{ "id": 8549237, "name": "B. WALTON BROWN, Administrator of the Estate of RUTH ANN FRANCE v. COLON LOUIE WHITLEY and PUGH OIL COMPANY, INC.", "name_abbreviation": "Brown v. Whitley", "decision_date": "1971-09-15", "docket_number": "No. 7119SC540", "first_page": "306", "last_page": "312", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "12 N.C. App. 306" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "108 S.E. 2d 847", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "250 N.C. 540", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8624846 ], "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/250/0540-01" ] }, { "cite": "69 S.E. 2d 156", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "158" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "235 N.C. 56", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8620947 ], "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "59" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/235/0056-01" ] }, { "cite": "96 S.E. 2d 837", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "245 N.C. 563", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8614639 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/245/0563-01" ] }, { "cite": "129 S.E. 2d 293", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "258 N.C. 686", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562414 ], "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/258/0686-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 S.E. 248", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "weight": 2, "year": 1936, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "210 N.C. 230", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8625406 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1936, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/210/0230-01" ] }, { "cite": "194 S.E. 284", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1937, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "212 N.C. 583", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8615599 ], "year": 1937, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/212/0583-01" ] }, { "cite": "195 S.E. 801", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1938, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "213 N.C. 264", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8627668 ], "year": 1938, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/213/0264-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 S.W. 2d 552", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "year": 1937, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "193 Ark. 751", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ark.", "case_ids": [ 1410998 ], "year": 1937, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ark/193/0751-01" ] }, { "cite": "40 Tenn. App. 197", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Tenn. App.", "case_ids": [ 8512016 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1956, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/tenn-app/40/0197-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 A. 2d 218", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1956, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "209 Md. 304", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Md.", "case_ids": [ 2210710 ], "year": 1956, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/md/209/0304-01" ] }, { "cite": "247 Iowa 69", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "case_ids": [ 4449202 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/iowa/247/0069-01" ] }, { "cite": "265 Ala. 426", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ala.", "case_ids": [ 5801239 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1956, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ala/265/0426-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 N.W. 2d 456", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10793818 ], "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/108/0456-01" ] }, { "cite": "345 S.W. 2d 277", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 2261922, 10154459 ], "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/tex/162/0117-01", "/sw2d/345/0277-01" ] }, { "cite": "88 S.E. 2d 96", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "242 N.C. 324", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8614615 ], "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/242/0324-01" ] }, { "cite": "116 S.E. 2d 801", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "253 N.C. 266", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8624422 ], "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/253/0266-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 S.E. 832", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1934, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "207 N.C. 30", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8622000 ], "year": 1934, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/207/0030-01" ] }, { "cite": "16 S.E. 2d 655", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1941, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "220 N.C. 163", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11300176 ], "year": 1941, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/220/0163-01" ] }, { "cite": "125 S.E. 2d 315", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1962, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "257 N.C. 71", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8565521 ], "year": 1962, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/257/0071-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 697, "char_count": 14315, "ocr_confidence": 0.572, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.676830387708631e-08, "percentile": 0.3566866253592391 }, "sha256": "801be159e2e2a85c15531b05c9632545d728254741bd9366d2e7753d1ed2f98a", "simhash": "1:2ba229234b0c702b", "word_count": 2350 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:50:27.087613+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges Morris and Parker concur." ], "parties": [ "B. WALTON BROWN, Administrator of the Estate of RUTH ANN FRANCE v. COLON LOUIE WHITLEY and PUGH OIL COMPANY, INC." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "BRITT, Judge.\nIn their first assignment of error defendants contend the court erred in excluding the testimony of defendant Whitley concerning the collision on the ground that said testimony violated G.S. 8-51, commonly referred to as the dead man\u2019s statute. The portion of the statute pertinent to this case provides that \u201c (u)pon the trial of an action * * * a party or a person interested in the event * * * shall not be examined as a witness in his own behalf or interest * * * against the * * administrator * * of a deceased person * * * concerning a personal transaction or communication between the witness and the deceased person * * * . \u201d Was the collision between the tractor operated by defendant Whitley and the automobile operated by decedent a \u201cpersonal transaction\u201d within the meaning of G.S. 8-51? We hold that it was not.\nWe are aware that our Supreme Court has held that two occupants of the same automobile are engaged in a \u201cpersonal transaction\u201d thereby rendering incompetent the testimony of one against the personal representative of the other\u2019s estate. Tharpe v. Newman, 257 N.C. 71, 125 S.E. 2d 315 (1962); Davis v. Pearson, 220 N.C. 163, 16 S.E. 2d 655 (1941) ; Boyd v. Williams, 207 N.C. 30, 175 S.E. 832 (1934). We are also aware of the 1967 amendment to G.S. 8-51 which provides: \u201cNothing in this section shall preclude testimony as to the identity of the deceased operator of a motor vehicle in any case brought against the deceased\u2019s estate arising out of the operation of a motor vehicle in which the deceased is alleged to have been the operator or one of the operators involved.\u201d But the case at bar presents an entirely different proposition as the Supreme Court indicated in Carswell v. Greene, 253 N.C. 266, 116 S.E. 2d 801 (1960) when Justice Higgins speaking for the court said: \u201cThe decisions of this Court have gone a long way in excluding evidence of a surviving passenger in his action against the estate of the deceased driver based on driver negligence. Our cases, however, have never gone so far as to exclude the evidence of a survivor as to what he saw with respect to the operation of a separate vehicle with which he had a collision.\u201d\nWe think this case is analogous to Hardison v. Gregory, 242 N.C. 324, 88 S.E. 2d 96 (1955). Hardison was an action for alienation of affections and criminal conversation by a husband against the administrators of the alleged tort-feasor. Plaintiff testified that when he unexpectedly returned to his home one night he found the deceased standing in the living room of the unlighted house, and that on two other occasions he saw his wife and the deceased alone at farm cabins; the court held the evidence competent as testimony of independent facts. In the opinion, written by Parker, Justice (later Chief Justice), we find:\nApparently we have no case directly on all fours, but we have a number of cases that sustain the proposition that G.S. 8-51 does not prohibit an interested party from testifying as to the acts and conduct of the deceased, where the interested party is merely an observer \u2014 in other words as to independent facts based upon independent knowledge, not derived from any personal transaction or communication with the deceased. (Numerous citations.)\n\u2756 * \u2756\nOur cases hold that an interested party is not prohibited by G.S. 8-51 from testifying concerning his independent acts. (Citations.)\n* # *\nIt is to be noted that plaintiff gave no testimony as to any words spoken on the three occasions. Applying the principles of law stated above to the facts, we conclude that the plaintiff was competent to testify as to what he saw the deceased Bonnie M. Gregory do and his conduct\non the three occasions set forth, because he was testifying as to independent facts based upon independent knowledge, not derived from any personal transaction or communication with the deceased.\nIn Hardison, the court has distinguished between acts done with a deceased person and acts done in observing such a person thereby putting the emphasis on the \u201cpersonal relationship\u201d of the parties. Any acts done in observation of a deceased person apparently are considered \u201cindependent acts\u201d and not within the statutory exclusion.