{ "id": 8526015, "name": "FRIENDS OF HATTERAS ISLAND NATIONAL HISTORIC MARITIME FOREST LAND TRUST FOR PRESERVATION, INC., Petitioner v. COASTAL RESOURCES COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA and CAPE HATTERAS WATER ASSOCIATION, INC., Respondents", "name_abbreviation": "Friends of Hatteras Island National Historic Maritime Forest Land Trust for Preservation, Inc. v. Coastal Resources Commission", "decision_date": "1995-01-17", "docket_number": "No. 941SC289", "first_page": "556", "last_page": "579", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "117 N.C. App. 556" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "431 S.E.2d 21", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "333 N.C. 789", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2544649, 2547124, 2548734, 2547421, 2547934 ], "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/333/0789-02", "/nc/333/0789-04", "/nc/333/0789-03", "/nc/333/0789-01", "/nc/333/0789-05" ] }, { "cite": "429 S.E.2d 553", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "333 N.C. 536", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2549057, 2547238, 2548908, 2547631, 2547999 ], "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/333/0536-05", "/nc/333/0536-03", "/nc/333/0536-02", "/nc/333/0536-01", "/nc/333/0536-04" ] }, { "cite": "423 S.E.2d 815", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "816" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 N.C. App. 288", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8523831 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/108/0288-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1-45.1", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "374 S.E.2d 394", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "399" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "323 N.C. 591", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2562923 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "597" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/323/0591-01" ] }, { "cite": "240 S.E.2d 367", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "371-72" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "294 N.C. 90", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8570942 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "95-96" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/294/0090-01" ] }, { "cite": "276 S.E.2d 712", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "51 N.C. App. 393", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 2646712 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/51/0393-01" ] }, { "cite": "259 S.E.2d 558", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "564" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "298 N.C. 476", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8572766 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "484" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/298/0476-01" ] }, { "cite": "109 S.E.2d 175", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1959, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "178-79" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "250 N.C. 493", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8624517 ], "year": 1959, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "498" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/250/0493-01" ] }, { "cite": "239 S.E.2d 48", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "65", "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "293 N.C. 365", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8565044 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "392", "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/293/0365-01" ] }, { "cite": "40 S.E.2d 600", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1946, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "605" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "226 N.C. 750", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8625343 ], "year": 1946, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "755-56" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/226/0750-01" ] }, { "cite": "159 S.E.2d 745", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "760", "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "273 N.C. 137", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8574864 ], "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "158", "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/273/0137-01" ] }, { "cite": "281 S.E.2d 24", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "29" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "303 N.C. 573", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8574954 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "580-81" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/303/0573-01" ] }, { "cite": "402 S.E.2d 430", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "328 N.C. 98", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2539448, 2545427, 2542900 ], "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/328/0098-03", "/nc/328/0098-01", "/nc/328/0098-02" ] }, { "cite": "397 S.E.2d 350", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "354" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "100 N.C. App. 498", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527049 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "502" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/100/0498-01" ] }, { "cite": "435 S.E.2d 359", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "363" }, { "page": "363" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "112 N.C. App. 161", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8520617 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "165" }, { "page": "165" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/112/0161-01" ] }, { "cite": "443 S.E.2d 114", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "118-19", "parenthetical": "citing In re Appeal by McCrary, 112 N.C. App. 161, 165, 435 S.E.2d 359, 363 (1993)" }, { "page": "118-19" }, { "page": "118" }, { "page": "120" }, { "page": "118", "parenthetical": "citation omitted" }, { "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "114 N.C. App. 668", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527936 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "675-76", "parenthetical": "citing In re Appeal by McCrary, 112 N.C. App. 161, 165, 435 S.E.2d 359, 363 (1993)" }, { "page": "674" }, { "page": "678" }, { "page": "674" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/114/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "314 S.E.2d 739", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "742" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "310 N.C. 669", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2392835 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "674" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/310/0669-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 58-9.6", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(b)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "273 S.E.2d 300", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "adequate procedure for judicial review exists under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 58-9.6(b), which provides for judicial review of ratemaking cases, if the scope of review under that statute is equal to that under Article 4 of G.S. Chapter 150A, which has since been recodified as Chapter 150B" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "301 N.C. 107", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8564256, 8564233, 8564290, 8564187 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "adequate procedure for judicial review exists under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 58-9.6(b" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/301/0107-03", "/nc/301/0107-02", "/nc/301/0107-04", "/nc/301/0107-01" ] }, { "cite": "269 S.E.2d 547", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "559", "parenthetical": "adequate procedure for judicial review exists under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 58-9.6(b" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "300 N.C. 381", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562647 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "395", "parenthetical": "adequate procedure for judicial review exists under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 58-9.6(b" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/300/0381-01" ] }, { "cite": "393 S.E.2d 877", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "326 N.C. 596", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 5306882, 5305574, 5306867, 5305014, 5308249 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/326/0596-05", "/nc/326/0596-03", "/nc/326/0596-01", "/nc/326/0596-02", "/nc/326/0596-04" ] }, { "cite": "388 S.E.2d 223", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "227" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "97 N.C. App. 245", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8520291 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "252" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/97/0245-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1625, "char_count": 57675, "ocr_confidence": 0.728, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.4703521702432957e-07, "percentile": 0.8811948109716049 }, "sha256": "85d3d3e1eb9a2635b45cb5a34d72a420c58f3f18a4391ef802cbbc27cadcc74f", "simhash": "1:d9499804dbbb7eb2", "word_count": 9263 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:31:41.091249+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges JOHNSON and MARTIN concur." ], "parties": [ "FRIENDS OF HATTERAS ISLAND NATIONAL HISTORIC MARITIME FOREST LAND TRUST FOR PRESERVATION, INC., Petitioner v. COASTAL RESOURCES COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA and CAPE HATTERAS WATER ASSOCIATION, INC., Respondents" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "THOMPSON, Judge.