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  "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. CHARLES SAMUEL BRUNO",
  "name_abbreviation": "State v. Bruno",
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    "judges": [
      "Judges PARKER and ORR concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. CHARLES SAMUEL BRUNO"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "EAGLES, Judge.\nI\nAt the outset we note that the defendant raises twenty-two assignments of error. However, because the defendant has failed to bring forward assignments 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21 and 22 in his brief, they are deemed abandoned. N.C.R. App. Pro. 28(b)(5).\nII\nBy way of his third and fourth assignments defendant argues that the trial court committed reversible error by admitting DNA evidence. Specifically, defendant argues the evidence should have been excluded because: (1) the FBI\u2019s procedures are unreliable because they are in a state of flux and the results are not reproducible and (2) the trial court failed to resolve conflicts in the expert DNA testimony. We disagree.\nIn State v. Pennington, 327 N.C. 89, 393 S.E.2d 847 (1990), our Supreme Court determined that DNA evidence was sufficiently reliable to be admitted into evidence. In so determining, the Court\nfocused on the following indices of reliability: the expert\u2019s use of established techniques, the expert\u2019s professional background in the field, the use of visual aids before the jury so that the jury is not asked to \u201csacrifice its independence by accepting [the] scientific hypotheses on faith,\u201d and the independent research conducted by the expert.\nId. at 98, 393 S.E.2d at 853 (citation omitted). However, that admission was not without qualification.\nThe admissibility of any such evidence remains subject to attack. Issues pertaining to relevancy or prejudice may be raised. For example, expert testimony may be presented to impeach the particular procedures used in a specific test or the reliability of the results obtained. See, e.g., People v. Castro, 144 Misc. 2d 956, 545 N.Y.S.2d 985 (1989). In addition, traditional challenges to the admissibility of evidence such as the contamination of the sample or chain of custody questions may be presented. These issues relate to the weight of the evidence. The evidence may be found to be so tainted that it is totally unreliable and, therefore, must be excluded.\nState v. Ford, --- S.C. at ---, 392 S.E.2d at 784. See also State v. Schwartz, 447 N.W.2d 422, 428 (Minn. 1989) . . . .\nId. at 101, 393 S.E.2d at 854. We read Pennington to hold that a trial court may decide as a matter of law that DNA evidence is inadmissible for any number of reasons including, but not limited to, unreliable procedures or results, contamination of the sample or chain of custody questions. However, where unfair prejudice is not clear and where there is merely conflicting expert testimony regarding interpretation of the DNA evidence or where two experts have reached differing results based on independent analyses of the DNA, the issue becomes one of credibility of the experts. In that situation the jury is obligated to determine what weight each expert\u2019s testimony should receive.\nHere, the defendant first argues that the procedures used by the FBI were unreliable because they are in a state of flux. More specifically, defendant argues that \u201c[although the underlying procedure may be reliable, . . . the FJB.I.\u2019s witness showed that the procedure was still changing.\u201d The State correctly points out in its brief that the \u201c[defendant appears to have overlooked the commonly known fact that most or all scientific procedures are constantly being refined in an effort to improve man\u2019s knowledge. If this were not so, our knowledge of ourselves and our universe would be both minimal and static.\u201d\nThe critical question here is not whether the DNA procedures were changing, but whether the changes that have been made by the FBI demonstrate that the earlier procedures, which were used in the instant case, were so unreliable that the trial court should have completely excluded the evidence. The defendant admits in his brief that both Dr. Kloos and Dr. Nelson testified that the underlying procedures were reliable. Moreover, Dr. Deadman, the FBI\u2019s expert, addressed the concerns of the defendant. Dr. Deadman testified that there had been no significant changes in the testing procedures and that he would interpret the case the same way now as he did when the original tests were conducted. Defendant\u2019s argument is without merit.\nDefendant next argues the FBI\u2019s procedures were unreliable because \u201cDr. Peiper was unable to reproduce their match analysis.\u201d Where two experts have reached differing results based on independent analyses, the jury is left to weigh the evidence. This argument is also without merit.