\nIn the instant case the acts of two independent drivers, total strangers to each other up to the point of impact, cannot be said to be acts done with a deceased person but are acts done in observation of a deceased person, thus, testimony as to these acts are not excluded by G.S. 8-51. Defendant Whitley would not be prevented from describing the conduct and movements of the deceased\u2019s car by the phrase \u201cconcerning a personal transaction\u201d when the movements were quite independent and apart from, and in no way connected with, or prompted or influenced by reason of, the conduct of the party testifying. 58 Am. Jur., Witnesses, \u00a7 250. This view has been adopted by a number of other jurisdictions in the following cases: Harper v. Johnson, 345 S.W. 2d 277 (Tex. 1961) ; Knoepfle v. Suko, 108 N.W. 2d 456 (N.D. 1961) ; Gibson v. McDonald, 265 Ala. 426, 91 So. 2d 679 (1956) ; Turbot v. Repp, 247 Iowa 69, 72 N.W. 2d 565 (1955) ; Shaneybrook v. Blizzard, 209 Md. 304, 121 A. 2d 218 (1956); Christofiel v. Johnson, 40 Tenn. App. 197, 290 S.W. 2d 215 (1956) ; Rankin v. Morgan, 193 Ark. 751, 102 S.W. 2d 552 (1937). Considering the fact that the only relationship between defendant Whitley and decedent was the impact of their vehicles, in light of the distinctions projected in Hardison v. Gregory, supra, and other authorities cited, we conclude that such a collision is not a personal transaction within the meaning of the term, and G.S. 8-51 is not applicable to the testimony of the surviving driver in a two vehicle collision.\nThere is an additional reason why the excluded testimony was competent as to defendant Pugh\u2019s counterclaim. Assuming that the testimony was inadmissible as to defendant Whitley because of the \u201cpersonal transaction\u201d portion of the statute, this would not have made it incompetent as to defendant Pugh. We would then be confronted with another portion of the statute requiring an answer to this question: Was defendant Whitley, employed by defendant Pugh as a truck driver, \u201cinterested in the event\u201d \u2014 the collision\u2014 to the extent that he was disqualified to testify with respect to the collision as a witness for defendant Pugh? We hold that he was not.\nTo be disqualified as a \u201cperson interested in the event\u201d the witness must have a direct legal or pecuniary interest in the outcome of the litigation. Allen v. Allen, 213 N.C. 264, 195 S.E. 801 (1938) ; Price v. Askins, 212 N.C. 583, 194 S.E. 284 (1937) ; Burton v. Styers, 210 N.C. 230, 186 S.E. 248 (1936). As to defendant Pugh, defendant Whitley did not have such an interest. Assuming a collision between two motor vehicles is a \u201ctransaction\u201d within the meaning of the statute, it has been held that one who has acted as an agent for a third person in a transaction with a person since deceased, is ordinarily competent to testify to conversations or transactions of the decedent. 97 C.J.S., Witnesses, \u00a7 180.\nAnalogous to this case is Smith v. Perdue, 258 N.C. 686, 129 S.E. 2d 293 (1963) in which a husband and his wife filed separate suits for personal services rendered decedents. The suits were tried together and in an opinion by Sharp, Justice, we find:\nOver objection, each plaintiff testified for the other. This was permissible procedure and defendant\u2019s assignments of error to the evidence thus elicited are not sustained. We have consistently held that in actions of this kind the relationship of husband and wife does not render the testimony of one for the other incompetent under G.S. 8-51. Burton v. Styers, 210 N.C. 230, 186 S.E. 248; Bank v. Atkinson, 245 N.C. 563, 96 S.E. 2d 837.\nThe \u201ccourts are not disposed to extend the disqualification of a witness under the statute to those not included in its express terms.\u201d Sanderson v. Paul, 235 N.C. 56, 59, 69 S.E. 2d 156, 158 (1952). When there is more than one defendant, testimony which is competent as to one party should not be excluded by virtue of G.S. 8-51 because it is not competent against another party in the suit; the testimony should be limited by proper instructions. Lamm v. Gardner, 250 N.C. 540, 108 S.E. 2d 847 (1959).\nDefendants\u2019 remaining assignment of error relates to the granting of plaintiff\u2019s motion for a directed verdict as to defendants\u2019 counterclaims on the ground that defendants failed to show sufficient evidence of actionable negligence on the part of decedent. In allowing the motion, the court did not consider the excluded testimony hereinbefore referred to. Having held that the excluded evidence was admissible, we hold that it, together with other evidence presented, was sufficient to make out a case on defendants\u2019 counterclaims.\nFor the reasons stated, the portions of the judgment allowing plaintiff\u2019s motion for directed verdicts and dismissing the counterclaims are\nReversed.\nJudges Morris and Parker concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "BRITT, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Smith & Casper by Archie L. Smith for plaintiff appellee.", "Moser and Moser by Thad T. Moser and Perry C. Henson and Daniel W. Donahue for defendants appellants." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "B. WALTON BROWN, Administrator of the Estate of RUTH ANN FRANCE v. COLON LOUIE WHITLEY and PUGH OIL COMPANY, INC.