{ "id": 8527857, "name": "NATIONWIDE MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY v. IRVIN L. NUNN, GERALDINE NUNN, HALLIE W. NUNN, and VALI L. McKNIGHT v. JIM CRISP d/b/a JIM CRISP INSURANCE AGENCY", "name_abbreviation": "Nationwide Mutual Fire Insurance v. Nunn", "decision_date": "1994-05-03", "docket_number": "No. 9315SC831", "first_page": "604", "last_page": "609", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "114 N.C. App. 604" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "67 ALR4th 976", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 4th", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "96 ALR3d 891", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "48 ALR3d 1096", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "144 S.E.2d 817", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1965, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "265 N.C. 634", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8576581 ], "year": 1965, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/265/0634-01" ] }, { "cite": "428 S.E.2d 184", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "333 N.C. 463", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2548707, 2547831, 2550268, 2547197, 2544383 ], "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/333/0463-03", "/nc/333/0463-04", "/nc/333/0463-05", "/nc/333/0463-02", "/nc/333/0463-01" ] }, { "cite": "423 S.E.2d 90", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "91" }, { "page": "156" }, { "page": "92" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 N.C. App. 152", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8523080 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/108/0152-01" ] }, { "cite": "270 So.2d 859", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "So. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9805120 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "863" }, { "page": "864" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/so2d/270/0859-01" ] }, { "cite": "633 S.W.2d 752", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 9953828 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "753" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/633/0752-01" ] }, { "cite": "350 S.E.2d 66", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "68" }, { "page": "73" }, { "page": "73-4" }, { "page": "73" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "318 N.C. 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4732740 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "547" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/318/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "172 S.E.2d 518", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "276 N.C. 348", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561396 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/276/0348-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 632, "char_count": 12201, "ocr_confidence": 0.715, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.275396448686233e-07, "percentile": 0.9158690332911301 }, "sha256": "2664e83094678e3c88067b154b298867a51709e4b59838297d8fb6740bf4dcae", "simhash": "1:c95f474ae681f1b0", "word_count": 2010 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:01:59.295429+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges EAGLES and LEWIS concur." ], "parties": [ "NATIONWIDE MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY v. IRVIN L. NUNN, GERALDINE NUNN, HALLIE W. NUNN, and VALI L. McKNIGHT v. JIM CRISP d/b/a JIM CRISP INSURANCE AGENCY" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "WYNN, Judge.\nThis case presents the question of whether the business exclusion provision in their homeowners insurance policy prevents appellants from recovering for liability incurred while operating a business on their insured premises.\nIn the fall of 1986, defendants-appellants Geraldine Nunn, her husband, Irvin L. Nunn, and his mother, Hallie W. Nunn, moved to an estate known as Windy Oaks Farm, in Chatham County, North Carolina. They purchased homeowners insurance for the house from plaintiff Nationwide Mutual Fire Insurance Company. In May of 1987, while living in part of the house, the Nunns began operating a bed and breakfast establishment, the Windy Oaks Inn, in another wing of the house. They also began hosting receptions and dinners there. They have continuously operated the Windy Oaks Inn as a bed and breakfast establishment and reception site since 1987.\nOn 6 May 1990, the Nunns hosted a wedding reception at the Windy Oaks Inn. Although the reception ended at 7:00 p.m., approximately ten people remained and requested permission to stay on the premises longer. Geraldine Nunn gave them permission to stay. At approximately 10:00 p.m., she asked these remaining guests to leave. One of these guests, Vali McKnight, was bitten by a dog as she left the premises. Geraldine Nunn testified that she had' been temporarily keeping the dog, which belonged to her brother. Nunn, a registered nurse, immediately tended to Ms. McKnight. She then obtained further medical assistance for Ms. McKnight and permitted the other guests, who were too inebriated to drive, to stay on the premises for the night. McKnight sued the Nunns for injuries sustained from the dog bite. On 27 August 1992, plaintiff Nationwide initiated this action seeking declaratory judgment that, due to a business use exclusion provision in the Nunns\u2019 homeowners policy, Nationwide has no obligation to defend the suit and no liability for any judgment rendered in it.