{ "id": 8524488, "name": "MILNER AIRCO, INC. OF CHARLOTTE, NC v. KENNETH W. MORRIS, MACK S. LOVE and WOODS HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING, INC.", "name_abbreviation": "Milner Airco, Inc. v. Morris", "decision_date": "1993-09-07", "docket_number": "No. 9226SC538", "first_page": "866", "last_page": "870", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "111 N.C. App. 866" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "51 ALR3d 825", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "50 F.2d 830", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1825002 ], "year": 1931, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/50/0830-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 S.E.2d 178", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "quoting SuperMaid Cook-Ware Corporation v. Hamil, 50 F.2d 830 (1931)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "280 N.C. 305", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8571826, 8571787, 8571750 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "quoting SuperMaid Cook-Ware Corporation v. Hamil, 50 F.2d 830 (1931)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/280/0305-03", "/nc/280/0305-02", "/nc/280/0305-01" ] }, { "cite": "185 S.E.2d 278", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "13 N.C. App. 71", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8550180 ], "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/13/0071-01" ] }, { "cite": "134 S.E.2d 166", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "261 N.C. 166", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8572450 ], "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/261/0166-01" ] }, { "cite": "211 S.E.2d 802", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1975, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "286 N.C. 421", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8568610, 8568660 ], "year": 1975, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/286/0421-01", "/nc/286/0421-02" ] }, { "cite": "210 S.E.2d 427", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "429" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "24 N.C. App. 271", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8550147 ], "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "273" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/24/0271-01" ] }, { "cite": "393 S.E.2d 854", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "856" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "327 N.C. 224", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2498801 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/327/0224-01" ] }, { "cite": "218 S.E.2d 348", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "288 N.C. 368", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8568488 ], "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/288/0368-01" ] }, { "cite": "239 S.E.2d 566", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "574" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "293 N.C. 688", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8566967 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "701" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/293/0688-01" ] }, { "cite": "449 U.S. 807", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11718918, 11719144, 11718961, 11719057, 11719096, 11719002, 11718878 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/449/0807-02", "/us/449/0807-07", "/us/449/0807-03", "/us/449/0807-05", "/us/449/0807-06", "/us/449/0807-04", "/us/449/0807-01" ] }, { "cite": "261 S.E.2d 908", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "913" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "299 N.C. 351", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8575088 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "357" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/299/0351-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 S.E.2d 754", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "760" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "308 N.C. 393", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4706622 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "402-03" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/308/0393-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 603, "char_count": 10700, "ocr_confidence": 0.735, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.0734186921585608e-07, "percentile": 0.7580741193791607 }, "sha256": "f9a6ae2ce4bac815f6a0bbf692917b374341081937352dc938e21dea945a8c1a", "simhash": "1:c3ddc5aaf7b290e0", "word_count": 1718 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:07:55.768244+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judge JOHNSON concurs.", "Judge McCRODDEN concurs in the result." ], "parties": [ "MILNER AIRCO, INC. OF CHARLOTTE, NC v. KENNETH W. MORRIS, MACK S. LOVE and WOODS HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING, INC." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "ORR, Judge.\nPlaintiff Milner-Airco initiated this action against two former employees, defendants Kenneth W. Morris and Mack S. Love, and their current employer, Woods Heating and Air Conditioning, Inc., alleging breach of contract and interference with contract. In his complaint, the plaintiff also sought a temporary and permanent injunction against the defendants, asking the court to enforce the covenant not-to compete provisions of their employment contracts. The trial court granted the temporary injunction on 17 March 1992. All defendants gave notice of appeal.