\nRespondents Cape Hatteras Water Association (CHWA) and North Carolina Coastal Resources Commission (CRC) appeal from an order entered by Judge William C. Griffin, Jr. on 28 October 1993 which revoked the issuance of a Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA) Major Development Permit No. 152-91 to CHWA.\nThe issue presented by this appeal is whether the trial court erred in reversing a permit which the CRC had granted to CHWA to place nine wells, together with associated underground utilities and access roads, on state-owned lands in the Buxton Woods Reserve. Buxton Woods, located on Cape Hatteras Island in Dare County, is the largest remaining maritime forest in North Carolina. In 1987 the State began a program of acquisition of lands in Buxton Woods. Shortly thereafter, in April 1988, CRC created a State Coastal Reserve program that encompasses the existing Estuary Sanctuary components (Zeke\u2019s Island, Rachel Carson, Currituck Banks and Masonboro Island) and also includes Bermuda Island and Buxton Woods. See 15A N.C. Admin. Code tit. 15A, r.070.0100-.0105 (April 1988). In 1989, two years after the State began its program of acquisition of Buxton Woods, the legislature established the North Carolina Coastal Reserve by the enactment of part V of the Coastal Area Management Act, N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.1 through .3 (1989) [Coastal Reserve Statute]. The legislature created the North Carolina Coastal Reserve System in recognition of the fact that the coastal area of North Carolina contains a number of important undeveloped natural areas and that \u201c[important public purposes will be served by the preservation of certain of these areas in an undeveloped state.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.1. The system was created \u201cfor the purpose of acquiring, improving, and maintaining undeveloped coastal land and water areas in a natural state.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(a). N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(e) restricts the use of the Reserve primarily for research and education but also allows \u201c[o]ther public uses, such as hunting, fishing, navigation and recreation ... to the extent consistent with these primary uses.\u201d\nRespondent CHWA is a private, nonprofit corporation which has since 1969 provided the only public water supply to residents of south Hatteras from a well field on a tract which extends 12,000 feet at the west end of Buxton Woods. A second tract is conterminous with the first tract and extends approximately 8,000 feet. A third tract extends approximately 6,200 feet along the National Park Service boundary. The second and third tracts have been identified as future well fields. The aquifer beneath these tracts serves as the sole source of drinking water for the surrounding communities of Avon, Buxton, Frisco and Hatteras, as well as the national seashore recreation area. In 1977, before the State acquired Buxton Woods, the CRC designated CHWA\u2019s existing and future well field areas as a \u201cPublic Water Supply Well Field Area of Environmental Concern\u201d pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-113(b), which authorizes the CRC to designate any one or more areas enumerated therein as areas of environmental concern. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-113 (1994); N.C. Admin. Code tit. 07H, r.0406(c)(1) (September 1977) (regulation designating CHWA\u2019s well field area's as public water supply well fields). The CRC defines public water supply well fields as \u201careas of well-drained sands that extend downward from the surface into the shallow ground water table which supplies the public with potable water... [and which] are confined to a readily definable geographic area . . . .\u201d N.C. Admin. Code tit. 15A, r.07H.0406(a) (September 1977). Development within a Public Water Supply Well Field AEC (1) must be consistent with the minimum standards set forth in N.C. Admin. Code tit. 15A, r.07H.0406(b) and (2) requires a permit from the Commission or its duly authorized agent pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-118(a) (1994), which states that \u201cevery person before undertaking any development in any Area of Environmental Concern shall obtain ... a permit pursuant to the provisions of [Part 4 of Article 7 of CAMA].\u201d\nIn 1990, out of concern that the existing wellfield had been pumped at or near its capacity, CHWA sought to expand into future well field areas located in the Buxton Woods Coastal Reserve. Since this would entail the drilling of wells in the future well field areas of the Public Well Field AEC, CHWA had to apply to the Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Division of Coastal Management [DCM], for the issuance of a Major Development Permit to drill wells in the future well field areas. See N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-118(d)(1). \u201cMajor development\u201d is\nany development which requires permission, licensing, approval, certification or authorization in any form from the Environmental Management Commission, the Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources . . .; or which occupies a land or water area in excess of 20 acres; or which contemplates drilling for or excavating natural resources on land or under water; or which occupies on a single parcel a structure or structures in excess of a ground area of 60,000 square feet.\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-118(d)(1) (emphasis added).\nCHWA\u2019s application, filed 30 November 1990, was submitted to nine state and federal agencies for review and comment. DCM Director Roger Schecter reviewed the application, comments, and information collected during evaluation of the application in light of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-120(a)(1)-(10), which sets forth ten findings any one of which, if found by the responsible official or body, requires denial of the permit. In the absence of any such findings under section (a), N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-120(b) provides that the permit shall be granted.\nDCM Director Schecter made a finding pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-120(b) that the permit should be issued. Thereafter, CHWA was issued CAMA Major Development Permit no. 152-91 which contained 17 conditions to minimize impacts on maritime forest, wetlands vegetation, and swales. On 14 January 1992 the permit was amended to clarify the conditions in the original permit.\nThereafter, petitioner Friends of Hatteras Island National Historic Maritime Forest Land Trust for Preservation, Inc. (FOHI) filed a third party request for contested hearing on the issuance of the original and amended permits pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-121.1(b). FOHI is a conservation organization based on Hatteras Island whose stated purpose is to promote responsible choices in the use of the island\u2019s natural resources.\nIn its request for a contested case hearing petitioner alleged, among other things, that the permit decision was inconsistent with the Coastal Reserve Statute, N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.1-.3, and with the rules adopted by the Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources pursuant thereto. By order entered 18 February 1992, T. Erie Haste, Jr., Vice Chairman of the CRC, granted petitioner\u2019s request for a contested case hearing on this issue.\nAdministrative Law Judge Thomas R. West conducted the administrative hearing beginning on 10 August 1992 and concluding on 1 September 1992. Judge West issued a decision recommending issuance of the CAMA permit with minor modifications. The CRC made a final decision in the contested case on 20 November 1992 based on consideration of the hearing record, Judge West\u2019s Recommended Decision, and oral arguments by the parties. The CRC\u2019s final order issuing the permit was entered on 9 December 1992.