{
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  "name": "HARRY W. ANGEL and wife, DONNA G. ANGEL; DAVID McNEILL MELVIN; JOHN E. PALMER and wife, ILENE C. PALMER; JOHN A. HODGIN; JAMES DARYL FLOYD and wife, TAMMY R. FLOYD; DENNIS J. LENAHAN and wife, PAMELA LENAHAN v. JOEY W. TRUITT and wife, CYNTHIA A. TRUITT",
  "name_abbreviation": "Angel v. Truitt",
  "decision_date": "1993-01-19",
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    "judges": [
      "Judges WYNN and WALKER concur.",
      "Judge WALKER concurred in this opinion prior to 8 January 1993."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "HARRY W. ANGEL and wife, DONNA G. ANGEL; DAVID McNEILL MELVIN; JOHN E. PALMER and wife, ILENE C. PALMER; JOHN A. HODGIN; JAMES DARYL FLOYD and wife, TAMMY R. FLOYD; DENNIS J. LENAHAN and wife, PAMELA LENAHAN v. JOEY W. TRUITT and wife, CYNTHIA A. TRUITT"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "GREENE, Judge.\nPlaintiffs appeal from the entry of summary judgment in favor of defendants Joey W. Truitt and Cynthia A. Truitt (the Truitts) in plaintiffs\u2019 action to enforce a restrictive covenant.\nPlaintiffs and the Truitts own property within a subdivision known as the Joseph L. Berry Subdivision. Both plaintiffs and the Truitts acquired their respective properties subject to certain restrictive covenants within their chain of titles. The restrictive covenants were placed in the Truitts\u2019 chain of title in 1981. One of these covenants provides that \u201c[n]o mobile home shall be allowed to remain on the property for over twelve (12) months during house construction.\u201d In February, 1991, Steve Chandler, agent for a development company, was authorized by the Truitts to obtain a building permit from Guilford County to allow a structure to be placed on their property. The building permit issued refers to the structure as a three-bedroom \u201cmodular home.\u201d Upon learning of the Truitts\u2019 plans, plaintiffs hired an attorney, who wrote a letter to the Truitts demanding that they cease efforts to place the structure on their property because it would violate the restrictive covenant against \u201cmobile home[s].\u201d When the Truitts did not respond, plaintiffs sought a temporary restraining order, and ultimately a permanent injunction, to prevent the structure from being placed in the subdivision. The Truitts answered that the structure was not a \u201cmobile home,\u201d and therefore not violative of the restrictive covenant. Both parties moved for summary judgment, and the plaintiffs filed a notice of lis pendens.\nBoth parties offered evidence in support of their motions for summary judgment. Included in the evidence was the affidavit of Joseph L. Berry (Berry), one of the grantors in the deed establishing the restrictive covenants. In the affidavit, Berry states that it was his intention and that of the other grantors \u201cthat the term \u2018mobile home\u2019 include \u2018modular homes\u2019 as well as [the structure at issue].\u201d Other evidence offered reveals that in late February or early March the structure was placed on the Truitts\u2019 lot. The structure is a pre-fabricated dwelling unit containing 1849 square feet, with vinyl siding, an asphalt shingle roof, dry wall interior, and constructed in compliance with the North Carolina Uniform Residential Building Code, adopted pursuant to the State Building Code (see N.C.G.S. \u00a7 143-138 (1990)). The structure was delivered to the Truitts\u2019 lot in three sections, each section being over thirteen feet wide and forty feet long. Each section, or module, has a permanent steel flooring system which is designed to both provide longitudinal support for transport over the public highways and to hold up the air ducts, insulation, water lines, and sewer lines after the structure is affixed to its permanent foundation. Each module was transported from the factory by lifting the module onto a dolly. A removable tongue was extended from the front of each module, which allowed the module and dolly to be pulled by a tractor or truck. The modules could not be attached directly to axles, and could not be transported as constructed without being placed on the dolly. Temporary taillights were attached to each module and all three modules were delivered to the Truitts\u2019 lot. The tongue and taillights were removed and the individual modules were lifted from the dollies by a construction crane. Each module was placed on previously constructed support piers and a brick, load-bearing foundation. In addition to the piers and brick foundation, the on-site construction work consisted of bolting the three modules together, connecting the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems between the three modules and to the outside, installation of the molding and trim work, and finishing and painting the sheetrock where the modules are connected.