\nFinally, under this assignment, the defendant argues that the trial court erred by concluding that the DNA evidence was reliable. Specifically, defendant argues that the trial court erred by failing to resolve conflicts in expert testimony regarding interpretation of the fourth probe. Once again, this was an issue properly left to the jury. Accordingly, this argument is overruled.\nIII\nBy way of his seventh assignment of error defendant argues that the trial court erred by allowing both Dr. Deadman and Dr. Kloos to 'testify that the combined results of the several probes resulted in a stronger and more significant association than any one of the probes taken individually. However, the defendant failed to object when Dr. Nelson subsequently testified giving substantially the same testimony. \u201cIt is well settled that where evidence is admitted over objection, and the same evidence is later admitted without objection, the benefit of the objection is lost.\u201d State v. Beasley, 104 N.C. App. 529, 532, 410 S.E.2d 236, 238 (1991) (citing State v. Whitley, 311 N.C. 656, 319 S.E.2d 584 (1984)). This assignment is overruled.\nIV\nDefendant argues in his sixteenth assignment of error that the trial court erred by excising portions of Dr. Peiper\u2019s deposition testimony. We disagree.\nDefendant first argues that the trial court erred by excising Dr. Peiper\u2019s testimony regarding the case of People v. Castro, 144 Misc. 2d 956, 545 N.Y.S.2d 985 (1989). Defendant contends that Dr. Peiper should have been allowed to testify about the facts and name of the specific case to illustrate to the jury that DNA \u201ctests are not infallible.\u201d According to defendant, if the jury heard a specific case name, \u201cthe idea of scientific fallibility [would] become[ ] real.\u201d\nAssuming arguendo that the trial court committed error by excising the testimony, any error committed was harmless. Dr. Peiper was allowed to testify that there have been cases where false positives incriminate innocent suspects by mistake. Moreover, Dr. Peiper was allowed to testify that he was aware that the FBI had admitted making errors in two specific cases, Iowa v. Smith and New Mexico v. Anderson. This argument is overruled.\nDefendant next argues that the trial court erred by excluding Dr. Peiper\u2019s testimony concerning the shortcomings of the FBI\u2019s data base. At trial the defendant made a motion in limine to prevent State witnesses \u201cfrom making any reference to any numerical figure in connection with the DNA testing . . . [because] the [FBI\u2019s] data base for attaching a numerical probability figure is inadequate and insufficient.\u201d The trial court allowed the defendant\u2019s motion in limine. The defendant now argues that because the trial court allowed the State\u2019s experts to testify that matches of multiple probes are more significant than a match of an individual probe, the trial court violated its own ruling and forced the defendant To choose between opening the door to statistical evidence of a match by impeaching the FBI\u2019s data base and \u201ctry[ing] to cut his losses by not allowing invalid and misleading number crunching to be introduced.\u201d We have already determined that defendant here failed to properly preserve for our review the issue of whether the testimony regarding the significance of multiple matches was proper. Accordingly, we do not address that issue again. Furthermore, we note that it was the defendant who sought to exclude statistical evidence of a match because the FBI\u2019s data base was allegedly inadequate. He cannot now complain that his own expert was not allowed to testify to impeach the very data base evidence that he successfully asked be excluded. \u201cA defendant is not prejudiced by the granting of relief which he has sought or by error resulting from his own conduct.\u201d G.S. 15A-1443(c); e.g. State v. Patterson, 332 N.C. 409, 420 S.E.2d 98 (1992). Accordingly, this assignment is overruled.\nV\nIn his ninth assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court erred by allowing Dr. Deadman to testify that the fourth probe was inconclusive because the probative value of that evidence was outweighed by its prejudicial effect. We disagree.\nDuring direct examination, Dr. Deadman testified that his examination of the fourth probe revealed that the bottom bands of the probe were a match. The upper bands, however, were inconclusive due to DNA degradation. In fact, Dr. Deadman testified that the upper four bands were essentially invisible. Dr. Deadman also testified that there was \u201cstreaking from the position of the defendant\u2019s upper band . . . being consistent with degraded D\u00d1A.\u201d Dr. Deadman, over objection, explained the streaking as follows:\nIn order for an exposed area to develope [sic] in a piece of x-ray film the probe has to bind to something. The probe is only going to bind to particular pieces that have the sequence that it recognizes.