{ "id": 11919081, "name": "CALVIN JOHNSON, Plaintiff-Employee v. CHARLES KECK LOGGING, Defendant-Employer and SELF-INSURED NORTH CAROLINA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Defendant-Insurance Carrier", "name_abbreviation": "Johnson v. Charles Keck Logging", "decision_date": "1996-02-20", "docket_number": "No. COA94-1034", "first_page": "598", "last_page": "602", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "121 N.C. App. 598" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "331 S.E.2d 669", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "314 N.C. 59", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4687207 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/314/0059-01" ] }, { "cite": "300 S.E.2d 351", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "354" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "307 N.C. 628", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8565356 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "632" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/307/0628-01" ] }, { "cite": "354 S.E.2d 767", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "771", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "85 N.C. App. 272", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 12169828 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "276", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/85/0272-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 S.E.2d 801", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1961, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "803" }, { "page": "803" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "255 N.C. 669", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8572181 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1961, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "672" }, { "page": "672" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/255/0669-01" ] }, { "cite": "97 S.E.2d 432", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1957, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "436", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "246 N.C. 26", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8623496 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1957, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "30-31" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/246/0026-01" ] }, { "cite": "296 S.E.2d 456", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "458" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "307 N.C. 99", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8560726 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "102" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/307/0099-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 580, "char_count": 10917, "ocr_confidence": 0.763, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.5317002214359285e-07, "percentile": 0.8125429320396672 }, "sha256": "ac899af9f6acd2c0fc7383897c4c14b68151f9f667430bdbe4ec8369e8f01351", "simhash": "1:cddf64eb31afb190", "word_count": 1704 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:54:48.563497+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Chief Judge ARNOLD and Judge LEWIS concur." ], "parties": [ "CALVIN JOHNSON, Plaintiff-Employee v. CHARLES KECK LOGGING, Defendant-Employer and SELF-INSURED NORTH CAROLINA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Defendant-Insurance Carrier" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "McGEE, Judge.\nFor most of plaintiff Calvin Johnson\u2019s adult life, he worked as a \u201climber/topper\u201d (topper) cutting the limbs and tops off trees already cut down by a \u201cstumper.\u201d On Monday, 11 June 1990 at approximately 11:00 a.m., plaintiff was working as a topper for defendant, Charles Keck Logging, when he was injured by a partially-cut tree blowing over on him. Plaintiff was taken to the emergency room at Halifax-South Boston Community Hospital (Community Hospital) where a physical examination and various tests were conducted to determine plaintiff\u2019s condition. One test administered was a blood alcohol analysis performed on a blood sample allegedly collected from plaintiff at approximately 1:24 p.m. The blood test results showed the blood alcohol content of plaintiffs blood was .11.\nA deputy commissioner of the N.C. Industrial Commission held a hearing on plaintiffs request for benefits on 9 September 1991. The evidence included the results of plaintiffs blood test, which were admitted into evidence over plaintiffs objections. The deputy commissioner also heard testimony about plaintiffs behavior the day of the injury, as well as the day before the accident. Plaintiff testified he consumed alcohol during the weekend prior to the accident. Several of plaintiffs co-workers, who had been with him during the weekend, confirmed that on Sunday plaintiff had consumed wine throughout much of the day until 9:00 p.m. that evening. The next morning, plaintiff rode with co-workers on the ninety minute trip to the logging site where he was scheduled to work. None of the co-workers riding with plaintiff observed any behavior indicating he was intoxicated. Nor did plaintiffs co-workers detect him acting in an unusual or irresponsible manner during the work shift. Plaintiffs employer testified plaintiff did not seem intoxicated and he appeared to be performing his duties in his usual manner.