{
  "id": 11920050,
  "name": "GBASAY ROGERSON, Plaintiff v. HUGH E. FITZPATRICK, ALTON R. TYNDALL, JR. and LINDA S. BECK, jointly, severally and individually in their official capacities and THE CITY OF DURHAM, Defendants",
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    "parties": [
      "GBASAY ROGERSON, Plaintiff v. HUGH E. FITZPATRICK, ALTON R. TYNDALL, JR. and LINDA S. BECK, jointly, severally and individually in their official capacities and THE CITY OF DURHAM, Defendants"
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      {
        "text": "JOHN, Judge.\nPlaintiff Gbasay Rogerson appeals dismissal, for failure to file suit within the applicable statute of limitations period, of his claims against the City of Durham (the City) and Durham police officers Corporal Hugh Fitzpatrick (Fitzpatrick), Alton Tyndall, Jr. (Tyndall), and Linda Beck (Beck) in their official capacities.\nPertinent background information, as alleged in plaintiff\u2019s complaint, and procedural details are as follows: At approximately 11:30 p.m. on 17 February 1990, plaintiff was operating his automobile in Durham when he was signaled to stop by defendant Fitzpatrick. Plaintiff alleges Fitzpatrick, a white police officer, lacked probable cause to stop the vehicle and acted only because plaintiff was a black person driving an expensive-looking sports car.\nUpon bringing his automobile to a stop, plaintiff was directed by Fitzpatrick to display his driver\u2019s license and automobile registration. As plaintiff attempted to locate the registration, he was ordered by Fitzpatrick to exit the vehicle and subsequently searched without probable cause or his consent. Thereafter, plaintiff was forced to sit in a patrol car while Fitzpatrick and two other white police officers who had arrived at the scene, defendants Tyndall and Beck, searched plaintiffs automobile in a violent manner. Further, the officers verbally abused plaintiff and shined a high-powered flashlight into his eyes. Plaintiff alleges citations issued him for operating a vehicle with improper or expired license registration and failure to maintain liability insurance were subsequently dismissed; however, defendants respond that plaintiff was convicted of driving with expired registration.\nPlaintiff filed suit 6 March 1991 in the Superior Court of Durham County against Fitzpatrick, Tyndall, and Beck, in their individual capacities, pursuant to: 1) 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983, for violation of plaintiff\u2019s Fourth Amendment rights against unreasonable search and seizure and his Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process and equal protection of the law; 2) Article I, \u00a7 19 of the North Carolina Constitution, for violation of state constitutional provisions parallel to the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments; 3) 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1985(3), for conspiracy to harm plaintiff based upon his race; and 4) North Carolina common law, for conspiracy to commit unlawful acts.\nDefendants filed answer on 6 May 1991, denying the essential allegations of plaintiffs complaint and asserting they at all times \u201cacted lawfully under color of law pursuant to the laws of the State of North Carolina and the ordinances and regulations of the City of Durham.\u201d Plaintiff pursued discovery, and defendants\u2019 \u201cObjections and Responses to Plaintiff\u2019s First Request for Admissions\u201d and \u201cObjections and Answers to Plaintiff\u2019s First Set of Interrogatories and Request for the Production of Documents\u201d were filed 1 May 1992 and on or about 5 May 1992, respectively.\nThereafter, on 5 March 1993, plaintiff filed a motion to amend his complaint to add a claim against the City pursuant to 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 [\u00a7 1983] and to name as defendants the officers in their official capacities. On 26 April 1993, the Honorable George R. Greene entered a consent order allowing the amended complaint to be filed \u201cwithout prejudice to any and all denials, avoidances, and defenses which Defendants\u201d might assert, including those under N.C.R. Civ. P. 12(b). Defendants\u2019 answer to the amended complaint, filed 1 July 1993, included the City\u2019s motion to dismiss pursuant to N.C.R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, alleging the action against the City was not filed within the applicable statute of limitations period.\nFollowing a hearing on the motion held 11 May 1994, judgment was entered by the trial court 10 June 1994 dismissing plaintiffs claims against the City and the officers in their official capacities. The court certified its Order and Judgment for immediate appeal pursuant to N.C.R. Civ. P. 54(b).\nWe note initially that the trial court\u2019s order dismissing plaintiffs claims provided it had considered and examined \u201cthe court file, including [defendants\u2019] motion, pleadings, discovery, . . . [and] the arguments of counsel.