\nThe probe is, in fact, binding to something in this upper region. If there were no bands above this lower band the probe would not be expected to bind to any great extent at that point and so the streaking from, from this upper point on down is consistent with something being there even though a distinct band cannot be seen.\nDefendant argues that he was unfairly prejudiced by this testimony because Dr. Deadman was allowed to testify that there were matching bands when in fact there simply was no evidence to support his testimony. We disagree with defendant\u2019s interpretation of Dr. Deadman\u2019s testimony. Dr. Deadman did not testify that the streaking indicated there was a match among the upper bands of the fourth probe. Rather, his testimony merely explained to the jury why streaks appeared on the x-ray. Moreover, Dr. Deadman specifically testified that the upper bands were inconclusive. This assignment is overruled.\nVI\nBy his thirteenth assignment defendant argues that the trial court committed reversible error by limiting the cross-examination of Dr. Kloos. At trial the following exchange occurred:\nQ. You heard Dr. Deadman testify that even using computers and television cameras that the bands cannot be measured exactly?\nA. Correct.\nQ. So this is not an exact science by any means?\nA. I look at the whole area of biology as perhaps a little less exact than physics, for example, if that\u2019s what you are using. I am surmising you may be using it as a standard for an exact science if there is such a beast.\nQ. Do you think it is too much to demand with someone\u2019s liberty is at stake that the test be \u2014\nMs. HOLT: Objection.\nCOURT: That objection is sustained.\nA: I think \u2014\nMs. HOLT: You don\u2019t need to answer.\nCOURT: Wait for the next question.\nDefendant argues that the trial court\u2019s ruling effectively prevented him from properly developing \u201c[t]he concept of scientific error in a forensic setting and its consequences. . . We disagree.\nFirst, it should be noted that Dr. Kloos earlier testified that DNA is not yet automated and, therefore, is only as good as the people performing the tests. Second, the testimony which the defendant sought to elicit from Dr. Kloos is irrelevant here. Regardless of what standard Dr. Kloos feels should be applied, our Supreme Court has already adopted a standard to determine when a \u201cscientific test\u201d may be used to deprive someone of their liberty. E.g., State v. Bullard, 312 N.C. 129, 322 S.E.2d 370 (1984). This argument is wholly without merit.\nVII\nDefendant next argues, in his fifteenth assignment of error, that the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the charge of second degree rape because there was no evidence of vaginal penetration. We disagree.\nIn ruling on a motion to dismiss for insufficient evidence the trial court must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, which is entitled to every reasonable inference which can be drawn from that evidence. State v. Bell, 311 N.C. 131, 138, 316 S.E.2d 611, 615 (1984). There must, however, be substantial evidence of each essential element of the offense charged, together with evidence that the defendant was the perpetrator of the offense. State v. Gardner, 311 N.C. 489, 510-11, 319 S.E.2d 591, 605 (1984).\nState v. McNicholas, 322 N.C. 548, 556-57, 369 S.E.2d 569, 574 (1988).\nIn order for a charge of second degree rape to withstand a motion to dismiss, evidence of vaginal intercourse must be presented. G.S. 14-27.3 (1986).\u201cThe slightest penetration of the female sex organ by the male sex organ is sufficient to constitute vaginal intercourse within the meaning of the statute.\u201d McNicholas, 322 N.C. at 556, 369 S.E.2d at 574 (1988). \u201cIt is not necessary that the vagina be entered or that the hymen be ruptured; the entering of the vulva or labia is sufficient.\u201d State v. Murry, 277 N.C. 197, 202, 176 S.E.2d 738, 742 (1970).\nHere, the victim testified that the defendant attempted to have sex with her but couldn\u2019t because in the defendant\u2019s words, she was \u201ctoo tight.\u201d Dr. Spicer testified that when he examined her he discovered a bruise around the right upper part of the lips of the vaginal vault in the entrance to the vagina consistent with vaginal penetration. This testimony was clearly sufficient on the issue of penetration to withstand the defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss. This assignment is overruled.\nVIII\nDefendant finally argues in his third, fourth, and twentieth assignments that admission of DNA analysis in the forensic setting is premature and deprived the defendant of his right to due process and a fair trial. To support this assignment, the defendant points to a number of \u201cissues\u201d raised by literature in the field. However, the defendant also concedes that our Supreme Court has already decided that North Carolina\u2019s courts are generally open to the admission of DNA evidence. State v. Pennington, 327 N.C. 89, 393 S.E.2d 847 (1990). Of course, the reliability of DNA evidence may be questioned in any given case. Id. This assignment does not bring forward a specific objection to the admission of DNA evidence in this case, but rather challenges its general admissibility. We are bound by the holding in Pennington. Accordingly, this assignment is overruled.