{ "id": 11916533, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, ex. rel. WILLIAM W. COBEY, JR. Secretary, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Plaintiff v. FRANK H. COOK, Defendant", "name_abbreviation": "State ex rel. Cobey v. Cook", "decision_date": "1995-02-21", "docket_number": "No. 9430SC379", "first_page": "70", "last_page": "76", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "118 N.C. App. 70" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "81 ALR3d 1258", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "307 S.E.2d 385", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "386" }, { "page": "387" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "64 N.C. App. 367", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8526883 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "368" }, { "page": "370" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/64/0367-01" ] }, { "cite": "379 S.E.2d 30", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "35", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "324 N.C 373", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2483734 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "380-81" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/324/0373-01" ] }, { "cite": "259 S.E.2d 301", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "298 N.C. 296", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8570816, 8570863, 8570767, 8570650, 8570687 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/298/0296-04", "/nc/298/0296-05", "/nc/298/0296-03", "/nc/298/0296-01", "/nc/298/0296-02" ] }, { "cite": "257 S.E.2d 50", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "54" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "42 N.C. App. 259", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8553908 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "264" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/42/0259-01" ] }, { "cite": "355 S.E.2d 838", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "840" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "85 N.C. App. 669", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 12170267 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "670" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/85/0669-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 599, "char_count": 13428, "ocr_confidence": 0.744, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.1370734267757728e-07, "percentile": 0.7666620718041862 }, "sha256": "aa7e4a5c3bd49ca0a652c3ea993faaa382a65f94c3fbec320262563c3c48c47f", "simhash": "1:882c5644c23f22c3", "word_count": 2182 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:04:31.897721+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges EAGLES and GREENE concur." ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, ex. rel. WILLIAM W. COBEY, JR. Secretary, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Plaintiff v. FRANK H. COOK, Defendant" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "WALKER, Judge.\nOn 15 January 1993, the Attorney General instituted this action against defendant to enforce a $5,040.00 civil penalty assessed on defendant by the Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources (DEHNR) for violations of the Sedimentation Pollution Control Act of 1973 (SPCA), N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-50 et seq. and implementing rules. Defendant answered and moved that the complaint be dismissed because (1) it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), and (2) the SPCA as applied to him is unconstitutional in that it violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The State filed a motion for summary judgment and both parties\u2019 motions were heard in the Macon County Superior Court on 1 November 1993.\nBy order entered 10 January 1994, the court denied defendant\u2019s motions to dismiss and allowed the State\u2019s motion for summary judgment. The court found that the complaint states a claim upon which relief may be granted and that \u201cwhile this matter presents no genuine issue as to any material fact, it does present a sole justiciable issue of law, specifically regarding the constitutionality of [the SPCA] as applied to the defendant.\u201d The court concluded as a matter of law that \u201cthe statute, as applied to the defendant, is not violative of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and is not constitutionally infirm for any other reason advanced by the defendant.\u201d The court further concluded that defendant\u2019s motions to dismiss should be denied, that the State is entitled to judgment as a matter of law and that its motion for summary judgment should therefore be allowed. From this order, defendant appeals.\nWe first addresss the denial of defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The question for the court on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss is whether, as a matter of law, the allegations of the complaint, when treated as true, are sufficient to state a claim upon which relief may be granted under some legal theory. Harris v. NCNB, 85 N.C. App. 669, 670, 355 S.E.2d 838, 840 (1987). \u201cA complaint is sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss where no insurmountable bar to recovery on the claim alleged appears on the face of the complaint and where allegations contained therein are sufficient to give a defendant notice of the nature and basis of plaintiff\u2019s claim so as to enable him to answer and prepare for the trial.\u201d Industries, Inc. v. Construction Co., 42 N.C. App. 259, 264, 257 S.E.2d 50, 54, disc. review denied, 298 N.C. 296, 259 S.E.2d 301 (1979).