\nDefendants Love and Morris were first employed by plaintiff during the 1980\u2019s, as an installer helper and installer, respectively. On 21 January 1990, Milner executed an employment contract with Morris. According to the affidavit of Mr. Morris, no specific compensation or promotion was discussed at the time of signing. In April 1990, after an extended lay-off, defendant Love was rehired by Milner as a field supervisor. On or about 1 May 1991, Milner required Love to sign a similar employment contract. According to Love\u2019s affidavit, he was required to sign the document even though he had actually just received a demotion. The agreements prohibited defendants from contacting competitors or customers or competing with Milner in \u201c... selling, offering for sale or promoting the sales of any product, goods or services [including system design] which is the same as or competes with Milner Aireo\u201d from the date of his voluntary or involuntary termination with Milner Aireo for a two-year period \u201cwithin a fifty mile radius of the intersection of Trade and Tryon Streets in Charlotte.\u201d\nIn October 1991, defendants Love and Morris resigned their positions with Milner and went to work for defendant Woods, who had begun a heating and air conditioning business. Shortly thereafter, the evidence indicates that the defendants began calling on customers of Milner.\nFollowing a hearing upon application for the preliminary injunction on 17 March 1992, the trial judge granted the injunction. In his conclusions of law, the judge stated in relevant part:\n1. That the Employment Contract with non-compete clauses executed by Kenneth Morris and Mack S. Love are enforceable in that they are in writing, reasonable as to the terms, time and territory, based on valuable consideration and not against public policy and are a part of the employment contracts; and,\n2. The Court concludes that Plaintiff, in all likelihood will be able to obtain success on the merits of its case and Plaintiff is likely to sustain irreparable loss unless the injunction is issued and/or, in the opinion and discretion of this court, issuance is necessary for the protection of plaintiff\u2019s rights during the course of litigation.\nThe trial court then enjoined the defendants from any activity that conflicted with the terms of the employment agreements until final determination of the issues at trial.\nIn reviewing the denial and/or granting of a preliminary injunction, we are not bound by the trial court\u2019s findings, but may review and weigh the evidence and facts for ourselves. A.E.P. Industries, Inc. v. McClure, 308 N.C. 393, 302 S.E.2d 754 (1983). The purpose of a preliminary injunction is to preserve the status quo of the parties pending trial on the merits. State v. School, 299 N.C. 351, 357, 261 S.E.2d 908, 913, appeal dismissed, 449 U.S. 807 (1980).\nA preliminary injunction is an extraordinary measure, to be issued by the court, in the exercise of its sound discretion, only when plaintiff satisfies a two pronged test: (1) that plaintiff is able to show the likelihood of success on the merits and (2) that plaintiff is likely to sustain irreparable loss unless the injunction is issued, or if, in the court\u2019s opinion issuance is necessary for the protection of a plaintiff\u2019s rights during the course of litigation.\nInvestors, Inc. v. Berry, 293 N.C. 688, 701, 239 S.E.2d 566, 574 (1977).\nA trial court\u2019s ruling on a party\u2019s motion for a preliminary injunction is an interlocutory order. Pruitt v. Williams, 288 N.C. 368, 218 S.E.2d 348 (1975). As a general rule, no appeal lies from an interlocutory order unless the order deprives appellant of a substantial right which might be lost absent review before final judgment. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 l-277(a) (1983) and 7A-27(d)(l) (1989).\nIn this case, plaintiff seeks to enforce the covenants not to compete which, if found valid, would prevent defendants from working on current projects. The record indicates that the defendants will do gross business of \u201cnot less than $1,000,000.00 this year.\u201d Since the inability to do business, particularly given the seasonal nature of air-conditioning installation, doubtless involves a substantial right, the threshold question we decide is whether plaintiff has shown a likelihood that the covenant will be upheld. Triangle Leasing Co. v. McMahon, 327 N.C. 224, 393 S.E.2d 854 (1990).\nThis Court has held that the employment agreement itself must be valid and enforceable in order for the employer to be able to show the requisite likelihood of success on the merits. Triangle Leasing Co. at 228, 393 S.E.2d at 856. \u201cTo be enforceable, a covenant not to compete must be (1) in writing, (2) entered into at the time and as part of the contract of employment, (3) based upon reasonable consideration, (4) reasonable both as to time and territory, and (5) not against public policy.\u201d A.E.P. Industries, Inc., 308 N.C. at 402-03, 302 S.E.2d at 760 (1983). It is well established in North Carolina that \u201cthe promise of new employment is valuable consideration and will support an otherwise valid covenant not to compete contained in the initial employment contract.