R. Sharpe, Jr., for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0529-01", "first_page_order": 557, "last_page_order": 562 }