\nThe CRC considered the following issues:\n(1) Whether CAMA Permit No. 152-91, which allows construction by the CHWA of nine wells for the production of water, together with the pertinent access and underground utilities, in a portion of the Cape Hatteras Well Field AEC within the Buxton Woods Coastal Reserve is consistent with N.C.G.S. 113A-120 and the applicable state guidelines as applied through N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-120(a)(8).\n(2) Whether considering the engineering requirements and all economic costs, there is a practicable alternative that would accomplish the overall program purposes with less adverse impact on the public resources (thus requiring denial of the permit under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-120(a)(9)).\n(3) Whether the development allowed by Permit No. 152-91 would contribute to cumulative effects which would be inconsistent with applicable CAMA guidelines (thus requiring denial Of the permit under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-120(a)(10)).\nIn affirming the issuance of the permit, the CRC made the following conclusions of law:\n3. Withdrawal of water from the aquifer underlying the Buxton Woods Coastal Reserve ... is a traditional use consistent with preservation of the area in an undeveloped state and consistent with the coastal reserve\u2019s primary use as a site for research and education. The improvements and alterations allowed by the Permit are consistent with these uses.\n4. Withdrawal of water from the aquifer underlying the Buxton Woods Coastal Reserve by the [CHWA] ... is a public use consistent with preservation of the area in an undeveloped state and consistent with the coastal reserve\u2019s primary use as a site for research and education, particularly as no other source of public drinking water exists in this area.\n5. Withdrawal of water from the aquifer underlying the Buxton Woods Coastal Reserve by the [CHWA], as permitted and with the performance standard made applicable to Well No. 3, maintains the Coastal Reserve\u2019s essential natural character.\n6. Disturbance or removal of vegetation as permitted is de min-imis and as such is not proscribed by 15A NCAC 70.0202(6). The Commission further finds, alternatively, that the AU correctly concluded that 15A NCAC 70.0202(6) is written in such terms that the rule is inconsistent with N.C.G.S. 113A-129.1(b) and 113A-129.2(e) and thus is void as applied in this case because it is not within the statutory authority of the agency and is not reasonably necessary to enable the agency to fulfill a duty delegated to it by the General Assembly.\n* * *\n8. Considering the engineering requirements and all economic costs, there is no practicable alternative that would accomplish the overall project purposes with less adverse impact on the public resources and thus there is no basis for finding that the proposed development is inconsistent with N.C.G.S. 113A-120(a)(9).\n* * *\n10. As permitted pursuant to this order, the propoposed wells and associated utilities and access roads or trails, will not contribute to cumulative effects that would be inconsistent with N.C.G.S. 113A-120(a)l-9, the State guidelines or the local land use plans and thus there is no basis for finding that the proposed development was inconsistent with N.C.G.S. 113A-120(a)(10). . . .\nThe CRC then decreed, in view of its findings of fact and conclusions of law, that the permit should be modified and that Permit No. 152-91, as modified, \u201cis consistent in all respects with all applicable state guidelines, statutes and rules, including those governing the coastal reserves and shall be granted.\u201d\nOn 19 January 1993, FOHI filed a petition for judicial review in Wake County Superior Court. Petitioner excepted to the above conclusions of the CRC as erroneous and alleged that the CRC\u2019s decision was affected by error of law, not supported by substantial evidence, and arbitrary and capricious within the meaning of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 150B-51(b)(4),(5) and (6) (1991). Respondents CRC and CHWA moved to dismiss the petition for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. By order entered 29 April 1993, Judge Narley Cashwell denied respondents\u2019 motion to dismiss and ordered the action removed to Dare County.\nJudge William C. Griffin, Jr. conducted a hearing on judicial review of the final CRC decision at the 13 September 1993 civil session of Dare County Superior Court. On 28 October 1993, Judge Griffin entered an order overruling the CRC\u2019s final decision and revoking the CAMA permit. Judge Griffin concluded, among other things, that \u201cby enactment of N.C.G.S. 113A-129.1, et. seq., the legislature pre-empted the Commission\u2019s authority to permit uses of the components of the Coastal Reserve System, except those specifically permitted by that statute,\u201d and essentially concluded that the CRC erred as a matter of law in the issuance of the permit because the statute did not permit the activities permitted by CAMA Permit No. 152-91.\nI. Respondents\u2019 Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction\nThe superior court concluded that \u201cthe [c]ourt has jurisdiction of the subject matter and the parties pursuant to N.C.G.S. 113A-121.1(b) and 150[B]-43\u201d and that \u201c[p]etitioner has exhausted all available administrative remedies and has no other adequate procedure for judicial review. Accordingly, petitioners are entitled to the full scope of judicial review provided by N.C.G.S. 150B-43 of the APA.\u201d Respondents assign error to the denial of their motion to dismiss the petition for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and to the above conclusions of law. Respondents argue that: (1) Wake County Superior Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over petitioner\u2019s appeal and thus its order removing the case to Dare County Superior Court is null and void, (2) the Dare County Superior Court judgment is null and void for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because a court without jurisdiction cannot confer jurisdiction upon another court by transfer and (3) the Dare County Superior Court lacked jurisdiction over the subject matter and the parties because petitioner failed to file its petition for judicial review in Dare County Superior Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-123(a) (1994). We hold that Wake County Superior Court had subject matter jurisdiction and thus affirm the denial of respondents\u2019 motion to dismiss.\nRespondents\u2019 arguments are premised on their interpretation of N.C. Gen. Stat. .\u00a7 113A-123(a) of CAMA and N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 150B-43 of the Adminstrative Procedure Act (APA). N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-123(a) (1994) governs the procedure for judicial review of final decisions or orders of the Commission under Part 4 of CAMA, which consists of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-116 through -128. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-123(a) provides that:\nAny person directly affected by any final decision or order of the Commission under this Part may appeal such decision or order to the superior court of the county where the land or any part thereof is located, pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 150B of the General Statutes.\n(emphasis added).\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 150B-43 (1991) of the APA provides, in pertinent part:\nAny person who is aggrieved by the final decision in a contested case, and who has exhausted all administrative remedies made available to him by statute or agency rule, is entitled to judicial review of the decision under this Article, unless adequate procedure for judicial review is provided by another statute, in which case the review shall be under such other statute.\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 150B-45 (1991) provides that the person seeking judicial review of a final decision \u201cmust file a petition in the Superior Court of Wake County or in the superior court of the county where the petitioner resides . . . within thirty days after the person is served with a written copy of the decision.\u201d Failure to file a petition within the required time waives the right to judicial review under Article 4 of the APA. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 150B-45. Moreover, failure to file in Wake County or in the county in which petitioner resides within 30 days of service of the CRC decision requires dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Gummels v. N.C. Dept. of Human Resources, 97 N.C. App. 245, 252, 388 S.E.2d 223, 227, disc. review denied, 326 N.C. 596, 393 S.E.2d 877 (1990).