\u201d (emphasis added). While defendants\u2019 motion was filed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), such a \u201cmotion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is \u2018converted to a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment when matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court.\u2019 \u201d King v. Cape Fear Mem. Hosp., 96 N.C. App. 338, 342, 385 S.E.2d 812, 814-815 (1989), disc. review denied, 326 N.C. 265, 389 S.E.2d 114 (1990) (citations omitted); N.C.G.S. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 12(b) (1990). We therefore treat the trial court\u2019s order as one allowing summary judgment against plaintiff.\nPlaintiff sets forth two arguments that the claims set forth in his amended complaint are not barred by the statute of limitations. First, he contends the amended complaint relates back to his first complaint as permitted by N.C.R. Civ. P. 15(c) [Rule 15(c)] and thus assumes the filing date of the former. Second, he asserts his claim against the City accrued at some point after the night he was detained, i.e., when he learned the officers\u2019 actions were due to the City\u2019s failure to train its police force properly. We address each of plaintiff\u2019s contentions in turn.\nRegarding plaintiff\u2019s first argument, we observe that plaintiff\u2019s motion to amend was not filed until 5 March 1993, more than three years following his detention by defendant officers. See Mauney v. Morris, 316 N.C. 67, 71, 340 S.E. 2d 397, 400 (1986) (date motion to amend filed as opposed to date court rules upon it crucial date in measuring limitations period). The statute of limitations period for \u00a7 1983 actions in North Carolina being three years, Bireline v. Seagondollar, 567 F.2d 260, 263 (4th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 842, 62 L. Ed. 2d 54 (1979), plaintiff\u2019s claim would appear to be barred by the statute of limitations.\nHowever, plaintiff relies on Rule 15(c) in maintaining that his claims against additional defendants the City and the officers in their official capacities \u201crelate back\u201d and are deemed to take on the filing date of his original complaint. Rule 15(c) provides as follows:\nA claim asserted in an amended pleading is deemed to have been interposed at the time the claim in the original pleading was interposed, unless the original pleading does not give notice of the transactions, occurrences, or series of transactions or occurrences, to be proved pursuant to the amended pleading.\nContrary to plaintiffs position, however, our Supreme Court recently held that under the plain meaning of the statute referring to \u201cclaim[s]\u201d and not parties, Rule 15(c) applies only to allow the addition of new claims and not further defendants. Crossman v. Moore, 341 N.C. 185, 187, 459 S.E.2d 715, 717 (1995). It is elementary that this Court is bound by holdings of the Supreme Court. Dunn v. Pate, 106 N.C. App. 56, 60, 415 S.E.2d 102, 104 (1992), rev\u2019d on other grounds, 334 N.C. 115, 431 S.E.2d 178 (1993).\nMoreover, plaintiff, citing Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-166, 87 L. Ed. 2d 114, 121 (1985), admitted below in his \u201cMotion to Amend and Memorandum in Support of Motion to Amend\u201d that official-capacity suits\ngenerally represent only another way of pleading an action against the entity of which an officer is an agent. . . . Thus, while an award of damages against an official in his personal capacity can be executed only against the official\u2019s personal assets, a plaintiff seeking to recover on a damages judgment in an official capacity suit must look to the governmental entity itself.\nPlaintiffs official capacity claims against the officers are thus in essence simply alternative claims against the City.\nBecause Crossman prohibits the addition of new defendants under Rule 15(c), plaintiffs claims against the City and the officers in their official capacities may not take on the filing date of his original complaint and therefore are not saved under his first argument.\nWe next consider plaintiffs contention that the statute of limitations on his complaint against the City did not begin to run until his discovery of the City\u2019s failure to train its officers properly.\nUnder \u00a7 1983, a city may not be held liable for the actions of its employees pursuant to a respondeat superior theory of liability, but is responsible only when the city itself causes the constitutional violation at issue. Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 691, 56 L. Ed. 2d 611, 636 (1978). One such instance results when a city manifests deliberate indifference to the inadequacy of the training of its police officers. Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 103 L. Ed. 2d 412 (1989).