\nThe insurance policy provides general coverage for liability arising from accidents occurring on the premises. However, the policy contains the following exclusion provision for liability arising out of or in connection with a business engaged in by the Nunns:\nCoverage E \u2014 Personal Liability and Coverage F \u2014 Medical Payments to Others do not apply to bodily injury or property damage:\nb. (1) arising out of or in connection with a business engaged in by an insured. This exclusion applies but is not limited to an act or omission, regardless of its nature or circumstance, involving a service or duty rendered, promised, owed, or implied to be provided because of the nature of the business.\nWe initially consider whether the Nunns were engaged in a business. The insurance policy sets out the following definition: \u201c \u2018Business\u2019 includes trade, profession or occupation.\u201d The facts indicate that the Nunns had regularly rented out rooms and held banquets and receptions on the premises for some two years before the dog bite incident. Geraldine Nunn testified that they held ten receptions there in 1989 and twelve in 1990. The 6 May 1990 reception itself was a commercial event. The Nunns did not personally know the reception participants, and they were financially compensated for providing the site, food, and service. We conclude that, under the terms of the policy, giving receptions was a business engaged in by the Nunns.\nThe next question is whether McKnight\u2019s injuries \u201carose out of\u201d or were \u201cin connection with\u201d this business. The meaning of specific language used in an insurance policy is a question of law for the court. Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 276 N.C. 348, 172 S.E.2d 518 (1970). We first address the phrase \u201carising out of.\u201d Our Supreme Court interpreted this phrase in State Capital Ins. Co. v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 318 N.C. 534, 350 S.E.2d 66 (1986). In that case, defendant Anderson was standing talking to some fellow deer hunters when he saw a deer. He ran to his truck and reached behind the seat to get a rifle he had stored there. As he touched the stock of the rifle, it fired, and a bullet struck his companion, McKinnon. A claim was made under Anderson\u2019s homeowners liability policy, which excluded coverage for injury \u201carising out of the ownership, maintenance, use, loading or unloading\u201d of a motor vehicle. Id. at 537, 350 S.E.2d at 68. The Court relied on the two following legal principles. First, ambiguous terms of an exclusion provision are to be construed against the insurer. Id. at 547, 350 S.E.2d at 73; Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. v. Westchester Fire Insurance Co., 276 N.C. 348, 172 S.E.2d 518 (1970). The Court found that the phrase \u201carising out of\u201d is ambiguous. State Capital, 318 N.C. at 547, 350 S.E.2d at 73-4. Second, coverage will not be denied where there is more than one cause of an injury and only one of the causes is excluded. That is, in order to exclude coverage under the policy, \u201cthe sources of liability which are excluded from homeowners policy coverage must be the sole cause of the injury.\u201d Id. at 546, 350 S.E.2d at 73. In State Capital, this principle meant that coverage would not be excluded if there was a proximate cause of the injury that did not \u201carise out of\u201d the use or unloading of the automobile. Because the Court found that the injuries could have arisen out of Anderson\u2019s mishandling of the rifle, it concluded that coverage should not be denied under the exclusion provision.\nHere, although McKnight\u2019s claim may have arisen out of the Nunns\u2019 business operation, the injury could also have arisen out of negligent supervision of the dog, which has not been linked in any way to the business. Because this additional proximate cause exists, coverage is not excluded under the \u201carising out of\u201d clause.\nNext, we look at the phrase \u201cin connection with.\u201d This phrase has been held to have a much broader meaning than \u201carising out of.\u201d See, e.g., Cameron Mut. Ins. Co. v. Skidmore, 633 S.W.2d 752 (Mo. App. 1982). In Skidmore, the insured burned some old fertilizer sacks on his farm and the fire spread to a neighbor\u2019s adjoining property, damaging a building and fixtures. The insured\u2019s personal liability policy contained an exclusion for \u201cany act or omission in connection with premises, other than as defined, which are owned, rented or controlled by an insured.\u201d Id. at 753. The court excluded coverage, reasoning:\nIn the manner that the words are ordinarily used [the insured\u2019s] acts were \u201cin connection with\u201d the farm. [The insured] was there to check the crop because of his ownership interest in the farm. The sacks were brought to the property and emptied there because their contents were used on the farm. They were burned on the farm.\nId.\nIn Jackson v. Lajaunie, 270 So.2d 859 (La. 1972), a gas station operator fired a pistol at a customer as a prank, mistakenly believing the gun to be loaded with blanks. He was sued under the personal liability section of his homeowners policy, which contained a provision that coverage did not apply \u201cto any act or omission in connection with the premises, other than [the home] which are owned, rented or controlled by [the station operator].