{ "id": 8523615, "name": "CYDNEE C. SIMS, Plaintiff v. DAN GERNANDT, DAN GERNANDT d/b/a DAN'S FOREIGN CAR REPAIR, Defendant", "name_abbreviation": "Sims v. Gernandt", "decision_date": "1994-09-06", "docket_number": "No. 9314DC892", "first_page": "299", "last_page": "305", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "116 N.C. App. 299" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "124 S.E.2d 130", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "133", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "256 N.C. 468", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8573395 ], "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "472", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/256/0468-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 S.E.2d 826", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "828-29" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "62 N.C. App. 282", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8521829 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "285" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/62/0282-01" ] }, { "cite": "232 S.E.2d 203", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "291 N.C. 710", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559073, 8559043, 8559083, 8559054, 8559098 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/291/0710-03", "/nc/291/0710-01", "/nc/291/0710-04", "/nc/291/0710-02", "/nc/291/0710-05" ] }, { "cite": "229 S.E.2d 703", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "705" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "31 N.C. App. 507", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8550451 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/31/0507-01" ] }, { "cite": "128 S.E.2d 128", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "131" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "258 N.C. 99", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559650 ], "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "103" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/258/0099-01" ] }, { "cite": "248 S.E.2d 735", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "295 N.C. 557", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8566196, 8566165, 8566230 ], "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/295/0557-02", "/nc/295/0557-01", "/nc/295/0557-03" ] }, { "cite": "244 S.E.2d 207", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "208" }, { "page": "208" }, { "page": "207" }, { "page": "208" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "36 N.C. App. 380", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8553794 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "381" }, { "page": "381" }, { "page": "381" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/36/0380-01" ] }, { "cite": "258 S.E.2d 77", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "79" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "43 N.C. App. 27", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8549586 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "30" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/43/0027-01" ] }, { "cite": "376 S.E.2d 425", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "427" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "324 N.C. 63", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2488503 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "66" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/324/0063-01" ] }, { "cite": "293 S.E.2d 405", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "409" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "306 N.C. 435", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8571111 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "440" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/306/0435-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1-52", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(16)" }, { "page": "(16)" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "63 S.E. 675", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1909, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "676", "parenthetical": "\"[T]he release shall be construed from the standpoint which the parties occupied at the time of its execution, and confined to the intention of the parties at the time of such execution.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "150 N.C. 153", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11270116 ], "year": 1909, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "155", "parenthetical": "\"[T]he release shall be construed from the standpoint which the parties occupied at the time of its execution, and confined to the intention of the parties at the time of such execution.