\nRespondents contend that N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-123 provides adequate procedure for judicial review and thus judicial review is not available under the APA but only under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-123. They further contend that since N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-123(a) provides adequate procedure for judicial review, that section of the statute is jurisdictional arid confers subject matter jurisdiction over claims of this kind solely on the superior court of the county where the land or any part of the land is located, which in this case is Dare County.\nRespondents\u2019 argument that N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-123(a) provides adequate procedure for judicial review is without merit. Adequate procedure for judicial review would exist under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-123(a) only if the scope of review provided therein were at least equal to that provided by Article 4 of Chapter 150B. See Commissioner of Insurance v. Rate Bureau, 300 N.C. 381, 395, 269 S.E.2d 547, 559, rehearing denied, 301 N.C. 107, 273 S.E.2d 300 (1980) (adequate procedure for judicial review exists under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 58-9.6(b), which provides for judicial review of ratemaking cases, if the scope of review under that statute is equal to that under Article 4 of G.S. Chapter 150A, which has since been recodified as Chapter 150B). The scope of review provided by Article 4 of Chapter 150B is set forth in N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 150B-51, entitled \u201cScope of Review.\u201d Section 150B-51 requires initial determinations in the review of certain cases and further provides that the court reviewing a final decision may:\naffirm the decision ... or remand the case or further proceedings [and] may also reverse or modify the agency\u2019s decision if the substantial rights of the petitioners may have been prejudiced because the agency\u2019s findings, inferences, conclusions, or decisions are:\n(1) In violation of constitutional provisions;\n(2) In excess of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the agency;\n(3) Made upon unlawful procedure;\n(4) Affected by other error of law;\n(5) Unsupported by substantial evidence admissable under G.S. 150B- 29(a), 150B-30, or 150B-31 in view of the entire record as submitted;\n(6) Arbitrary or capricious.\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 150B-51 (1991). This is not even a close question; N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-123 does not set forth the scope of review but instead provides that judicial review is available pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 150B of the APA.\n\u201c[Statutes which are in pari materia, i.e., which relate to or are applicable to the same matter or subject, although enacted at different times must be construed together in order to ascertain legislative intent.\u201d Carver v. Carver, 310 N.C. 669, 674, 314 S.E.2d 739, 742 (1984). Construing N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-123(a) together with N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 150B-43, we find that the legislature intended to confer jurisdiction over appeals pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-123(a) on the superior court of the county where the land or any part thereof is located as well as on the Superior Court of Wake County or of the county where the petitioner resides. We further find that the legislature intended to establish the superior court of the county where the land or any part thereof is located as the proper venue for appeals pursuant to N.C. Gen: Stat. \u00a7 113A-123(a). Thus, Wake County had subject matter jurisdiction over petitioner\u2019s appeal and properly transferred the appeal to Dare County.\nII. Standard of Review\nOur review of a superior court\u2019s decision pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 150B-52 \u201c \u2018is the same as in any other civil case \u2014 consideration of whether the court committed any error of law.\u2019 \u201d Amanini v. N.C. Dept. of Human Resources, 114 N.C. App. 668, 675-76, 443 S.E.2d 114, 118-19 (1994) (citing In re Appeal by McCrary, 112 N.C. App. 161, 165, 435 S.E.2d 359, 363 (1993)). In reviewing the superior court\u2019s order for error of law, this Court first determines whether the trial court exercised the appropriate scope of review and, if appropriate, determines whether the trial court properly did so. Id. at 675, 443 S.E.2d at 118-19.\n. The standard of review to be employed in review of an agency decision depends upon the nature of the alleged error. Walker v. N.C. Dept. of Human Resources, 100 N.C. App. 498, 502, 397 S.E.2d 350, 354 (1990), disc. review denied, 328 N.C. 98, 402 S.E.2d 430 (1991). If the petitioner argues that the agency\u2019s decision was based on an error of law, \u201cde novo\u201d review is required. \u201c \u2018De novo\u2019 review requires a court to consider a question anew, as if not considered or decided by the agency.\u201d Amanini, 114 N.C. App. at 674, 443 S.E.2d at 118. The court may \u201cfreely substitute its own judgment for that of the agency.\u201d Brooks, Commissioner of Labor v. Grading Co., 303 N.C. 573, 580-81, 281 S.E.2d 24, 29 (1981). Since incorrect statutory interpretation by an agency constitutes an error of law under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 150B-51 (b)(4), when the issue on appeal is whether the state agency erred in interpreting a statutory term, \u201c \u2018an appellate court may substitute its own judgment [for that of the agency] and employ de novo review.\u2019 \u201d Amanini, 114 N.C. App. at 678, 443 S.E.2d at 120.\n\u201c \u2018If, however, the petitioner questions (1) whether the agency\u2019s decision was supported by the evidence or (2) whether the decision was arbitrary or capricious, then the reviewing court must apply the \u201cwhole record\u201d test.\u2019 \u201d Armanini, 114 N.C. App. at 674, 443 S.E.2d at 118 (citation omitted). \u201cThe \u2018whole record\u2019 test requires the reviewing court to examine all competent evidence in order to determine whether the agency decision is supported by \u2018substantial evidence.\u2019 \u201d Id. (citation omitted).\nWhere, as in the case sub judice, petitioner challenges the agency\u2019s decision as (1) affected by errors of law, (2) contrary to the evidence, and (3) arbitrary and capricious, the superior court may even utilize more than one standard of review. See In Re Appeal by McCrary, 112 N.C. App. 161, 165, 435 S.E.2d 359, 363 (1993).\nJudge Griffin made the following conclusions, to which respondents assign error:\n4. By enactment of N.C.G.S. 113A-129.1, et. eq., the legislature pre-empted the Commission\u2019s authority to permit uses of the components of the Coastal Reserve System, except those specifically permitted by that statute.\n5. To the extent the Commission relied on pronouncements made by politicians during the acquisition process about the uses to which the acquisitions would be put,.the Commission was in error as a matter of law.\n6. Although the statute permits limited traditional public uses such as hunting, fishing, navigation and recreation, it specifically requires components of the Coastal Reserve System, including Buxton Woods to be preserved in an undeveloped state. The activities permitted by CAMA Permit No. 152-91 are not public uses within this meaning of the statute.\n7. The Commission\u2019s conclusion that the authorized development is a public use consistent with the Coastal Reserve\u2019s primary uses of research and education within the meaning of the statute is error as a matter of law.\n8. The Commission\u2019s conclusion that the activities permitted [sic] Permit No. 152-91 are consistent with preservation of the area in an undeveloped state is error as a matter of law.\n9. The Commission erred as a matter of law in utilizing a de min-imis analysis in applying the regulations of [DEHNR] prohibiting the removal or disturbance of vegetation within a Coastal Reserve.\n10. The Commission erred as a matter of law in concluding that the regulation prohibiting removal or disturbance of vegetation was void under the facts of this case.\n11. The Commission erred as a matter of law in considering , whether or not a practicable alternative exists. .\n* * *\n13. The [CRC] erred as a matter of law in the issuance of CAMA Permit No. 152-91.\nIII. Meaning of Public Use as Used in N.C Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(e)\nWe first address the assignments of error relating to the court\u2019s conclusions 4 through 8 and number 13. With respect to those conclusions, respondents argue: (1) that the court erred in concluding that uses of the Coastal Reserve authorized by CAMA Permit No. 152-91 are not allowed by the Coastal Reserve Statute and thus the court erred in concluding that the CRC\u2019s authority to permit such uses of the components of the Coastal Reserve System is pre-empted by the Coastal Reserve Statute, (2) the CRC did not err in its reliance on pronouncements made by politicians since the CRC was entitled to consider competent evidence in the Record regarding the history of the legislation and the circumstances surrounding its adoption, and (3) the CRC correctly concluded that the authorized development is a public use consistent with the Coastal Reserve\u2019s primary uses of research and education and with the statute\u2019s requirement that the area be preserved in an undeveloped state.