\nIX\nFinally, we note that we are not directly confronted with the troublesome issue of whether the FBI\u2019s data base is sufficiently broad to allow introduction of evidence concerning the statistical probability that a given defendant is the perpetrator of a charged offense. Accordingly, we do not address it here.\nNo error.\nJudges PARKER and ORR concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "EAGLES, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Attorney General Lacy H. Thornburg, by Assistant Attorney General Valerie B. Spalding, for the State.",
      "Nora Henry Hargrove for the defendant-appellant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. CHARLES SAMUEL BRUNO\nNo. 915SC832\n(Filed 5 January 1993)\n1. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7 2211 (NCI4th) \u2014 DNA test results \u2014 changing procedures \u2014 admissibility\nDNA test results were not inadmissible because the FBI\u2019s testing procedure is still changing where an FBI expert in DNA testing testified that there had been no significant changes in the testing procedures and that he would interpret the case the same way now as he did when the original tests were conducted, and two other expert witnesses testified that the underlying procedures were reliable.\nAm Jur 2d, Evidence \u00a7 370; Expert and Opinion Testimony \u00a7\u00a7 278, 300; Rape \u00a7\u00a7 61, 68.\nAdmissibility of DNA identification evidence. 84 ALR 4th 313.\n2. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7 2211 (NCI4th)\u2014 DNA experts\u2014 different results \u2014 jury question\nWhere two DNA experts reached differing results based on independent analyses, it was for the jury to weigh the DNA evidence.\nAm Jur 2d, Expert and Opinion Testimony \u00a7\u00a7 129-135.\n3. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7 672 (NCI4th)\u2014 objection to testimony \u2014similar evidence admitted without objection \u2014 waiver of objection\nThe benefit of defendant\u2019s objection to testimony by two expert witnesses was lost when similar testimony by a third expert witness was thereafter admitted without objection.\nAm Jur 2d, Appeal and Error \u00a7\u00a7 601-604; Trial \u00a7\u00a7 413, 420.\n4. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7 2211 (NCI4th)\u2014 DNA testing \u2014 FBI errors \u2014 exclusion of specific case \u2014harmless error\nWhere defendant\u2019s DNA expert was permitted to testify by deposition that there have been cases where false positives incriminated innocent suspects by mistake and that the FBI had admitted making errors in two cases which he named, any error committed by the trial court in excising the expert\u2019s testimony about a specific third case was harmless.\nAm Jur 2d, Appeal and Error \u00a7\u00a7 778, 800.\n5. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7 2211 (NCI4th)\u2014 DNA testing-inconclusive results \u2014testimony not improper\nA DNA expert was not improperly permitted to give unsupported testimony that the upper bands of the fourth probe were a match where he did not testify that streaking indicated there was a match among the upper bands of the fourth probe but merely explained to the jury why streaks appeared on the x-ray, and he specifically testified that the upper bands were inconclusive.\nAm Jur 2d, Expert and Opinion Testimony \u00a7\u00a7 33, 34, 36.\n6. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7 2176 (NCI4th)\u2014 standard for scientific evidence \u2014opinion excluded\nThe trial court did not err in sustaining the State\u2019s objection to a question asking the State\u2019s DNA expert his opinion concerning the exactness required of a scientific test used to deprive someone of his liberty since the N.C. Supreme Court has already adopted a standard to determine when a scientific test may be used to deprive a defendant of his liberty.\nAm Jur 2d, Expert and Opinion Testimony \u00a7 136.\n7. Rape and Allied Offenses \u00a7 5 (NCI3d)\u2014 second degree rape \u2014 sufficient evidence of slight penetration\nThe State\u2019s evidence of slight penetration was sufficient to withstand defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss a charge of second degree rape where the victim testified that defendant attempted to have sex with her but couldn\u2019t because, in defendant\u2019s words, she was \u201ctoo tight,\" and the examining physician testified that he discovered a bruise around the right upper part of the lips of the vaginal vault in the entrance to the vagina consistent with vaginal penetration.\nAm Jur 2d, Rape \u00a7\u00a7 3, 113; Trial \u00a7\u00a7 901-904.