\n[I]t may happen that in light of the duties assigned to specific officers or employees the need for more or different training is so obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that the policymakers of the city can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need. In that event, the failure to provide proper training may fairly be said to represent a policy for which the city is responsible, and for which the city may be held liable if it actually causes injury.\nId. at 390, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 427-428.\nPlaintiff asserts in his brief that he initially believed the occasion on which he was detained constituted \u201can isolated incident carried out by three police officers acting with racial animus,\u201d and that the City thus was not liable for their actions under \u00a7 1983. However, plaintiff contends he later \u201cdiscovered\u201d the officers\u2019 behavior was a consequence of the City\u2019s failure to train them in an adequate manner. Plaintiff argues the statute of limitations on his claim against the City did not accrue until he discovered this responsibility of the City for the officers\u2019 actions.\nWhile state law determines the statute of limitations period for \u00a7 1983 claims, federal law controls the date of accrual of a cause of action under \u00a7 1983. Bireline, 567 F.2d at 263. The federal courts have enunciated a \u201cdiscovery rule,\u201d also called the \u201cdue diligence rule\u201d or the doctrine of \u201cblameless ignorance,\u201d principally in cases where the injury does not manifest itself for some time after the alleged negligent act or in instances involving intentional or fraudulent concealment of the defendant\u2019s responsibility. Leftridge v. United States, 612 F. Supp. 631, 633-634 (W.D. Mo. 1985). Under this rule, the statute of limitations for a cause of action accrues \u201cwhen the plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the injury which is the basis of the action,\u201d Bireline, 567 F.2d at 263, or when \u201cplaintiff knows or reasonably should have known of both the existence and the cause of his injury,\u201d Leftridge, 612 F. Supp. at 633. However, a plaintiff is required to act with \u201cdue diligence\u201d in discovering the facts underlying his or her cause of action. See Blanck v. McKeen, 707 F.2d 817, 819 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 916, 78 L. Ed. 2d 258 (1983).\nPlaintiff cites Young v. Clinchfield Railroad Co., 288 F.2d 499 (4th Cir. 1961), as authority for his contention that application of the discovery rule sets accrual of the statute of limitations on his claim against the City at the time he became aware of deficiencies in its training of police officers. In Young, the personal injury claim of a man who developed silicosis after years of breathing silica dust in the course of his employment was held to have accrued not on the date Young contracted silicosis, but rather when he discovered the presence of the disease, which typically incubates for years without the knowledge of the afflicted individual. Id. at 502-503.\nWe find Young inapposite to the case sub judice. Young involved a type of claim to which the federal courts have commonly addressed the discovery rule \u2014 that of a victim whose injury does not manifest itself for some time after it first comes into existence. See Leftridge, 612 F. Supp. at 634; see also Urie v. Thompson, 337 U.S. 163, 170, 93 L. Ed. 1282, 1292 (1949) (cause of action of plaintiff who had contracted silicosis resulting from thirty year period of silica dust inhalation did not accrue, because of plaintiffs \u201cblameless ignorance\u201d of his injury, until the disease manifested itself). By contrast, numerous circumstances herein favor a determination that plaintiff had sufficient knowledge on 17 February 1990, the night he was detained, such that in the exercise of due diligence he could have determined both the fact of his injury and the cause thereof. See Piotrowski v. City of Houston, 51 F.3d 512, 516 (5th Cir. 1995) (\u201c[A] plaintiff need not have actual knowledge [of the facts to support a particular claim] if the circumstances would lead a reasonable person to investigate further.\u201d).\nFirst, it is uncontroverted that plaintiff knew defendant officers were employed by the City. Indeed, his original complaint includes such an allegation and makes reference to the patrol cars being \u201cowed [sic] and maintained by the [C]ity\u201d and to the officers wearing \u201can official uniform, weapon, badge, and insignia of the police department of the [C]ity.\u201d Cf. Wilkinson v. United States, 677 F.2d 998, 1002 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 906, 74 L. Ed. 2d 167 (1982) (plaintiff involved in collision with sailor operating rental automobile \u201cwas possessed of sufficient knowledge to put [plaintiff] on inquiry as to whether [the sailor], a naval rating on active service, was operating within the scope of his employment,\u201d so as to implicate government as defendant); Henderson v. United States, 785 F.2d 121, 126 (4th Cir. 1986) (accident report, filed at time of plaintiff\u2019s automobile collision with vehicle operated by substitute United States mail carrier, which indicated carrier\u2019s vehicle was \u201cbeing used by the government,\u201d held to constitute \u201csufficient notice to prompt [plaintiffs] to explore the legal ramifications of the government\u2019s involvement,\u201d and claim accrued on date of collision).