\nThe primary issue raised by these assignments of error is whether the activity permitted by the CAMA Major Development Permit No. 152-91 is a \u201cpublic use\u201d within the meaning of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(e) of the Coastal Reserve Statute.\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(e) (1994) provides that:\nAll lands and waters within the system shall be used primarily for research and education. Other public uses, such as hunting, fishing, navigation and recreation, shall be allowed to the extent consistent with these primary uses. Improvements and alterations to the lands shall be limited to those consistent with these uses.\n(emphasis added).\nRespondents argue that \u201cother public uses\u201d encompasses a broad range of uses which include the provision of water services to the residents of Cape Hatteras. On the other hand, petitioner argues that \u201cother public uses\u201d means uses in the nature of public trust rights, such as those enumerated in N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 113A-129.1(a) and 113A-129.2(e). Petitioner further argues that the placement of nine wells, together with associated underground utilities and access roads, is not a use in the nature of public trust rights and is thus prohibited by N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(e). We agree with the petitioner.\nIn enacting the Coastal Reserve Statute, the legislature determined and declared by way of legislative finding that:\n[T]he coastal area of North Carolina contains a number of important undeveloped natural areas. . . [which] are vital to continued fishery and wildlife protection, water quality maintenance and improvement, preservation of unique and important coastal natural areas, aesthetic enjoyment, and public trust rights such as hunting, fishing, navigation, and recreation. Such land and water areas are necessary for the preservation of estuarine areas of the State, constitute important research facilities, and provide public access to waters of the State.\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.1(a) (1994) (emphasis added). N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.1(b) provides:\nImportant public purposes will be served by the preservation of certain of these areas in an .undeveloped state. Such areas would thereafter be available for research, education, and other consistent public uses. These areas would also continue to contribute perpetually to the natural productivity and biological, economic, and aesthetic values of North Carolina\u2019s coastal area.\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(a) proclaims that \u201c[t]here is hereby created a North Carolina Coastal Reserve System for the purpose of acquiring, improving, and maintaining undeveloped coastal land and water areas in a natural state.\u201d\nThus, the purpose of the statute, as gleaned from N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 113A-129.1 and 113A-129.2(a), is to preserve, improve, and maintain undeveloped coastal land and water areas in an undeveloped and natural state so that these areas can serve important public purposes. The primary public purpose or use served by the preservation of these areas in an undeveloped state is research and education. \u201cOther public uses, such as hunting, fishing, navigation and recreation, shall be allowed to the extent consistent with these primary uses.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(e).\nThe importance of the- statute\u2019s purpose is emphasized by the association of the words \u201cpreservation,\u201d \u201cimproving\u201d and \u201cmaintaining,\u201d which are more or less similarly defined, with the words \u201cundeveloped\u201d and \u201cnatural.\u201d The word \u201cpreservation,\u201d is defined as \u201c[k]eeping safe from harm; avoiding injury, destruction, or decay; maintenance; . . . not creation, but the saving of that which already exists, and implies the continuance of what previously existed.\u201d Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 1066 (5th ed. 1979). \u201cImprove\u201d means \u201c[t]o meliorate, make better, to increase the value or good qualities of, mend, repair. . . .\u201d Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 682 (5th ed. 1979). The term \u201cmaintain,\u201d \u201cis variously defined as acts of repairs and other acts to prevent a decline, lapse or cessation from existing state or condition; bear the expense of; carry on; commence; continue; furnish means for subsistence or existence of; hold; hold or keep in an existing state or condition; . . . keep up; preserve; preserve from lapse, decline, failure, or cessation. . . Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 859 (5th ed. 1979).\nIn support of its argument, respondents point to the broad inter-petation of the phrases \u201cpublic use\u201d and \u201cpublic purpose\u201d under tax law and the law of eminent domain. Our Supreme Court has found that \u201c \u2018[f]or the most part the term \u201cpublic purpose\u201d is employed in the same sense in the law of taxation and in the law of eminent domain.\u2019 \u201d Mitchell v. Financing Authority, 273 N.C. 137, 158, 159 S.E.2d 745, 760 (1968) (citation omitted). Black\u2019s Law Dictionary defines \u201cpublic purpose in the law of taxation, eminent domain, etc.\u201d as:\na term of classification to distinguish the objects for which, according to settled usage, the government is to provide, from those which, by the like usage, are left to private interest, inclination, or liberality. The constitutional requirement that the purpose of any tax ... or particular exertion of the power of eminent domain, shall be the convenience, safety, or welfare of the entire community and not the welfare of a specific individual or class of persons.\nBlack\u2019s Law Dictionary 1107 (5th ed. 1979).\nUnder the law of eminent domain, \u201cpublic use\u201d has been broadly interpreted to allow government to take property for a variety of uses for which a benefit accrues to the public in common. See City of Charlotte v. Heath, 226 N.C. 750, 755-56, 40 S.E.2d 600, 605 (1946). Proper uses of eminent domain include power substations, microwave towers, public sewerage systems, public water supplies and pipelines for the transportation of various materials. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 40A-3(a)(1) (1984). \u201cPublic purpose\u201d for taxation is similarly broad.\nIn further support of its argument that \u201cpublic use\u201d should be broadly interpreted, respondents point to (1) certain facts and circumstances regarding the State\u2019s purchase of Buxton Woods in 1987, (2) specific language of the statute, and (3) the highly limited application of \u201cpublic trust rights.\u201d\nThe CRC in its findings of fact recites the following facts and circumstances regarding the purchase of Buxton Woods: (1) Governor Martin\u2019s 23 October 1987 press release which announced that the State would begin purchasing key portions of Buxton Woods for use as a natural area noted that protection of the community water supply was one of the goals of the acquisition program and that \u201c [agreements may also be reached that would allow portions of the acquired area to be used for community water supply,\u201d (2) the Environmental Assessment prepared for the purchase of Buxton Woods states under \u201cProject Purposes\u201d that \u201c[fjuture uses of small portions of the area as well sites for a community water supply system is also possible,\u201d (3) the National Heritage Program of the Division of Parks and Recreation recognized that portions of Buxton Woods contemplated for acquisition might be used for future well sites, (4) when the State purchased the Foreman-Blades tract of Buxton Woods in January 1988, it did so with the express understanding that future water supply wells might be located on that property and that fact was incorporated into the Council of State\u2019s approval of the purchase, and (5) State officials involved in the acquisition of lands' in Buxton Woods contemplated that portions of those lands could be used as well sites for the public water supply system, if the wells could be installed in an environmentally compatible manner.