\u201d Wilmar, Inc. v. Corsillo, 24 N.C. App. 271, 273, 210 S.E.2d 427, 429 (1974), cert. denied, 286 N.C. 421, 211 S.E.2d 802 (1975) (citations omitted). However, if an employment relationship already exists without a covenant not to compete, any such future covenant must be based upon new consideration. Greene Co. v. Kelley, 261 N.C. 166, 134 S.E.2d 166 (1964).\nThe evidence shows that Morris was employed in plaintiff\u2019s engineering department when he signed the employment agreement and that he \u201cexecuted the \u00e9mployment agreement in order to become an account manager when the economy improved.\u201d Morris\u2019s affidavit shows that he signed the employment contract on 21 January 1990, and that he became account manager on 1 April 1991, almost fifteen months later. Plaintiff argues that the potential to become an account manager served as the supporting consideration for the contract. Defendant Love signed the agreement on 1 May 1991. However, the evidence indicates that Love had recently been given a demotion, and that he was told that he would sign the document or leave. The affidavit of William Milner states that these documents were distributed to all account managers or potential account managers in January 1990, and that he\nexplained that we were doing this to make their jobs more secure, since they dealt with our customers on a daily basis and a loss of these customers would diminish our need for account managers. We explained that we were going to be doing a lot of training in sales and communication skills and did not want to be training future competitors.\nThe contract itself, while reciting consideration, actually does not bind the employer to any promise. While in a new employment relationship the promise of employment constitutes sufficient consideration, in the case at bar, Milner made no new promise that he was required to keep in return for the promise not to compete. Milner distributed this document to all current account managers as part of a staff meeting in 1990. The primary purpose for the execution of the contract was to prevent future competition from former employees. Unless and until \u201cthe economy improved\u201d, no promotions were anticipated or promised. The purported consideration was illusory at best.\nWithout guaranteeing to the defendants one day\u2019s work, without the obligation of the appellant to employ them or pay them anything,. . . the appellees are induced to sign a paper which, while it has the general appearance of a contract, but keeps the promise to the ear while it breaks it to the hope. Such a contract, wanting in mutuality, presenting no equitable considerations, a court of equity will not enforce.\nWilmar v. Liles, 13 N.C. App. 71, 185 S.E.2d 278 (1971), cert. denied, 280 N.C. 305, 186 S.E.2d 178 (1972) (quoting SuperMaid Cook-Ware Corporation v. Hamil, 50 F.2d 830 (1931)).\nWe therefore disagree with the trial court that the plaintiff has shown a likelihood of success on the merits, and order that the preliminary injunction be dissolved.\nReversed.\nJudge JOHNSON concurs.\nJudge McCRODDEN concurs in the result.", "type": "majority", "author": "ORR, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Louis A. Bledsoe, Jr. for plaintiff-appellee.", "W. Faison Barnes for defendant-appellants." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "MILNER AIRCO, INC. OF CHARLOTTE, NC v. KENNETH W. MORRIS, MACK S. LOVE and WOODS HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING, INC.\nNo. 9226SC538\n(Filed 7 September 1993)\nLabor and Employment \u00a7 84 (NCI4th)\u2014 covenants not to compete \u2014 absence of consideration \u2014preliminary injunction improper\nCovenants not to compete signed by two employees of plaintiff heating and air conditioning company were not supported by consideration where the covenants were distributed to all of plaintiff\u2019s account managers or potential account managers with an explanation that this was done to make their jobs more secure by preventing a loss of customers; no promotions were anticipated or promised unless and until \u201cthe economy improved\u201d; one employee signed the agreement in order to become an account manager when the economy improved; the second employee signed the agreement shortly after a demotion and after being told that he would sign the document or leave; and plaintiff employer made no promise that it was required to keep in return for the promise not to compete. Therefore, the trial court erred in entering a preliminary injunction enforcing the covenants not to compete.\nAm Jur 2d, Monopolies, Restraint of Trade, and Unfair Trade Practices \u00a7\u00a7 513, 550.\nSufficiency of consideration for employee\u2019s covenant not to compete, entered into after inception of employment. 51 ALR3d 825.\nAppeal by defendants from order entered 17 March 1992 by Judge Robert P. Johnston in Mecklenburg County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 27 April 1993.\nDefendants seek reversal of the trial court\u2019s order and dissolution of the injunction. Defendants contend on appeal that the trial court erred in granting the preliminary injunction enforcing the covenants not to compete. We agree and therefore order that the injunction be dissolved.\nLouis A. Bledsoe, Jr. for plaintiff-appellee.\nW. Faison Barnes for defendant-appellants." }, "file_name": "0866-01", "first_page_order": 896, "last_page_order": 900 }