\nAppeal by defendant from judgment entered 25 June 1990 by Judge James R. Strickland in New Hanover County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 10 November 1992.\nDefendant was indicted and convicted of the following crimes: second degree sex offense, second degree rape and first degree burglary. The charges were consolidated for judgment and defendant was sentenced to a thirty-nine year prison term with the North Carolina Department of Correction.\nThe State\u2019s evidence tended to show the following: The victim\u2019s mother lived with her husband and her three children in a town home at Forest By The Sea at Carolina Beach, North Carolina. The victim, the eldest of the three children, lived in a bedroom on the first floor. Her mother lived in a bedroom on the second floor. The victim\u2019s father, a Merchant Marine, was frequently away from the home for extended periods of time.\nThe State\u2019s evidence also tended to show that the victim\u2019s mother knew the defendant for about three years prior to the date of trial and had had a \u201crelationship\u201d with the defendant for about two years. During their relationship the defendant visited the victim\u2019s mother at least once a week in her home. The defendant was familiar with each of the rooms in the home, knew each of the children, and often put the two youngest children to bed. Several times the defendant scaled the back of the town home to reach the balcony outside the victim\u2019s mother\u2019s bedroom. Once there, he would tap on the sliding glass door. The victim\u2019s mother stopped seeing the defendant after the two \u201cstarted having a lot of problems\u201d in October or November 1988.\nThe victim\u2019s mother testified that on 5 April 1989 she left her children at home between 8:30 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. and went to meet some friends at Adams, a local lounge. Once there, she found the defendant talking with her friends inside the lounge. A short while later, the victim\u2019s mother decided to go next door to Harvey\u2019s, a lounge at the Ramada Inn. Before she left, the defendant asked her if one of her friends was her new boyfriend. She replied that he was not, and the defendant \u201csaid something to the effect that you will get yours.\u201d The victim\u2019s mother ignored the defendant and left with her friends.\nAbout an hour after the victim\u2019s mother arrived at Harvey\u2019s she received a phone call from her daughter, the victim. When she answered the call the victim said, \u201cMommy, Chuck [the defendant] was here .... He raped me[.]\u201d The victim\u2019s mother immediately went home. When she arrived at home she noticed that the victim had bruises on her face and neck and that there was a white streak on her cheek. The victim again told her that the defendant had raped her.\nThe victim\u2019s mother also testified that when she left to go to the lounge earlier that evening she had left her bedroom window open and had closed but not locked her bedroom\u2019s sliding glass door. When she arrived back home, the sliding glass door in her bedroom was open and both her bedroom and the victim\u2019s bedroom had been left \u201cupside down[.]\u201d\nThe victim testified that on 5 April 1989 she fell asleep on her bed after watching television. Her bedroom window was open. The victim was asleep on her stomach when she felt someone jump on her back and strike her in the back of the head. Her attacker covered her face, picked her up by her arm, flipped her over onto her back, and told her, \u201cDon\u2019t move or scream or I will kill you and cut you up into pieces.\u201d He also called her by her first name several times. The victim recognized the attacker\u2019s voice, his cologne and the odor of cigarette smoke as that of the defendant. After threatening her and calling her by name the defendant took off the victim\u2019s underpants and climbed onto the bed. The defendant attempted to have sex with the victim but was unable and said, \u201cYou are too tight.\u201d The defendant got mad, hit the victim and \u201casked [her] to play with his thing.\u201d The defendant then told the victim \u201cto put his penis in [her] mouth.\u201d The victim complied, but bit down very hard. The defendant became angry again and began choking the victim. The defendant then said, \u201cIf you move or scream I will cut you up into pieces.\u201d The defendant left the victim\u2019s room and quickly ran up the stairs to her mother\u2019s bedroom. After the attack \u201c[s]perm was all over [the victim\u2019s] face and in [her] mouth, [and] on the side of [her] face.\u201d A short while later, the victim got up, looked at herself in the bathroom mirror and then ran to the kitchen where she picked up a knife and dialed 911. After the police arrived, the victim called her mother and was later taken to the hospital. The victim was fourteen years old at the time of the attack.