\nThe CRC further found that:\nDuring the State\u2019s acquisition of the lands currently in the Buxton Woods Coastal Reserve, it was made clear that future use of small portions of the state-owned property for wells for the public water supply system was contemplated as a possible future use. The state has continued to acquire and is currently attempting to acquire additional lands for the Buxton Woods Coastal Reserve. The State\u2019s contemplated acquisitions are intended to eventually include virtually all of the lands designated as the \u201cfuture well field\u201d in the Public Water Supply Well Field AEC. If the Water Association is to have access to the \u201cfuture well field\u201d for well sites, such access will necessarily have to be on State-owned lands.\nRespondents contend that public trust rights, which refer to the public\u2019s right in land flowed by navigable waters, have no application to lands such as Buxton Woods which are neither submerged nor immediately adjacent to navigable waters. Therefore, they argue, the legislature could not have intended to restrict \u201cpublic uses\u201d to uses in the nature of public trust rights. Respondents also argue that the following language in N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.1 reflects an intent to allow the permitted activity: \u201cThese areas are vital to ... water quality maintenance and improvement. . . and provid\u00e9 public access to waters of the State.\u201d\n\u201cThe primary function of a court in construing legislation is to insure that the purpose of the legislature in enacting it... is accomplished. The best indicia of that legislative purpose are \u2018the language of the statute, the spirit of the act, and what the act seeks to accomplish.\u2019 \u201d Comr. of Insurance v. Automobile Rate Office, 293 N.C. 365, 392, 239 S.E.2d 48, 65 (1977) (citation omitted). We may also consider the circumstances surrounding a statute\u2019s adoption which throw light upon the evil sought to be remedied. Id. In fact, where language of a statute is ambiguous, courts may consider all facts and circumstances existing at the time of and leading up to the enactment of the statute. Hyde Co. Board of Education v. Mann, 250 N.C. 493, 498, 109 S.E.2d 175, 178-79 (1959).\n\u201cCourts should always construe provisions of a statute in a manner which will tend to prevent it from being circumvented.\u201d Campbell v. Church, 298 N.C. 476, 484, 259 S.E.2d 558, 564 (1979), on remand, 51 N.C. App. 393, 276 S.E.2d 712 (1981). \u201cWords of a statute may not be interpreted out of context, but individual expressions must be construed as a part of the composite whole and must be accorded only that meaning which other modifying provisions and the clear intent and purpose of the act will permit.\u201d In re Hardy, 294 N.C. 90, 95-96, 240 S.E.2d 367, 371-72 (1978). \u201cWhen a statute on its face reveals legislative intent and purpose, its terms are to be given meaning consistent with that intent and purpose.\u201d Turlington v. McLeod, 323 N.C. 591, 597, 374 S.E.2d 394, 399 (1988). Thus, our construction of the term \u201cpublic use\u201d is controlled by the intent and purpose of the legislature, as expressly stated in the Coastal Reserve Statute.\nWe cannot interpret the term. \u201cpublic use\u201d under the Coastal Reserve Statute in the broad manner suggested by respondents, for to do so would be to interpret the term out of context and would frustrate the purpose of the statute by allowing the reserves to be opened to a wide range of projects which may permit development of the area and alter its natural state. The enumerated examples of other public uses in N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(e) and the clear intent and purpose of the statute lead us to conclude that the legislature did not intend the term \u201cpublic use\u201d to be employed in the same broad sense as the terms \u201cpublic purpose\u201d and \u201cpublic use\u201d are employed in tax law and the law of eminent domain. If the legislature had intended \u201cpublic use\u201d to encompass activities designed for the convenience, safety, or welfare of the entire community, as the term is employed in tax law and the law of eminent domain, it would not have listed hunting, fishing, navigation and recreation as specific examples of other \u201cpublic uses.\u201d The word \u201csuch,\u201d which precedes \u201chunting, fishing, navigation and recreation\u201d means \u201c[o]f that kind, having particular quality or character specified[;] [identical with, being the same as what has been mentioned[;] [a]like,. similar, of the like kind.\u201d Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 1284 (5th ed. 1979). As codified in N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1-45.1 (1994), public trust rights are\nthose rights held in trust by the State for the use and benefit of the people of the State in common .... They include, but are not limited to, the right to navigate, swim, hunt, fish and enjoy all recreational activities in the watercourses of the State and the right to freely use and enjoy the State\u2019s ocean and estuarine beaches and public access to the beaches.\n(emphasis added) (providing that title to real property held by the State and subject to public trust rights may not be acquired by adverse possession).\nThe legislature recognized these rights in its legislative finding that the undeveloped natural areas on the North Carolina coast are \u201cvital to ... public trust rights such as hunting, fishing, navigation and recreation.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.1(a).\nThe reference to those public trust rights as \u201cother public uses\u201d in N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(e) does not affect our interpretation. The term \u201cpublic use\u201d encompasses the primary uses of \u201cresearch and education\u201d and more specific uses in the nature of public trust rights. We conclude that the use of this term reflects the legislature\u2019s intent to restrict use of the Coastal Reserve primarily to \u201cresearch and education\u201d and secondarily to uses in the nature of public trust rights to the extent consistent with research and education.\nOur interpretation of the statute is also unaffected by the fact that officials involved in the purchase of Buxton Woods contemplated the use of the area for public water supply. The legislature enacted the Coastal Reserve Statute two years after the State\u2019s acquisition of Bux-ton Woods in order to develop a system for the preservation, maintenance, and improvement of the six areas within the Coastal Reserve program which the CRC had created in 1987 and of any areas which might be placed within the Reserve within the future. Respondents note that, whereas Buxton Woods is an upland area which has been significantly impacted by Hatteras Island\u2019s residents over a long period of time, the other five sites in the reserve system are relatively undisturbed estuarine areas. We cannot construe the statute, which applies to the present six Reserve areas and any future Reserve areas, as allowing the permitted activities simply because of circumstances unique to that one area of the Reserve. Any such interpretation would frustrate the clear intent of the statute. Moreover, assuming arguen-do that the legislature was aware that officials involved in the purchase of Buxton Woods contemplated its possible use as a source of public water supply when it enacted the statute, its failure to make express provision for such use reflects an intent to subject the Bux-ton Woods area to the same use restrictions that apply to its relatively undisturbed counterparts. To the extent the CRC relied on such facts and circumstances regarding the purchase of Buxton Woods, its reliance was misplaced.\nOur interpretation of the term \u201cpublic use,\u201d adheres to the purpose of preserving, improving and maintaining the undeveloped coastal land and water areas in an undeveloped and natural state for important public purposes. See N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 113A-129.1(b), 113A-129.2(a). Like research and education, hunting, fishing, navigation, and recreation are activities which preserve the land in an undeveloped and natural state. Hunting, fishing, navigation and recreation require only a temporary presence on the Reserve and do not necessitate alteration of the Reserve\u2019s undeveloped and natural state. They are recreational activities enjoyed by individuals. None require the placement of any structure on the Reserve. Thus, the impact of these activities on the natural resources of the area is minimal.