\nThere was testimony as to whether plaintiff was observing various safety guidelines when he was injured. Plaintiff stated he was not wearing safety equipment on the day he was injured. Additionally, there was evidence plaintiff was not observing the \u201ctwo tree-length safety rule\u201d when he was injured. Under the rule, everyone working at a logging site must stay two tree-lengths from where trees are being cut down by the stumper.\nThe deputy commissioner filed an opinion and award on 2 March 1992 concluding that plaintiffs injury was proximately caused by his intoxication, and this resulted in \u201c[a] lack of judgment, reduced awareness of his surroundings, and dullened [sic] senses\u201d and led to plaintiffs \u201c[failure] to adhere to the standard safety rules of logging.\u201d Consequently, the deputy commissioner denied plaintiff workers\u2019 compensation benefits based on N. C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 97-12(1) which states, \u201c[n]o compensation shall be payable if the injury or death to the employee was proximately caused by: (1) [h]is intoxication, provided the intoxicant was not supplied by the employer or his agent in a supervisory capacity to the employee.\u201d\nPlaintiff appealed to the Full Commission and filed a motion to strike the results of the blood test taken at Community Hospital. On 23 May 1994, a divided panel of the Full Commission affirmed and adopted the deputy commissioner\u2019s opinion and award with minor modifications to several of the deputy commissioner\u2019s findings of fact. Commissioner James J. Booker dissented and urged that the \u201ccorrect result in this case would be to follow the rules of evidence and strike from consideration the Halifax/South Boston Community Hospital test results as being inherently unreliable. I would vote to reverse the case and remand to a deputy for rehearing. . . .\u201d We agree with the dissent.\nThis Court\u2019s review is limited to a consideration of whether there was any competent evidence to support the Full Commission\u2019s findings of fact and whether these findings of fact support the Commission\u2019s conclusions of law. McLean v. Roadway Express, 307 N.C. 99, 102, 296 S.E.2d 456, 458 (1982). In Penland v. Coal Co., 246 N.C. 26, 97 S.E.2d 432 (1957), we said:\nFindings not supported by competent evidence are not conclusive and will be set aside on appeal. The rule is that the evidence must be legally competent; and a finding based on incompetent evidence is not conclusive. However, where an essential fact found by the Industrial Commission is supported by competent evidence, the finding is conclusive on appeal, even though some incompetent evidence was also admitted at the hearing.\nPenland, 246 N.C. at 30-31, 97 S.E.2d at 436 (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Under these facts, the issue is whether there is competent evidence to support the Industrial Commission\u2019s finding that plaintiff\u2019s 11 June 1990 injury was proximately caused by his intoxication and he is therefore barred from receiving workers\u2019 compensation benefits under G.S. 97-12(1).\nWe agree with Commissioner Booker that the only evidence in the record as to plaintiff\u2019s intoxication at the time of the accident was the blood alcohol test conducted by Community Hospital. As we have stated, none of plaintiff\u2019s co-workers detected any behavior which indicated plaintiff was intoxicated. A later blood alcohol test performed on 11 June 1990 at 6:16 p.m. at Duke University Hospital listed plaintiff\u2019s alcohol level as \u201cnegative.\u201d Therefore, the accuracy of the blood alcohol test taken by Community Hospital is critical since the Industrial Commission denied plaintiff\u2019s claim pursuant to the intoxication defense in G.S. 97-12(1).\nThe admissibility of a blood alcohol test \u201cdepends upon a showing of compliance with conditions as to relevancy in point of time, tracing and identification of specimen, accuracy of analysis, and qualification of the witness as an expert in the field.\u201d Robinson v. Insurance Co., 255 N.C. 669, 672, 122 S.E.2d 801, 803 (1961). \u201cIn other words, a foundation must be laid before this type of evidence is admissible.\u201d Id. The expert witness who offers the results of these types of scientific tests must be in a position to \u201c[explain] the way the test is conducted, attesting its scientific reliability, and vouching for its correct administration in the particular case.\" FGX, Inc. v. Caudill, 85 N.C. App. 272, 276, 354 S.E.2d 767, 771 (1987) (emphasis added).