\nDr. Spicer, an expert in the field of emergency medicine, testified that he examined the victim in the early morning hours of 6 April 1989. During his examination, he found multiple bruises around the victim\u2019s head and neck including linear marks around her neck suggesting that force had been used to control her neck. Dr. Spicer also found a white stain on the right side of her jaw that fluoresced under black light suggesting the presence of sperm. The victim\u2019s teeth were tender, particularly the two upper front teeth. Dr. Spicer also performed a visual pelvic exam on the victim which, revealed a bruise around the right upper part of the lips of the vaginal vault in the entrance to the vagina consistent with vaginal penetration.\nSgt. Still, then a detective with the Carolina Beach Police Department, testified that around 1:30 a.m. on 6 April 1989 he received a call from Det. Hall of the Kure Beach Police Department requesting help with the investigation of a rape case. Det. Hall picked up Sgt. Still and the two men went to the victim\u2019s home. Sgt. Still entered the home, collected various items for evidence including the victim\u2019s bed linens, a pair of female panties which were lying next to the bed on the floor and a stuffed animal which appeared to have stains on it. Sgt. Still attempted to lift fingerprints from various places throughout the home, but was unable to obtain any prints that were not smudged. Sgt. Still and Det. Hall then went to the hospital where Sgt. Still obtained the victim\u2019s nightgown and rape kit which included blood samples. After speaking with the victim, Sgt. Still and Det. Hall obtained an arrest warrant for the defendant and went to Camp Lejeune where they picked him up. Sgt. Still later \u201cobtained a search warrant to obtain a suspect kit\u201d on the defendant. Sgt. Still took the defendant to a hospital and a physician completed \u201ca standard suspect evidence collection kit\u201d which included taking a blood sample. During the physician\u2019s examination of the defendant, he noticed marks on the defendant\u2019s penis. However, because the marks appeared to the physician to be 24 hours old, no pictures were taken. The next day Sgt. Still packaged the evidence that he had collected, including the night gown and blood samples, and took it to the State Bureau of Investigation\u2019s lab in Raleigh.\nPeter Deaver, a Special Agent with the SBI and an expert in the field of forensic serology, testified that he conducted tests on the evidence collected by Sgt. Still. A microscopic examination of the victim\u2019s gown revealed the presence of spermatozoa. Agent Deaver cut the stain out of the night gown and typed it in order to compare it to blood samples. He determined that the defendant, the victim and her attacker were all ABO type A secreters. However, because bodily fluids can become mixed when a penis is inserted into the mouth of another person, Agent Deaver was unable to make a comparison of the semen stain with the defendant\u2019s blood sample. After conducting these tests, Agent Deaver made dried blood stains of the blood of both the victim and the defendant. The stains, together with a cutting from the night gown containing the semen stain, were marked, packaged and sent to the FBI laboratory for further analysis. The remaining evidence was returned to Sgt. Still. The cheek swabs, the bed linens, the pillow case, the stuffed bear, the vaginal smear, the vaginal swab and the saliva swab of the victim all tested negative for the presence of semen.\nAfter a lengthy voir dire hearing the State presented DNA evidence over the defendant\u2019s objection. Dr. Harold Deadman, Jr., a Special Agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and an expert in the field of DNA analysis, testified for the State. Dr. Deadman explained that DNA, a substance present in each cell of a living organism, contains information controlling the characteristics of organisms from their hair color to their personality and intelligence. Dr. Deadman testified that, with the exception of identical twins, DNA is considered to be unique to each individual. Dr. Deadman also testified that the purpose of DNA analysis is to be able to make a meaningful association or establish a link between different individuals or between a person and a physical object. Dr. Deadman explained the procedure for conducting an analysis of DNA and how that procedure was developed and validated. The procedure involves the use of radioactive DNA probes and results in an x-ray film on which \u201cbands\u201d appear.\nDr. Deadman testified that he received two dried blood stains and a cutting from the victim\u2019s night gown from Special Agent Deaver. A DNA analysis was performed on the evidence. During the analysis four probes were conducted which resulted in four x-rays to be used for comparison. According to Dr. Deadman, the first, second and third probes resulted in matches between the stain on the night gown and the defendant. The fourth probe revealed a match among \u201cbottom bands\u201d while the \u201ctop band\u201d was inconclusive. Dr. Deadman testified that he did not find any evidence to exclude the defendant as the victim\u2019s attacker. Dr. Deadman also testified, over the defendant\u2019s objection, that \u201c[t]he four probe result is the basis of a much stronger association than any of the results taken individually.