\nThe nature and intensity of the activity contemplated by the CRC permit differ drastically from uses in the nature of public trust rights. To enable the CHWA to sell water to the surrounding communities, the permitted activities would require ground disturbance for the permanent installation of underground water and electrical lines and the clearing of trees to prepare the way for an access road. Unlike hunting, fishing, navigation and recreation, the permitted activities require the imposition of seventeen conditions to minimize the impact on wetland vegetation and swales. These conditions require the placement of \u201cmonitoring wells\u201d (in addition to \u201cproduction wells\u201d) which must be continuously monitored. A synopsis of certain of the permit\u2019s conditions illustrates the magnitude of the difference between the permitted activities and those uses that are in the nature of public trust rights:\nCondition 9 imposes a performance standard to regulate lowering or drawdown of the water table in the surficial or water table aquifer at each pumping well in order to protect wetland vegetation and swales. If the standard is exceeded for more than a 48 hour period, pumping must be restricted for a period sufficient to allow recovery of the water table and compliance with the performance standard.\nCondition 10 requires the placement of six monitoring wells at production wells 5 and 6 for continuous monitoring over a two year period, after which time monitoring requirements and the performance standard will be reviewed and may be revised based on an assessment of the impact of withdrawals on the wetland vegetation and swales.\nCondition 11 requires continuous monitoring of production wells 4, 7, 8 and 9 in the event monitoring at production wells 5 and 6 shows significant contravention of the performance standard.\nCondition 12 requires the construction of a continuously monitored control well in the water table aquifer 25 feet from Buxton Woods Test Well No. 4 to measure background or ambient water table elevations.\nCondition 13 requires the placement and continuous monitoring of a staging station to measure surface water elevations in wetlands at a location approved by DCM in close proximity to the wellfield at the deepest known location where standing water can be expected for most of the year in order to directly assess the impact of wellfield withdrawals on surface water elevations in the wetlands. It also requires preparation of a one-foot contour map of the wellfield to determine wetland impacts resulting from a lowering of wetland surface water.\nCondition 14 requires the installation of a continuous recording rain gauge near production well 6 in order to differentiate water table declines due to pumping from naturally occurring declines due to drought.\n* * *\nCondition 16 requires at least six months of monitoring data to be collected before the wellfield becomes operational.\nBy contrast, hunting, fishing, navigation and recreation have an insignificant impact and pose so little threat to the undeveloped and natural state of the Reserve that no complex monitoring scheme is required.\nRespondents argue that the CRC properly concluded, based on its findings of fact regarding the insignificant impact of the permitted activities on the Reserve environment, that the permitted activities are consistent with the preservation of the area in an undeveloped state and with the primary uses of research and education. We disagree. In fact, the CRC\u2019s findings support our characterization of the permitted activities. The CRC\u2019s findings acknowledge that the permitted activities will require the cutting of a few large trees, the placement of access roads at a maximum of 15 feet wide, and the installation of underground water and electrical lines. The CRC\u2019s findings also acknowledge that the permitted activities will have an impact, albeit an \u201cinsignificant\u201d one, on the aquifer underlying Buxton Woods, the maritime forest, and wetlands.\nRespondents\u2019 broad interpretation is not only in conflict with the clear purpose of the statute but is also in conflict with the CRC\u2019s Coastal Reserve regulations (adopted before the l\u00e9gislature\u2019s enactment of the Coastal Reserve Statute). The Reserve regulations impose use requirements on the Reserve which do not mention \u201cpublic uses\u201d but merely refer to \u201ctraditional recreational uses\u201d and state that such uses \u201cshall be allowed to continue as long as the activities do not disrupt the natural integrity of the Reserve or any research or educational projects.\u201d N.C. Admin. Code tit. 15A, r.070.0202(2) (July 1986). Moreover, the use requirements provide that \u201c[u]sers of the Reserve shall not disturb or remove any live animals, except those allowed by state hunting and fishing rules as they apply to the Reserve, or vegetation within the Reserve unless such action is part of a research or educational project approved by the management agency\u201d and prohibit \u201cother acts or uses which are detrimental to the maintenance of the property in its natural condition . . . including, but not limited to, disturbances of the soil, mining, commercial or industrial uses, timber harvesting, ditching and draining, deposition of waste materials.\u201d N.C. Admin. Code tit. 15A, r.070.0202(6),(9). Contrary to the contention of the respondents, we read the regulations as consistent with the language and spirit of the Coastal Reserve Statute.\nIn conclusion, we find that the legislature intended to limit \u201cother public uses\u201d of the Reserve to uses in the nature of public trust rights in order to preserve the Reserve in an undeveloped and natural state and that the permitted activities do not constitute, such uses. We therefore hold that the CRC erred in-concluding that the \u201cwithdrawal of water from the aquifer underlying the [Reserve] ... is a public use consistent with preservation of the area in an undeveloped state and consistent with the coastal reserve\u2019s primary use as a site for research and education\u201d and affirm the court\u2019s conclusions number 4 through 8 and 13.\nV. Review of Additional CRC Conclusions\nFinally, we address respondents\u2019 assignments of error with respect to the court\u2019s conclusions 9 through 11. With respect to the court\u2019s conclusions 9 and 10, respondents argue that the CRC correctly concluded that either the de minimis disturbance was not proscribed by N.C. Admin. Code tit. 15A, r.070.0202(6) (the regulation prohibiting the removal or disturbance of vegetation within a Coastal Reserve) or that such regulation was void under the facts of this case. Since respondents\u2019 argument is premised on its incorrect interpretation of the term \u201cpublic use,\u201d we overrule these assignments of error. With respect to the court\u2019s conclusion number 11, that the CRC erred in determining that no practicable alternative exists, respondents argue that it was incorrect because the CRC\u2019s determination was supported by its findings of fact. We disagree. Respondents misconstrue the court\u2019s conclusion. The court did not conclude that the CRC\u2019s determination as to the absence of a practicable alternative was not supported by its findings of fact. Rather, the court implicitly concluded that, where the permitted activities are prohibited by the Coastal Reserve Statute, a permit should not be granted under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-120(a).\nIn conclusion, we hold that Wake County had subject matter jurisdiction over petitioner\u2019s appeal and thus affirm the denial of respondents\u2019 motion to dismiss. We further hold that the activities permitted by Major Development Permit No. 152-91 are not \u201cpublic uses\u201d as that term is employed in N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(e) and are thus prohibited by the Coastal Reserve Statute. For this reason, we affirm the order entered 28 October 1993 by Judge Griffin in Dare County Superior Court which overrules the CRC\u2019s final decision and revokes the permit.\nAffirmed.\nJudges JOHNSON and MARTIN concur.\nThis opinion was written and concurred in prior to December 29, 1994.\n. The North Carolina Coastal Reserve was created by amendment to the Estuarine Sanctuary Rules, N.C. Admin. Code tit. 15A, r.070.0100-.0105 (July 1986). The principal purposes of the North Carolina Coastal Reserve and its supporting programs are to:\n(1) preserve coastal ecosystems . . . and to make them available for continuous future study of the processes, functions, and influences which shape and sustain the coastal ecosystems;\n(2) provide new information on coastal ecosystem processes to decisionmakers as a basis for the promotion of sound management of coastal resources;\n(3) provide a focal point for educational activities that increase the public awareness and understanding of coastal ecosystems, effects of man on them and the importance of the coastal systems to the State and the Nation;\n(4) accommodate traditional recreational activities, commercial fishing, and other uses of the Reserve as long as they do not disturb the Reserve environment and are compatible with the research and educational activities taking place there.\nN.C. Admin. Code tit. 15A, r.070.0101 (amended April 1988).