\nThe Community Hospital blood alcohol test contains several discrepancies which affect the reliability of the test results. The chain of custody from the time the blood was drawn from plaintiff until it was tested was never clearly established. The expert witness called to testify regarding plaintiffs alcohol blood test was \u201ca management technologist\u201d in the clinical laboratory at Community Hospital. Although the technologist analyzed the blood allegedly taken from plaintiff, he admitted he had not drawn blood in years and that he \u201cdidn\u2019t know what happened to this particular blood. It was brought to me, and I tested it and reported out the results.\u201d He discussed in general terms the hospital\u2019s procedure for collecting blood and how the tests are conducted. However, there was no testimony as to the identity of the phlebotomist who drew plaintiff\u2019s blood nor the specific manner in which plaintiff\u2019s blood was drawn. The technologist further stated alcohol swabs are not used to clean the area where the blood is drawn if the purpose for the blood is to test for blood alcohol levels; but if other blood tests are being conducted, alcohol swabs are used. In plaintiff\u2019s case, the technologist testified the physicians ordered several types of blood tests, including the blood alcohol analysis, and there was no testimony as to whether an alcohol or nonalcohol prep was used in drawing plaintiff\u2019s blood sample. While our Courts do not require the person who draws the blood to testify in every case in order to establish a proper foundation, (See State v. Grier, 307 N.C. 628, 632, 300 S.E.2d 351, 354, (1983) appeal after remand, 314 N.C. 59, 331 S.E.2d 669 (1985)) under these facts, other inconsistencies with these critical test results warranted a more thorough development of the chain of custody of plaintiff\u2019s blood sample.\nNot only is there insufficient evidence to establish an adequate chain of custody of plaintiff\u2019s blood sample, but there are other disturbing discrepancies relating to the test. The date and time of the blood test were incorrectly marked as having been drawn on the Sunday afternoon before the accident occurred. The technologist blamed the inaccuracy on human error or a possible power failure in the laboratory. Further testimony revealed questions as to whether the machine was correctly calibrated when plaintiffs test was conducted. One expert testified a power failure could have affected the machine\u2019s calibration and incorrect calibration can affect the reliability of blood tests. Finally, there was testimony that an inadequate number of controls may have been run on this particular specimen which could affect the reliability of plaintiffs test results.\nUnder these facts, there is insufficient evidence to establish that this critical blood alcohol analysis was scientifically reliable or that it was correctly administered in \u201ccompliance with conditions as to relevancy in point of time, tracing and identification of specimen, [and] accuracy of analysis.\u201d Robinson, 255 N.C. at 672, 122 S.E.2d at 803. We find the blood alcohol test from Community Hospital is incompetent evidence of plaintiffs intoxication and therefore, we reverse the case and remand it to the Industrial Commission for rehearing.\nReversed and remanded.\nChief Judge ARNOLD and Judge LEWIS concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "McGEE, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Alexander Dawson, P.A., by Alexander Dawson, for plaintiff-appellant.", "Brooks, Stevens & Pope, P.A., by F. Stephen Glass and Susan M. Hunt, for defendant-appellants." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "CALVIN JOHNSON, Plaintiff-Employee v. CHARLES KECK LOGGING, Defendant-Employer and SELF-INSURED NORTH CAROLINA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Defendant-Insurance Carrier\nNo. COA94-1034\n(Filed 20 February 1996)\nWorkers\u2019 Compensation \u00a7 129 (NCI4th)\u2014 intoxication of employee \u2014 unreliability of blood alcohol test \u2014 conclusions unsupported by evidence\nWhere there was insufficient evidence to establish that a blood alcohol analysis was scientifically reliable or that it was correctly administered in compliance with conditions as to relevancy in point of time, tracing and identification of specimen, and accuracy of analysis, the blood alcohol test was incompetent evidence of plaintiffs intoxication; therefore, where there was no other evidence of plaintiffs intoxication, the Industrial Commission erred in concluding that plaintiffs injury was proximately caused by his intoxication and in denying his workers\u2019 compensation claim. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 97-12(1).\nAm Jur 2d, Workers\u2019 Compensation \u00a7 256.\nAppeal by plaintiff from an Industrial Commission decision entered 23 May 1994. Heard in the Court of Appeals 24 May 1995.\nAlexander Dawson, P.A., by Alexander Dawson, for plaintiff-appellant.\nBrooks, Stevens & Pope, P.A., by F. Stephen Glass and Susan M. Hunt, for defendant-appellants." }, "file_name": "0598-01", "first_page_order": 632, "last_page_order": 636 }