\nSecond, although plaintiff was first detained by a single policeman, two additional officers arrived at the scene and actively participated without objection in the alleged injury to plaintiff. Their concerted action suggests a consistent response by each to their training or lack thereof so as reasonably to place plaintiff on notice of any potential inadequacies therein. In addition, the trauma induced by the officers\u2019 actions as alleged by plaintiff was of such severity as reasonably to have motivated him to investigate the cause thereof. See Kumpfer v. Shiley, Inc., 741 F. Supp. 738, 740 (N.D. Ill.) (\u201cdecedent\u2019s cardiac arrest was sufficiently sudden and traumatic to prompt the plaintiff to make some inquiry as to the cause of death,\u201d applying Illinois law).\nThird, although plaintiff asserts he did not immediately know the City was responsible for his injury, individual federal courts have held that \u201c[u]nder the federal rule of accrual, . . . knowledge of the responsible party is not necessary to accrue a federal cause of action.\u201d Continental Ins. Co. v. Pierce County, Wash., 690 F. Supp. 930, 933 (W.D. Wash. 1987), aff\u2019d without opinion, 877 F.2d 64 (9th Cir. 1989). \u201c \u2018[T]he \u201ccause\u201d [of an injury] is known when the immediate physical cause of the injury is discovered,\u2019 \u201d and \u201c \u2018it is [a] plaintiff\u2019s burden, within the statutory period, to determine whether and whom to sue.\u2019 \u201d Gibson v. United States, 781 F.2d 1334, 1344 (9th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1054, 93 L. Ed. 2d 979 (1987) (citations omitted) (plaintiffs\u2019 cause of action against federal agents based upon burning of plaintiffs\u2019 garage accrued when they learned of \u201cthe fact of their injury, i.e., the destruction of [their] property, and its cause, fire.\u201d); but see Stewart v. Parish of Jefferson, 951 F.2d 681, 684 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 121 L. Ed. 2d 35 (1992) (plaintiff must be in possession of two facts: \u201c(1) an injury has occurred; and (2) the identity of the person who inflicted the injury\u201d before limitations period accrues). Plaintiff knew on 17 February 1990 the fact of his alleged injury, deprivation of his constitutional rights, as well as its immediate physical cause, the conduct of defendant police officers.\nNext, plaintiff included in his amended complaint no allegation setting forth the date he discovered information implicating the City nor a statement explaining the belated discovery. Further, no affidavit (plaintiff\u2019s amended complaint is unverified) or other document of record presented to the trial court contained such representations. Hence, plaintiff failed to come forward with a showing refuting defendants\u2019 reliance on the statute of limitations. See Silver v. Board of Transportation, 47 N.C. App. 261, 266, 267 S.E.2d 49, 54 (1980) (once statute of limitations pleaded, burden on plaintiff to show action brought within applicable period).\nIn addition, plaintiff advances certain factual assertions to this Court in his appellate brief which may be considered critically. See Fowler v. Williamson, 39 N.C. App. 715, 717, 251 S.E.2d 889, 890 (1979) (\u201cStatements of fact made in briefs, and legitimate inferences therefrom, may be assumed as true as against the party asserting them.\u201d). Of course, such statements are not evidence for summary judgment purposes as against the non-asserting party.\nPlaintiff states that\n[a]fter the defendants responded to the initial complaint filed in this case, Dr. Rogerson discovered from the defendants\u2019 answer that the City of Durham was also responsible for the wrongful search and seizure to which he was subjected on February 17, 1990.\nElsewhere in his brief, plaintiff explains the manner in which defendants\u2019 initial answer put him on notice of a claim against the City:\nIn the original defendants\u2019 initial answer to the plaintiff\u2019s complaint which was filed on May 6, 1991, it was asserted that the defendants \u201cwere duly appointed police officers of the City of Durham, North Carolina, acting within the course and scope of their employment as police officers.\u201d In that answer, the defendants also admitted that they were acting \u201cunder color of law pursuant to the laws of the State of North Carolina and the ordinances and regulations of the City of Durham.\u201d The defendants repeatedly alleged that their conduct in stopping, detaining and searching the plaintiff was consistent with \u201cstandard police procedure\u201d or \u201cstandard operating procedure.