\nThe Coastal Reserve Program of the Division of Coastal Management is responsible for managing and protecting the North Carolina Coastal Reserve; for promoting and coordinating research and educational programs at the components while allowing for compatible traditional uses; for maintaining a management plan for the Reserve; for maintaining cooperative agreements with scientific, educational, and resource management agencies and private citizens that will assist in the management of the reserve; and for providing new information on coastal processes to coastal management decisionmakers.\nN.C. Admin. Code tit. 15A, r.070.0103 (amended April 1988).\n. \u201cThe Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA), N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-100, et. seq., was enacted to provide for the protection and continued productivity of the coastal resources, to manage competing uses of those resources, and to protect public trust rights in the lands and waters of the coastal area. CAMA directs and empowers the [CRC] to enforce the Act\u2019s provisions.\u201d Ballance v. N. C. Coastal Resources Comm., 108 N.C. App. 288, 423 S.E.2d 815, 816 (1992), disc. review denied, 333 N.C. 536, 429 S.E.2d 553 (1993), reconsideration dismissed, 333 N.C. 789, 431 S.E.2d 21 (1993).\n. The system is administered by the Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, with the consultation and advice of the Coastal Resources Commission. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-129.2(b).\n. If the contemplated development constitutes \u201cminor development,\u201d the permit shall be obtained from the appropriate city or county under an expedited procedure. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-118(b). \u201cMinor development\u201d is defined as \u201cany development other than \u2018major development.\u2019 \u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-118(d)(2).\n. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-120(a)(8),(9) and (10) provide:\n(a) The responsible official or body shall deny an application for permit upon finding:\n(8) In any case, that the development is inconsistent with the State guidelines or \u2022 the local land-use plans.\n(9) In any case, that considering engineering requirements and all economic costs there is a practicable alternative that would accomplish the overall project purposes with less adverse impact on the public resources.\n(10) In any case, that the proposed development would contribute to cumulative effects that would be inconsistent with the guidelines set forth in subdivisions (1) through (9) of this subsection. Cumulative effects are impacts attributable to the collective effects of a number of projects ....\n. In arguing that the permitted activities fall within the meanings of \u201cpublic use\u201d and \u201cpublic purpose\u201d as interpreted in the law of eminent domain and tax law, respondents note that pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 130A-311, et. seq., CHWAis defined and regulated as both a \u201cpublic water system\u201d and a \u201ccommunity water system.\u201d \u201cPublic water system\u201d is defined as \u201ca system for the provision to the public of piped water for human consumption if the system serves 15 or more service connections or which regularly serves 25 or more individuals.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 130A-313(10) (1992). Respondents further note that pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 153A-275 and 160A-312, respectively, counties and cities are given authority to operate and contract for the operation of public enterprises, which are defined to include \u201cwater supply and distribution systems.\u201d\n. The CRC found:\nOnly a few large growth trees, perhaps as few as three, will need to be cut to provide access to the permitted well sites. In addition, it is anticipated that grading will not be necessary. The access roads can only be 15 feet wide and it is anticipated that they will only be approximately 8 feet wide.... DCM staff will mark the final well sites and access alignments to insure that disturbance is minimal. The forest canopy will not be significantly disturbed and there will be no salt spray damage. . . . Short-term impacts from the installation of the underground water and electrical lines will be minimal. . . .\n. In this regard, the CRC found:\n31. By the end of 1991, enough data existed to support the conclusion that the proposed wells would not have a significant impact on the aquifer. . . . Therefore, the permitted wells are expected to have even less impact on wetlands than the existing wells.\n42. The disturbance of the Buxton Woods Coastal Reserve by the project as permitted will be de minimis. Only about one-third of one percent of the upland forested area will be impacted by the permitted activities. Only about 0.74 acres out of approximately 220 acres of upland forest will be disturbed. None of the approximately 240 acres of wetlands currently in the Coastal Reserve will be disturbed by the permitted activities. In addition, nearly half of the permitted activities will take place in an area of Buxton Woods which was clear-cut within the last approximately 20 years and which now contains much shrub growth. This small amount of disturbance will not have a significant impact on the maritime forest or the wetlands and will not lead to fragmentation of the Coastal Reserve\u2019s natural systems.", "type": "majority", "author": "THOMPSON, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Southern Environmental Law Center, by Derb S. Carter, Jr., J. David Parren and Lark Hayes, for petitioner-appellee.", "Maupin Taylor Ellis & Adams, P.A., by Amos C. Dawson, III and Sean Callinicos; and Sharpe, Michael, Outten & Graham, by Robert L. Outten; for respondent-appellant Cape Hatteras Water Association.", "Attorney General Michael F. Easley, by Assistant Attorney General Robin W. Smith, for respondent North Carolina Coastal Resources Commission." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "FRIENDS OF HATTERAS ISLAND NATIONAL HISTORIC MARITIME FOREST LAND TRUST FOR PRESERVATION, INC., Petitioner v. COASTAL RESOURCES COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA and CAPE HATTERAS WATER ASSOCIATION, INC., Respondents\nNo. 941SC289\n(Filed 17 January 1995)\n1. Environmental Protection, Regulation, and Conservation \u00a7 37 (NCI4th)\u2014 appeals under Coastal Reserve Statute\u2014 court having subject matter jurisdiction\nConstruing N.C.G.S. \u00a7 113A-123(a) together with N.C.G.S. \u00a7 150B-43, the Court of Appeals finds that the legislature intended to confer jurisdiction over appeals pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 113A-123(a) on the superior court of the county where the land or any part thereof is located as well as the Superior Court of Wake County or of the county where the petitioner resides; further, the legislature intended to establish the superior court of the county where the land or any part thereof is located as the proper venue for appeals pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 113A-123(a).\nAm Jur 2d, Administrative Law \u00a7\u00a7 436, 437; Public Lands \u00a7\u00a7 122-124.\n2. Administrative Law and Procedure \u00a7 65 (NCI4th)\u2014 standard of review of agency decision\nIf a petitioner argues that an agency\u2019s decision was based on an error of law, \u201cde novo\u201d review is required, but a reviewing court must apply the \u201cwhole record\u201d test if the petitioner questions whether the agency\u2019s decision was supported by the evidence or whether the decision was arbitrary or capricious.\nAm Jur 2d, Administrative Law \u00a7\u00a7 522, 585 et seq.\n3. Environmental Protection, Regulation, and Conservation \u00a7 39 (NCI4th)\u2014 drilling wells in maritime forest \u2014 no public use \u2014 drilling prohibited\nThe placement of nine wells, together with associated underground utilities and access roads, on state-owned lands in the Buxton Woods Reserve to provide drinking water for the residents of Hatteras Island was not a use in the nature of public trust rights and thus was prohibited by N.C.G.S. \u00a7 113A-129.2(e), since the purpose of the statute is to preserve, improve, and maintain undeveloped coastal land and water areas in an undeveloped and natural state so that these areas can serve important public purposes, the primary ones being research and education.\nAm Jur 2d, Public Lands \u00a7 125.\nAppeal by respondents from order entered 28 October 1993 by Judge William C. Griffin, Jr. in Dare County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 26 October 1994.\nSouthern Environmental Law Center, by Derb S. Carter, Jr., J. David Parren and Lark Hayes, for petitioner-appellee.\nMaupin Taylor Ellis & Adams, P.A., by Amos C. Dawson, III and Sean Callinicos; and Sharpe, Michael, Outten & Graham, by Robert L. Outten; for respondent-appellant Cape Hatteras Water Association.\nAttorney General Michael F. Easley, by Assistant Attorney General Robin W. Smith, for respondent North Carolina Coastal Resources Commission." }, "file_name": "0556-01", "first_page_order": 588, "last_page_order": 611 }