\nApplying the foregoing analysis, we find the complaint sufficient to withstand defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss. The complaint alleges a cause of action under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-64(a)(2) (1994), which provides:\nThe Secretary [of DEHNR] . . . shall determine the amount of the civil penalty [pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-64(a)(l)] and shall notify the person who is assessed the civil penalty of the amount of the penalty and the reason for assessing the penalty. The notice of assessment shall be served by any means authorized under G.S. 1A-1, Rule 4, and shall direct the violator to either pay the assessment or contest the assessment within 30 days by filing a petition for a contested case under Article 3 of Chapter 150B .... If a violator does not pay a civil penalty assessed by the Secretary within 30 days after it is due, [DEHNR] shall request the Attorney General to institute a civil action to recover the amount of the assessment.... An assessment that is not contested is due when the violator is served with a notice of assessment....\nThe verified complaint alleges that on or about 24 August 1992, DEHNR, pursuant to its authority under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-64, assessed civil penalties totalling $5,040.00 for violations of the SPCA. Notice and assessment, copies of which are attached as an exhibit to the complaint and incorporated by reference, were sent to defendant and received by him on 29 August 1992. The notice informed defendant that he must either pay the penalty amount or file with the Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH) a petition to commence a contested case hearing within sixty days of receipt. Defendant did not file a petition with the OAH within the time period allowed and refused to pay the penalty. These allegations were sufficient to state a cause of action under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-64(a)(2), reveal no insurmountable bar to recovery, and give sufficient notice of the nature and basis of the State\u2019s claim.\nWe next consider the denial of defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss on grounds that the SPCA as applied to defendant violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Defendant argues that his motion to dismiss should have been granted because the penalty provision of the SPCA, N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-64(a), is an unconstitutional delegation of judicial power in violation of Article IV, Section 3 of the North Carolina Constitution and because the SPCA, as applied to him, violates the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. Although defendant\u2019s answer only raised as both a defense and a motion to dismiss the issue of whether the SPCA, as applied to him, violates the Fourteenth Amendment, defendant submitted a brief in opposition to plaintiff\u2019s motion which raised these additional constitutional issues. Since these issues were raised and considered below, we elect to address them.\nWe find defendant\u2019s arguments that the SPCA, as applied to him, violates the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments lacking in merit and thus only address the issue of whether DEHNR\u2019s authority to assess civil penalties under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-64(a) is a constitutional delegation of judicial power. In In the Matter of Appeal From Civil Penalty, 324 N.C 373, 379 S.E.2d 30 (1989), our Supreme Court held that the legislature\u2019s delegation of authority to DEHNR to assess civil penalties for violations of the SPCA was a constitutional delegation of judicial power since such authority was reasonably necessary in light of the agency\u2019s purpose and in light of the nature and extent of the judicial power conferred. The Court stated:\nThere are several basic objectives in sedimentation control, including (1) identification of critical areas, (2) limiting the size of exposed areas, and (3) limiting the time of exposure. . . . Perhaps the most critical concern is that time is of the essence, but the penalties section of the Act provides no form of \u201cstop work\u201d power in order to halt a violation in progress. N.C.G.S. \u00a7\u00a7 113A-64 to -66 (1983). Although NRCD [DEHNR\u2019s predecessor] has authority to seek injunctive relief in courts, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 113A-64, by the time an action is brought and an injunction issued, irreparable damage may have already occurred. The power to levy a civil penalty is therefore a useful tool, since even the threat of a fine is a deterrent. We conclude that the civil penalty power is reasonably necessary to the purposes for which NRCD was established.\nIn the Matter of Appeal From Civil Penalty, 324 N.C at 380-81, 379 S.E.2d at 35 (emphasis added).\nDefendant argues that DEHNR\u2019s authority to assess civil penalties is no longer a constitutional delegation of judicial power because since In the Matter of Appeal From Civil Penalty was decided, the legislature enacted N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-65.1, which authorizes DEHNR to issue stop-work orders. We disagree. We reviewed both the penalty and stop-work order provisions and find that DEHNR\u2019s authority to issue a penalty is still reasonably necessary to the enforcement of the SPCA and hence to one of the purposes for which DEHNR was established. The stop-work order provision is merely an additional enforcement tool.\nUnder the stop-work order provision, a stop-work order is served on the person who is in operational control of the land-disturbing activity and becomes effective upon service of the order. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-65.1 (c) and (d) (1994). While all violations of the SPCA or of any rules adopted or orders issued pursuant to the SPCA are subject to a civil penalty under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-64(a)(l) (1994), stop-work orders can only be issued upon findings that:\na land-disturbing activity is being conducted in violation of this Article or of any rule adopted or order issued pursuant to this Article, that the violation is knowing and willful, and that either:\n(1) Off-site sedimentation has eliminated or severely degraded a use in a lake or natural watercourse or that such degradation is imminent.\n(2) Off-site sedimentation has caused severe damage to adjacent land or that such damage is imminent.\n(3) The land-disturbing activity is being conducted without an approved plan.\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-65.1(a). Thus, the authority to assess civil penalties under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 113A-64 is still necessary to the enforcement of the SPCA.\nDefendant also argues that DEHNR should have utilized the stop-work order provision instead of the penalty provision and that had it done so, the penalty assessed against him would have been smaller. Assuming arguendo that DEHNR could have issued a stop-work order, defendant cannot dictate the enforcement mechanism to be used by DEHNR. DEHNR, in electing its enforcement mechanism, had sent a notice of violation advising defendant to correct the violations by a certain date. Had he done so, the penalty would have been considerably less than that imposed.\nFinally, defendant argues that we should reverse the order of summary judgment for plaintiff since there were genuine issues of material fact as to the constitutionality of the SPCA. For the reasons already discussed herein, we disagree. Summary judgment shall be rendered when \u201cthe pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (1990). The movant has the burden of making a prima facie showing that no genuine issue of fact exists. When this burden is met, the opposing party must come forward with evidence in opposition. State ex. rel. Grimsley v. Buchanan, 64 N.C. App. 367, 368, 307 S.E.2d 385, 386 (1983). Plaintiff\u2019s verified complaint and accompanying exhibits were sufficient to make a prima facie showing that it was entitled to recover the penalty. Defendant\u2019s affidavit in opposition to the motion for summary judgment fails to raise genuine issues of material facts and plaintiff was entitled as a matter of law to the relief granted. See State ex. rel. Grimsley v. Buchanan, 64 N.C. App. 367, 370, 307 S.E.2d 385, 387 (1983).\nThe State cross-appeals, assigning error to the trial court\u2019s finding that the constitutionality of the SPCA presented a justiciable issue of law and to the trial court\u2019s consideration of that issue. We need not address this assignment of error since we affirm the order.\nAffirmed.\nJudges EAGLES and GREENE concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "WALKER, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Attorney General Michael F. Easley, by Assistant Attorney General Sueanna P. Sumpter, for plaintiff-appellee.", "Charles R. Brewer for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, ex. rel. WILLIAM W. COBEY, JR. Secretary, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Plaintiff v. FRANK H. COOK, Defendant\nNo. 9430SC379\n(Filed 21 February 1995)\n1. Environmental Protection, Regulation, and Conservation \u00a7 124 (NCI4th)\u2014 violation of Sedimentation Pollution Control Act \u2014 claim for civil penalties \u2014 sufficiency of complaint\nA complaint was sufficient to state a claim under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 113A-64(a)(2) to enforce civil penalties where it alleged that the Dept, of E.H.N.R. assessed civil penalties against defendant for violations of the Sedimentation Pollution Control Act, that notices of the penalties were received by defendant, and that defendant did not file a petition for a contested case hearing within the time allowed and refused to pay the penalty.\nAm Jur 2d, Pollution Control \u00a7 288.\n2. Environmental Protection, Regulation, and Conservation \u00a7 124 (NCI4th)\u2014 violation of Sedimentation Pollution Control Act \u2014 civil penalty \u2014 constitutional delegation of legislative power\nThe statutory authority of the Dept, of E.H.N.R. to assess civil penalties for violations of the Sedimentation Pollution Control Act remains a constitutional delegation of legislative power necessary to enforcement of the Act even though the Dept, of E.H.N.R. now is authorized by N.C.G.S. \u00a7 113A-65.1 to issue a stop-work order under certain circumstances.\nAm Jur 2d, Pollution Control \u00a7 288.\nValidity of state statutory provision permitting administrative agency to impose monetary penalties for violation of environmental pollution statute. 81 ALR3d 1258.\n3. Environmental Protection, Regulation, and Conservation \u00a7 124 (NCI4th)\u2014 violation of Sedimentation Pollution Control Act \u2014 enforcement tools \u2014 no choice by polluter\nDefendant polluter had no right to require the Dept, of E.H.N.R. to utilize a stop-work order rather than a civil penalty to enforce the Sedimentation Pollution Control Act.\nAm Jur 2d, Pollution Control \u00a7 288.\nAppeal by defendant from order entered 10 January 1994 by Judge James U. Downs in Cherokee County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 12 January 1995.\nAttorney General Michael F. Easley, by Assistant Attorney General Sueanna P. Sumpter, for plaintiff-appellee.\nCharles R. Brewer for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0070-01", "first_page_order": 102, "last_page_order": 108 }