\nNo. 7119SC540\n(Filed 15 September 1971)\n1. Evidence \u00a7 11\u2014 dead man\u2019s statute \u2014 personal transaction \u2014 collision between two vehicles\nA collision between a tractor-trailer operated by defendant and the automobile operated by plaintiff\u2019s intestate was not a \u201cpersonal transaction\u201d within the meaning of the dead man\u2019s statute, G.S. 8-51, and that statute did not prohibit defendant from testifying as to how the collision occurred.\n2. Evidence \u00a7 11\u2014 dead man\u2019s statute \u2014 collision between two vehicles \u2014 testimony by one defendant in support of second defendant\u2019s counterclaim\nIn this action to recover damages resulting from a collision between an automobile operated by plaintiff\u2019s intestate and a tractor-trailer driven by one defendant and owned by the second defendant, the dead man\u2019s statute did not prohibit defendant driver from testifying as to the collision in support of defendant owner\u2019s counterclaim for damages to its tractor-trailer.\n3. Trial \u00a7 17 \u2014 testimony incompetent against one party \u2014 restricted admission\nTestimony competent as to one party should not be excluded by virtue of G.S. 8-51 because it is not competent against another party in the suit, but its admission should be limited by proper instructions.\n4. Automobiles \u00a7 53\u2014 driving on wrong side of road\nDefendants\u2019 counterclaims should have been submitted to the jury where their evidence tended to show that the automobile driven by plaintiff\u2019s intestate crossed the center line' into defendants\u2019 lane and struck defendants\u2019 oncoming tractor-trailer.\nAppeal by defendants from Gambill, Judge, 5 April 1971 Session of Randolph Superior Court.\nThe original plaintiff, Ruth Ann France (decedent), instituted this action to recover for personal injuries and property damage allegedly sustained by her in a collision between an automobile owned and operated by her and a tractor-trailer owned by defendant Pugh Oil Company, Inc. (defendant Pugh), and operated by its agent and employee defendant Whitley. After the pleadings were filed, decedent committed suicide and the administrator of her estate was substituted as plaintiff and adopted the pleadings. By counterclaims in their answer, defendant Whitley sought recovery for personal injuries and defendant Pugh sought recovery for property damage.\nPlaintiff\u2019s evidence tended to show: The collision occurred 4.8 miles south of Greensboro on U.S. Highway No. 220. Decedent was driving her car in a northerly direction on the two-lane highway and defendant Whitley was traveling in a southerly direction. After the collision the vehicles came to rest on a curve which bears to the left if traveling in a southerly direction, the tractor-trailer on its right hand side of the road. Except for the two drivers there were no eye witnesses to the collision. There was a deep indention in the pavement some 75 to 100 feet from the rear of the tractor-trailer. There was a mist-type rain, and the pavement was wet. Decedent\u2019s automobile was upright, down an embankment and the tractor-trailer was lying on its side. Decedent\u2019s automobile was damaged in the front and the tractor-trailer was damaged in the left front and top.\nAt the close of plaintiff\u2019s evidence, defendants moved for a directed verdict on the ground that plaintiff had failed to show any evidence of negligence on the part of either defendant which could have been the proximate cause of any injuries or damages sustained by decedent. The court did not rule on the motion at that time.\nAs a material part of their evidence, defendants attempted to show by testimony of defendant Whitley their version as to how the collision occurred, but the court on plaintiff\u2019s objection excluded the testimony as being violative of G.S. 8-51. The testimony was given for the record in the absence of the jury and tended to show: The collision occurred on the curve above mentioned. Although defendant Whitley turned his wheels to his right and \u201ctook the shoulder\u201d in an effort to prevent the collision, decedent crossed the center line into defendant\u2019s lane and struck the tractor. Defendant Whitley did not leave his right hand side of the highway at any time and received no warning that decedent\u2019s vehicle would not remain in its lane. The vehicles made contact after decedent crossed the center line of the highway at which time the right front wheel of the tractor was on the west shoulder of the highway.\nDefendants introduced evidence of defendant Whitley\u2019s employment, experience, and injuries together with the route he had followed prior to the collision; evidence as to damage to the tractor-trailer was also admitted. At the close of defendants\u2019 evidence, plaintiff moved for a directed verdict on the counterclaims on the grounds that defendants failed to show actionable negligence on the part of decedent. The court thereupon allowed defendants\u2019 motion for a directed verdict on plaintiff\u2019s claim and plaintiff\u2019s motion for directed verdict on defendants\u2019 counterclaims. From judgment dismissing their actions, defendants appealed.\nSmith & Casper by Archie L. Smith for plaintiff appellee.\nMoser and Moser by Thad T. Moser and Perry C. Henson and Daniel W. Donahue for defendants appellants." }, "file_name": "0306-01", "first_page_order": 332, "last_page_order": 338 }