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/150/0153-01" ] }, { "cite": "364 S.E.2d 672", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "quoting 76 C.J.S. Release \u00a7 53 (1952)" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "321 N.C. 481", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2566267, 2567571, 2572357 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "quoting 76 C.J.S. Release \u00a7 53 (1952)" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/321/0481-01", "/nc/321/0481-03", "/nc/321/0481-02" ] }, { "cite": "362 S.E.2d 277", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "279" }, { "page": "278" }, { "page": "283" }, { "page": "279" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "321 N.C. 279", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2571953 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "282" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/321/0279-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 687, "char_count": 13490, "ocr_confidence": 0.755, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.770845263994211e-08, "percentile": 0.41043222983270455 }, "sha256": "92639599e93a0b94f40e5a12f021da7b2ca1c790147ea7995569722f207ee695", "simhash": "1:83b0499f5535fe42", "word_count": 2230 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:38:55.005039+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judge EAGLES concurs.", "Judge WYNN dissents." ], "parties": [ "CYDNEE C. SIMS, Plaintiff v. DAN GERNANDT, DAN GERNANDT d/b/a DAN\u2019S FOREIGN CAR REPAIR, Defendant" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "LEWIS, Judge.\nPlaintiff took her car to defendant\u2019s repair shop for repairs. Plaintiff was dissatisfied with defendant\u2019s work because of a stain on the carpet and an odor. After discussions, the parties agreed that defendant would refund the $30.00 fee paid. Defendant then presented plaintiff with a one-sentence release, which plaintiff signed.\nPlaintiff alleges that she later discovered that her gas line had been damaged while her car was being repaired by defendant, and that the damage resulted in the carpet stains and the odor. Plaintiff then brought this action against defendant claiming that he fraudulently concealed the dangerous condition of her car. Plaintiff admits that she did not read the document that defendant gave her to sign, and that she did not know that she was signing a \u201crelease.\u201d The document signed by plaintiff read as follows: \u201cI Cydnee C. Sims [plaintiff\u2019s signature] Agree to relinquish Dan Gernandt of any responsibility WHATSOEVER, OF ANY KIND FOR MY 85 HONDA-ClVIC & HEREBY RECEIVE A REFUND IN FULL OF $30.00 FOR WELDING OF VEHICLE PEDAL.\u201d Plaintiff stated in her affidavit that she believed that she was signing a receipt for the $30.00 refund.\nDefendant moved for summary judgment relying on the alleged release, and after a hearing, the trial court granted defendant\u2019s motion. From that judgment, plaintiff appeals.\nI.\nIn her first assignment of error, plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in granting defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment because the document signed by plaintiff did not release defendant from liability. Plaintiff argues that the language of the document renders it' ineffective as a release. We disagree.\nSummary judgment is proper \u201cif the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\u201d Bernick v. Jurden, 306 N.C. 435, 440, 293 S.E.2d 405, 409 (1982). The moving party meets this burden by \u201cproving that an essential element of the opposing party\u2019s claim is non-existent, or by showing through discovery that the opposing party cannot produce evidence to support an essential element of his claim or cannot surmount an affirmative defense which would bar the claim.\u201d Collingwood v. General Elec. Real Estate Equities, Inc., 324 N.C. 63, 66, 376 S.E.2d 425, 427 (1989). The papers of the moving party are carefully scrutinized while those of the opposing party are regarded with indulgence. Stroup Sheet Metal Works, Inc. v. Heritage, Inc., 43 N.C. App. 27, 30, 258 S.E.2d 77, 79 (1979).\nPlaintiff argues that the wording of the document should render it void. Plaintiff asserts that in applying a literal, dictionary sense, one cannot \u201crelinquish\u201d another \u201cof any responsibility\u201d because one can only relinquish something with which one has a personal connection. Plaintiff argues that contrary to the document, she is not claiming that defendant ever had responsibility for her car. Instead, she contends that defendant is liable for his alleged defective work. In essence, plaintiff argues that \u201cresponsibility\u201d and \u201cliability\u201d do not have the same meaning. Therefore, since the document purports to release defendant from responsibility and not liability, it is not effective as a release. Finally, plaintiff asserts that the document is ambiguous if not nonsensical, and that it should therefore be read against the drafter.\nWe hold that the document, as written, is effective as a release. Read in its ordinary sense, the document clearly informs the reader of the drafter\u2019s intent to be released by the signor of any claims arising out of the welding of the car\u2019s pedal. Therefore, this assignment of error is overruled.\nII.\nPlaintiff next argues that the trial court erred by granting defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment because the release was signed under mutual mistake of fact. We disagree.