\nDennis Lee Jones, co-owner of R-Anell Custom Homes, the builder of the structure, testified that the structure on the Truitts\u2019 lot is a \u201cmodular home,\u201d and must be placed on a permanent foundation in order to be used as a dwelling. The affidavits of two professional house movers reveal that if the structure were to be moved, the exact same procedures would be required as are required for moving a site-built house. The trial court granted summary judgment for the Truitts on 20 August 1991, thus permitting the placement of the structure on the property.\nPlaintiffs contend that the structure on the Truitts\u2019 lot is a \u201cmobile home\u201d and therefore violates the restrictive covenant. In the alternative, they argue that the structure is a \u201cmanufactured home,\u201d and therefore, by statute, a \u201cmobile home\u201d within the meaning of the restrictive covenant. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 160A-383.1(f) (1987). The Truitts argue that the structure is neither a \u201cmobile home\u201d nor a \u201cmanufactured home,\u201d and therefore not barred by the restrictive covenant.\nThe dispositive issue is whether the structure falls within the restrictive covenant\u2019s ban against \u201cmobile home[s].\u201d\nIn interpreting ambiguous terms in restrictive covenants, the intentions of the parties at the time the covenants were executed \u201cordinarily control,\u201d and evidence of the situation of the parties and the circumstances surrounding the transaction is admissible to determine intent. Stegall v. Housing Auth., 278 N.C. 95, 100, 178 S.E.2d 824, 828 (1971). \u201cBut it ... is not primarily the intention of the parties which the court is seeking, but the meaning of the words at the time and place when they were used.\u201d 4 Samuel Williston, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts \u00a7 613 (Walter H.E. Jaeger ed., 3d ed. 1961); J.T. Hobby & Son, Inc. v. Family Homes of Wake County, Inc., 302 N.C. 64, 71, 274 S.E.2d 174, 179 (1981) (equivocal words in covenant interpreted \u201caccording to the natural meaning of the words\u201d); 7 George W. Thompson, Commentaries on the Modern Law of Real Property \u00a7 3160 (John S. Grimes ed., 1962 Repl.) [hereinafter Thompson] (\u201clanguage used will be read in its ordinary sense\u201d). Thus, \u201c[n]either the testimony nor the declarations of a party is competent to prove intent.\u201d Stegall, 278 N.C. at 100, 178 S.E.2d at 828. Intent is instead properly discovered from the language of the document itself, the circumstances attending the execution of the document, and the situation of the parties at the time of execution. Smith v. Smith, 249 N.C. 669, 675, 107 S.E.2d 530, 534 (1959). Surrounding circumstances include relevant \u201cstatutes and rules of law\u201d existing at the time of execution of the document, as these give context to the words used by the parties. 3 Arthur L. Corbin, Corbin On Contracts \u00a7 551 (1960); Poole & Kent Corp. v. C.E. Thurston & Sons, Inc., 286 N.C. 121, 129, 209 S.E.2d 450, 455 (1974) (\u201ccontracting parties are presumed to contract in reference to the existing law\u201d); Thompson (parties are presumed to have considered surrounding circumstances); Tull v. Doctors Bldg., Inc., 255 N.C. 23, 40, 120 S.E.2d 817, 829 (1961) (restrictive covenant not affected by subsequently enacted zoning ordinance). Any doubts regarding the intention of the parties must be resolved \u201cin favor of the unrestricted use of the property.\u201d Stegall, 278 N.C. at 100, 178 S.E.2d at 828.\nThe restrictive covenant in question was executed in December, 1981, and prohibits the placement of a \u201cmobile home\u201d on the property, except while a house is being constructed on the property and then for a period of time not to exceed twelve months. Because \u201cmobile home\u201d is not a clearly defined term, it is necessary to determine the intentions of the parties as of 30 December 1981, the day of the execution of the covenants. In this record the only evidence offered which directly bears on intent was the affidavit of Berry that it was his intention as a party to the covenant to interpret \u201cmobile home\u201d as including structures of the type in question. The Truitts objected to the admission of this evidence and we agree. As earlier noted, a declaration of a party to an agreement is not competent evidence to prove intent. Stegall, 278 N.C. at 100, 178 S.E.2d at 828. Furthermore, the record is devoid of any evidence of the circumstances surrounding the execution of the agreement or any evidence regarding the situation of the parties at the time of the execution of the document. The fact that the structure may have been constructed on or about January, 1991 in compliance with provisions enacted under the State Building Code is not relevant. Starr v. Thompson, 96 N.C. App. 369, 371, 385 S.E.2d 535, 536 (1989) (statutes and ordinances in effect at time of trial are \u201cirrelevant\u201d). Likewise, the declaration by the Legislature in 1987 that any \u201cmanufactured home\u201d as defined in N.C.G.S. \u00a7 143-145(7) shall be a \u201cmobile home,\u201d is not material to the issue of the parties\u2019 intent in 1981. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 160A-383.1(f) (1987).\nIn the absence of any evidence of intent regarding the meaning of \u201cmobile home,\u201d courts must interpret the term consistent with its \u201cnatural meaning.\u201d J.T. Hobby & Son, Inc., 302 N.C. at 71, 274 S.E.2d at 179. That is, the term will be assigned its customary definition as it existed in 1981. A dictionary with the copyright date on or about 1981 is an appropriate place to ascertain the then customary definitions of words and terms. See State v. Martin, 7 N.C. App. 532, 533, 173 S.E. 2d 47, 48 (1970). The 1982 edition of The American Heritage Dictionary defines \u201cmobile home\u201d as \u201c[a] house trailer that is used as a permanent home and is usually hooked up to utilities.\u201d American Heritage Dictionary 805 (2d ed. 1982). Trailer is defined in the same dictionary as \u201c[a] large transport vehicle designed to be hauled by a truck or tractor.\u201d Id. at 1285. Using these accepted definitions, the evidence, which is not disputed, supports summary judgment for the Truitts. Rose v. Guilford County, 60 N.C. App. 170, 172, 298 S.E.2d 200, 202 (1982) (summary judgment appropriate if no genuine issue of material fact and moving party entitled to judgment as a matter of law). The structure placed on the Truitts\u2019 lot is not designed for transport. The modules are not constructed with a permanent chassis nor do they have the same capacity to travel on the public roads on their own attached wheels as do mobile homes. In order to transport the modules they must be lifted by crane onto a dolly. The modules themselves have no axles to which wheels could be attached and could not travel without the dolly. Once lifted off the dolly by crane and placed on a permanent foundation, they can be moved only in the manner in which site-built homes are moved. The affidavits of professional house movers reveal that in order to move the structure the modules are not separated and placed back on the dolly, but are moved as one unit in exactly the same manner that a house built on-site is moved. Therefore, the structure at issue is not a \u201cmobile home\u201d within the meaning of the restrictive covenant.\nAccordingly, the summary judgment is\nAffirmed.\nJudges WYNN and WALKER concur.\nJudge WALKER concurred in this opinion prior to 8 January 1993.\n. Because N.C.G.S. \u00a7 160A-383.1(f) is not relevant, we need not determine whether the structure in question is a \u201cmanufactured home.\u201d\n. A similar meaning may be found in American Jurisprudence 2d, which defines mobile home as \u201ca movable or portable dwelling built on a chassis, connected to utilities, designed without a permanent foundation, and intended for year-round living . . . .\u201d 54 Am. Jur. 2d, Mobile Homes,. Trailer Parks, and Tourist Camps \u00a7 1 (1971).",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "GREENE, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Coggin, Hoyle, Blackwood & Brannan, by W. Scott Brannan, for plaintiff-appellants.",
      "Wilson & Evans, by Ralph A. Evans, for defendant-appellees."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "HARRY W. ANGEL and wife, DONNA G. ANGEL; DAVID McNEILL MELVIN; JOHN E. PALMER and wife, ILENE C. PALMER; JOHN A. HODGIN; JAMES DARYL FLOYD and wife, TAMMY R. FLOYD; DENNIS J. LENAHAN and wife, PAMELA LENAHAN v. JOEY W. TRUITT and wife, CYNTHIA A. TRUITT\nNo. 9118SC1169\n(Filed 19 January 1993)\nDeeds \u00a7 74 (NCI4th)\u2014 restrictive covenants \u2014 modular home not mobile home\nA structure placed by defendants on their land did not fall within their restrictive covenant\u2019s ban against mobile homes, since the structure was a \u201cmodular home,\u201d constructed in three pieces at a factory; the three units had no axles and did not have the capacity to travel on the public roads on their own attached wheels like mobile homes; the units had to be lifted by crane onto a dolly; and once lifted off the dolly by crane and placed on a permanent foundation, the structure could only be moved in the manner in which site-built homes are built.\nAm Jur 2d, Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions \u00a7 213.\nAppeal by plaintiffs from judgment entered 20 August 1991 in Guilford County Superior Court by Judge James M. Webb. Heard in the Court of Appeals 23 October 1992.\nCoggin, Hoyle, Blackwood & Brannan, by W. Scott Brannan, for plaintiff-appellants.\nWilson & Evans, by Ralph A. Evans, for defendant-appellees."
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  "file_name": "0679-01",
  "first_page_order": 707,
  "last_page_order": 712
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