\u201d He elaborated, \u201c[t]aken individually they are each the basis for an association and a meaningful association. When they are taken all together it\u2019s the basis for an extremely strong association.\u201d\nDr. Wesley Kloos and Dr. Mark Nelson also testified as experts on behalf of the State. Dr. Kloos testified that he had reviewed the results of the four probes and agreed that each of the first three probes matched and that the fourth probe\u2019s lower band matched while the upper band was inconclusive. Dr. Kloos also testified that there is \u201c[a] greater significance when there is more than one probe matching.\u201d Dr. Nelson testified that he reviewed the case file on the defendant and that he found the first three probes to be matches while the fourth probe was inconclusive. Dr. Nelson also testified that \u201cevery time you add an extra probe and get an additional match it further strengthens the significance of your analysis.\u201d\nThe defendant, a Marine stationed at Camp Lejeune, testified in his own behalf. He arrived at Adams lounge around 9:30 p.m. on 5 April 1989. While there he agreed to be the third contestant in a \u201choney dip roll of money contest\u201d or a \u201cmoney honey roll contest.\u201d He stayed at Adams until the second contest had been completed and he found out that another contestant had been found for the third contest. Defendant testified that while at Adams he drank approximately seven beers \u201c[b]ecause I was going to be in the contest and I wanted to get my nerve up to get the dollar bills taken from me from the female.\u201d The defendant left Adams about 12:30 or 12:40 a.m. and headed back toward Camp Lejeune. On his way back, the defendant stopped at a Handy Mart where he bought coffee and cigarettes. The defendant then drove to his barracks. The defendant changed clothes, went to the duty hut to see if he had any messages, returned to his barracks and went to bed. The defendant was awakened at approximately 4:00 a.m. by military police who took him to the Provost Marshal\u2019s Office, where he was later arrested.\nThe defendant denied going to the victim\u2019s home on the evening in question and denied having physical contact with the victim. The defendant testified that the reason he had climbed up and down from the balcony during his relationship with the victim\u2019s mother was because the victim\u2019s mother wanted to hide their relationship from the victim. The defendant also testified that his private investigator found out that the cameras at the Handy Mart were non-operational and were there just to make people think they were being filmed. Finally, the defendant explained the marks on his penis as being \u201cburn marks from making love.\u201d\nThe defendant also presented testimony to corroborate his alibi. Debbie Golf testified that she saw the defendant at Adams lounge around 10:30 or 11:00 p.m. right before the second \u201choney dipping contest\u201d and talked to him for about ten or fifteen minutes. Debra Britt testified that she saw the defendant at Adams lounge at about 12:15 or 12:20 a.m. on 6 April 1989. Larry Anderson testified that he was standing duty NCO at Camp Lejeune on the night of 5 April 1989. He saw the defendant come into the duty hut shortly after 2:10 a.m. on 6 April 1989. Finally, Mark Perry, a private investigator, testified to the length of time it would take to drive from Adams to Forest By The Sea and from Forest By the Sea to Camp Lejeune. The cumulative effect of this testimony was to show that the defendant could not have driven from Adams to Forest By The Sea and then to Camp Lejeune in time to be seen by Mr. Anderson at 2:10 a.m.\nThe defendant also presented deposition testimony of Dr. Steven C. Peiper, an expert in the field of molecular biology and pathology with particular expertise with DNA. By deposition, Dr. Peiper testified that based on the FBI\u2019s criteria for a match probes 1, 2 and 3 were matches. Probe 4, however, was not a match and indicated that the DNA specimen from the gown came from someone other than the defendant. Dr. Peiper also testified that he re-analyzed the first three probes himself and determined that only the first two were in fact matches. He testified that this indicated that the defendant was not the source of the genetic material.\nAttorney General Lacy H. Thornburg, by Assistant Attorney General Valerie B. Spalding, for the State.\nNora Henry Hargrove for the defendant-appellant."
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  "file_name": "0401-01",
  "first_page_order": 429,
  "last_page_order": 443
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