\nA release from liability may be set aside for mutual mistake of fact. Wyatt v. Imes, 36 N.C. App. 380, 381, 244 S.E.2d 207, 208, disc. review denied, 295 N.C. 557, 248 S.E.2d 735 (1978). The factors to be considered when determining whether a release has been executed under a mutual mistake are the following:\n[A]ll of the circumstances relating to the signing must be taken into consideration, including the sum paid for the release. A factor to be considered in cases of this kind is whether the question of liability was in dispute at the time of the settlement. The source or author of the mistake is of no consequence if the parties in good faith relied on it, or were misled by it, and the re-leasor was thereby induced to release a liability, which he would not otherwise have done.\nCaudill v. Chatham Mfg. Co., 258 N.C. 99, 103, 128 S.E.2d 128, 131 (1962); Wyatt v. Imes, 36 N.C. App. at 381, 244 S.E.2d at 208.\nIn Wyatt, the plaintiff sought to recover from the defendant for personal injuries. The defendant raised a release signed by the plaintiff as a bar to the plaintiffs recovery. The plaintiff argued that when she signed a release with the defendant, she was mistaken as to the full extent of her injuries. Wyatt, 36 N.C. App. at 381, 244 S.E.2d at 207. This Court affirmed the trial court\u2019s summary judgment in favor of the defendant. The Court found that the plaintiff had presented no evidence to suggest any mistake on the part of the defendant, and therefore the mistake could not be said to be mutual. Id. at 381, 244 S.E.2d at 208.\nSimilarly, in Beeson v. Moore, 31 N.C. App. 507, 229 S.E.2d 703 (1976), disc. review denied, 291 N.C. 710, 232 S.E.2d 203 (1977), this Court affirmed the trial court\u2019s ruling of summary judgment in favor of the defendant. The plaintiff admitted executing a release with the defendant, but asserted that he did so believing it to cover only property damage and. not personal injuries. The Court found that the plaintiff had failed to set forth specific facts showing that he was mistaken about what the release was intended to cover. Id. at 509, 229 S.E.2d at 705.\nIn the instant case, plaintiffs affidavit contains no allegation that defendant was mistaken about the extent of the alleged damage resulting from his welding. Therefore, any mistake by plaintiff cannot be said to be mutual and thus, this assignment of error is overruled.\nin.\nFinally, plaintiff alleges that defendant induced her to sign the release. However, plaintiff never, at any time, alleges in her complaint that defendant procured her signature through fraud. Therefore, there is no question of fact as to whether defendant procured plaintiffs signature through fraud.\nPlaintiff admits that she signed the release without reading it, but even a cursory reading of the one-sentence statement by plaintiff would have given plaintiff a sufficient understanding of what she was signing. The North Carolina Courts have long held that \u201c[a] person signing a written instrument is under a duty to read it for his own protection, and ordinarily is charged with knowledge of its contents. Nor may he predicate an action for fraud on his ignorance of the legal effect of its terms.\u201d Biesecker v. Biesecker, 62 N.C. App. 282, 285, 302 S.E.2d 826, 828-29 (1983).\nThe Courts have also held that \u201c[o]ne who signs a written contract without reading it, when he can do so understandingly, is bound thereby unless the failure to read is justified by some special circumstance. To escape the consequences of a failure to read because of special circumstances, complainant must have acted with reasonable prudence.\u201d Davis v. Davis, 256 N.C. 468, 472, 124 S.E.2d 130, 133 (1962) (citations omitted).\nWe find that plaintiff not only failed to allege fraud in defendant\u2019s obtaining her signature, but also failed to act with reasonable prudence in neglecting to read the one-line document.\nTherefore, we conclude that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether defendant procured plaintiffs signature through fraud and that plaintiff should have read the statement before she signed it.\nAffirmed.\nJudge EAGLES concurs.\nJudge WYNN dissents.", "type": "majority", "author": "LEWIS, Judge." }, { "text": "Judge Wynn\ndissenting.\nI respectfully dissent from the majority\u2019s opinion because I conclude that the release does not bar plaintiffs claim. In Travis v. Knob Creek, Inc. our Supreme Court stated the general rule with respect to the scope of a release.\nA release ordinarily operates on the matters expressed therein which are already in existence at the time of the giving of the release. Accordingly, demands originating at the time a release is given or subsequently, and demands subsequently maturing or accruing, are not as a rule discharged by the release unless expressly embraced therein or falling within the fair import of the terms employed.