\u201d Id. at 863. The court denied coverage, holding that the act was \u201cin connection with\u201d the station because it happened at the station and the parties and the gun were present because of the station. The court held, \u201cThis tragic prank was linked to the station, associated with the station, related to the station and, in the absence of a new and restrictive definition of an old and well understood word, connected with the station.\u201d Id. at 864.\nThe only North Carolina case interpreting \u201cin connection with\u201d is Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Prevatte, 108 N.C. App. 152, 423 S.E.2d 90 (1992), disc. rev. denied, 333 N.C. 463, 428 S.E.2d 184 (1993). There, the insurance policy defined the insured location as \u201cany premises used by you in connection with [the residence premises] or [the part of the premises used by you as a resident.]\u201d Id. at 156, 423 S.E.2d at 91. We held that property was used \u201cin connection with\u201d the residence property where the insureds had walked and ridden their all-terrain vehicle over it, ending each walk or ride on the residence property.\nThe \u201cin connection with\u201d provision in Prevatte was found to be plain and unambiguous. Id. at 156, 423 S.E.2d at 92. Similarly, in interpreting \u201cin connection with\u201d here, we find that the phrase is unambiguous. Where language is plain and unambiguous, we will enforce a contract according to its terms. Walsh v. United Ins. Co. of America, 265 N.C. 634, 144 S.E.2d 817 (1965).\nAs noted in the discussion of \u201carising out of,\u201d coverage will not be excluded if the excluded cause is but one of several proximate causes of injury. Thus, we must inquire whether there was a proximate cause of the injury that was not \u201cin connection with\u201d the business. Although the reception for which McKnight had originally entered the premises ended several hours before the dog bite incident, she cannot be considered a mere private guest of the Nunns, as they suggest. Rather, McKnight\u2019s presence on their premises was linked, associated with, and connected to the reception provided in the course of the Nunns\u2019 business. Indeed, but for the reception, McKnight would not have been on the premises and the tort claim would not have arisen. We conclude that, given the broad definition of \u201cin connection with,\u201d all of the possible proximate causes of McKnight\u2019s injury were in connection with the Nunns\u2019 business because McKnight\u2019s very presence on the premises was in connection with the business.\nThis case illustrates the purpose of business use exclusions in homeowners insurance policies. When homeowners change the use of their premises from residential to commercial, they incur a significant increase in the risk of tort claims due to the increased public traffic on the premises. The insurer which issued their homeowners policy should not be expected to underwrite those additional risks without additional consideration. Nor should the company\u2019s other premium payers be expected to shoulder the added burden. Rather, the insured should seek an appropriate type of coverage. When the Nunns began operating a commercial establishment, it was their responsibility to purchase adequate insurance for it. We decline to charge their failure to do so to an insurer which specifically contracted to limit its liability.\nAffirmed.\nJudges EAGLES and LEWIS concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "WYNN, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Morgan & Reeves, by Robert B. Morgan and Margaret Morgan, for plaintiff-appellee.", "J. Kirk Osborn for defendants-appellants." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "NATIONWIDE MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY v. IRVIN L. NUNN, GERALDINE NUNN, HALLIE W. NUNN, and VALI L. McKNIGHT v. JIM CRISP d/b/a JIM CRISP INSURANCE AGENCY\nNo. 9315SC831\n(Filed 3 May 1994)\nInsurance \u00a7 724 (NCI4th|\u2014 homeowners insurance \u2014business exclusion provision applicable \u2014patron bitten by dog \u2014injury in connection with business\nThe business exclusion provision in defendants\u2019 homeowners insurance policy prevented them from recovering for liability incurred while operating a business on their insured premises, since defendants who operated a bed and breakfast and held banquets and receptions on their farm were engaged in a business; a patron\u2019s injuries suffered when she was bitten by a dog while attending a wedding reception at the premises did not \u201carise out of\u201d the business operation, as the injuries could have arisen out of negligent supervision of the dog, an act which was in no way linked to the business; but the injuries did occur in connection with the business, as the injured party\u2019s very presence on the premises was in connection with the business.\nAm Jur 2d, Insurance \u00a7\u00a7 475 et seq.\nConstruction and application of \u201cbusiness pursuits\u201d exclusion provision in general liability policy. 48 ALR3d 1096.\nPersonal injuries inflicted by animal as within homeowner\u2019s or personal liability policy. 96 ALR3d 891.\nLiability of owner or operator of business premises for injury to patron by dog or cat. 67 ALR4th 976.\nAppeal by defendants from summary judgment entered 4 May 1993 by Judge Knox Jenkins in Chatham County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 19 April 1994.\nMorgan & Reeves, by Robert B. Morgan and Margaret Morgan, for plaintiff-appellee.\nJ. Kirk Osborn for defendants-appellants." }, "file_name": "0604-01", "first_page_order": 632, "last_page_order": 637 }