\nTravis v. Knob Creek, Inc., 321 N.C. 279, 282, 362 S.E.2d 277, 279 (1987), reh\u2019g denied, 321 N.C. 481, 364 S.E.2d 672 (1988) (quoting 76 C.J.S. Release \u00a7 53 (1952)). See also Moore v. Maryland Casualty Co., 150 N.C. 153, 155, 63 S.E. 675, 676 (1909) (\u201c[T]he release shall be construed from the standpoint which the parties occupied at the time of its execution, and confined to the intention of the parties at the time of such execution.\u201d).\nIn Travis, the plaintiff signed a ten-year employment contract with his employer, Knob Creek, Inc. When Knob Creek was taken over by Ethan Allen, the new owner asked the plaintiff and all other principal stockholders to sign a release which released and discharged Knob Creek \u201cfrom all claims, demands, actions, causes of action, on account of, connected with, or growing out of any matter or thing whatsoever.\u201d Travis, 321 N.C. at 281, 362 S.E.2d at 278. Five years later Ethan Allen fired the plaintiff and he sued for breach of his employment contract. Ethan Allen argued that the release barred plaintiffs claim. Id.\nThe Supreme Court held that, as a matter of law, since the release did not \u201cspecifically include future claims or existing non-asserted rights\u201d and did not \u201ccontain any language implying that such claims or rights were being released\u201d then the release did not bar the plaintiffs claim. Id. at 283, 362 S.E.2d at 279. The Court held that for the release to bar the plaintiffs claim it must \u201cspecifically refer to future claims or existing rights.\u201d Id.\nIn the instant case the release reads: \u201cI Cyndee C. Sims [plaintiffs signature] Agree to relinquish Dan Gernandt of any responsibility WHATSOEVER, OF ANY KIND FOR MY 85 HONDA-ClVIC & HEREBY RECEIVE A refund in full of $30.00 for welding OF vehicle pedal.\u201d This release does not specifically refer to any future claims or existing rights of plaintiff. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1-52(16) provides a three-year statute of limitations for personal injury or physical damage to the plaintiff\u2019s property and states that \u201cthe cause of action,... shall not accrue until bodily harm to the claimant or physical damage to his property becomes apparent or ought reasonably to have become apparent to the claimant.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1-52(16) (Cum. Supp. 1993). At the time she signed the release, plaintiff was not aware her gas line had been damaged. Therefore, plaintiffs negligence action against defendant for the damage to her gas line was a future claim that had not arisen when the parties signed the release. Since the release does not specifically refer to future claims, it does not bar plaintiffs claim. I would therefore reverse the trial court\u2019s entry of summary judgment against plaintiff and remand this matter for trial. I respectfully dissent.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Judge Wynn" } ], "attorneys": [ "McGill & Noble, by Christa A. McGill, for plaintiff-appellant.", "Browne, Flebotte, Wilson & Horn, by Daniel R. Flebotte, for defendant-appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "CYDNEE C. SIMS, Plaintiff v. DAN GERNANDT, DAN GERNANDT d/b/a DAN\u2019S FOREIGN CAR REPAIR, Defendant\nNo. 9314DC892\n(Filed 6 September 1994)\n1. Torts \u00a7 12 (NCI4th)\u2014 release from liability \u2014 sufficiency of document\nA document signed by plaintiff stating that she agreed \u201cto relinquish [defendant automobile mechanic] of any responsibility whatsoever, of any kind for my 85 Honda-Civic & hearby receive a refund in full of $30.00 for welding of vehicle pedal\u201d was effective as a release of defendant from liability for any claims arising out of the welding of the gas pedal of plaintiffs car.\nAm Jur 2d, Release \u00a7\u00a7 28 et seq.\n2. Torts \u00a7 21 (NCI4th)\u2014 release from liability \u2014 no mutual mistake of fact\nA release of defendant mechanic from liability for any claims arising from the welding of the gas pedal of plaintiffs car could not be set aside for mutual mistake of fact where plaintiff failed to assert that defendant was mistaken about the extent of the alleged damage from his welding, since any mistake by plaintiff cannot be said to be mutual.\nAm Jur 2d, Release \u00a7\u00a7 18-20.\n3. Torts \u00a7 23 (NCI4th)\u2014 release from liability \u2014 failure to read release \u2014 no improper inducement\nPlaintiff was not entitled to set aside a release of defendant automobile mechanic from liability for repairs to her car on the ground of improper inducement where plaintiff failed to allege that defendant procured her signature on the release by fraud, and plaintiff admitted that she signed the release without reading it even though a cursory reading would have given plaintiff a sufficient understanding of what she was signing.\nAm Jur 2d, Release \u00a7 15.\nJudge Wynn dissenting.\nAppeal by plaintiff from order filed 22 June 1993 by Judge William Y. Manson in Durham County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 21 April 1994.\nMcGill & Noble, by Christa A. McGill, for plaintiff-appellant.\nBrowne, Flebotte, Wilson & Horn, by Daniel R. Flebotte, for defendant-appellee." }, "file_name": "0299-01", "first_page_order": 329, "last_page_order": 335 }