\u201d Thus, the issue of the liability of the City of Durham through its development of standard operating procedures and training was raised by the defendants.\nEven disregarding Fowler and considering the foregoing in the light most favorable to plaintiff for purposes of summary judgment, Hinson v. Hinson, 80 N.C. App. 561, 563, 343 S.E.2d 266, 268 (1986), the boilerplate language in defendants\u2019 answer relied upon by plaintiff simply does not represent \u201cdiscovered\u201d information, unavailable through due diligence, such as to toll accrual of the statute of limitations of a claim against the City for inadequate training of law enforcement officers. The officers\u2019 denials of all essential allegations of plaintiff\u2019s complaint and their insistence that they at all times acted in accordance with \u201cstandard police procedure\u201d were without ques-. tion readily available to plaintiff, acting with due diligence in investigating his potential claim. See Brumbaugh v. Princeton Partners, 985 F.2d 157, 162 (4th Cir. 1993) (court may determine as matter of law plaintiff\u2019s failure to exercise due diligence in uncovering claim).\nMoreover, the following allegation in plaintiff\u2019s original complaint belies his assertion that the City\u2019s answer was the first manifestation of the City\u2019s involvement:\nEach and all acts of the Defendants alleged herein were done by Defendants under the color and pretense of the . . . regulations, customs, and usages of. . . the City of Durham ....\nDespite this indication of plaintiff\u2019s awareness that the individual defendants were subject to \u201ccustoms and usages\u201d of the City, including training programs or the lack thereof, see Jordan by Jordan v. Jackson, 15 F.3rd 333, 341 (4th Cir. 1994) (municipality\u2019s failure to train employees may constitute \u201cpolicy or custom\u201d actionable under \u00a7 1983), plaintiff declined to name the City as a defendant or to sue the officers in their official capacities. Cf. Keller v. Prince George\u2019s County, 923 F.2d 30, 34 (4th Cir. 1991) (defendants not sued in individual capacities \u201ccould reasonably assume . . . [plaintiff] had made a conscious decision to proceed solely against [government agency]\u201d).\nWe also observe that plaintiff neither alleged in his amended complaint nor argues to this Court that the officers failed to be forthcoming in their reliance upon \u201cstandard police procedure\u201d or that the City engaged in deception or delay to prevent plaintiff from discovering facts which might lead to imposition of \u00a7 1983 liability upon the City. See Stallings v. Gunter, 99 N.C. App. 710, 716, 394 S.E.2d 212, 216, disc. review denied, 327 N.C. 638, 399 S.E.2d 125 (1990) (fraudulent concealment may \u201coperate to toll the running of the statute of limitations after the action has accrued\u201d); Pembee Mfg. Corp. v. Cape Fear Constr. Co., 69 N.C. App. 505, 509, 317 S.E.2d 41, 44 (1984), aff\u2019d, 313 N.C. 488, 329 S.E.2d 350 (1985) (defendant may be equitably estopped from raising statute of limitations when plaintiffs late filing \u201chas been induced by acts, representations, or conduct\u201d of defendant); see also Leftridge, 612 F. Supp. at 634. Hence, the statute of limitations period controlling plaintiffs claim may not be tolled under such theories.\nFinally, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, citing City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 391, 103 L. Ed. 2d 412, 428 (1989), noted in Gordon v. Kidd, 971 F.2d 1087, 1097 (4th Cir. 1992), that a plaintiff, suing a local government or officials thereof in their official capacities for allegedly inadequate policies and training, must\nidentify a deficiency in a training program closely related to the injury complained of and must further show that the injury would have been avoided \u201cunder a program that was not deficient in the identified respect.\u201d\nEven viewing all material of record, including plaintiffs amended complaint, in the light most favorable to plaintiff, we discern no indication he has met the requirements of Gordon in a manner sufficient to survive summary judgment.\nPrior to concluding, we note in passing that defendants\u2019 answer, which plaintiff insists prompted his discovery of the City\u2019s failure to train the officers properly, was dated 6 May 1991. Yet plaintiff\u2019s motion to amend his complaint was not filed until 5 March 1993, nearly two years later. Accepting arguendo 6 May 1991 as the point at which plaintiff \u201chad reason to know\u201d of deficiencies in the City\u2019s training of its officers, plaintiff\u2019s lengthy delay in seeking amendment of his complaint is cause for concern. See Gunter v. Anders, 115 N.C. App. 331, 334, 444 S.E.2d 685, 687 (1994), disc. review denied, 339 N.C. 612, 454 S.E.2d 250 (1995) (no abuse of discretion to deny motion to amend complaint seeking to allege local board of education\u2019s purchase of liability insurance where plaintiffs knew of purchase nearly two and one-half years prior to hearing and did not seek amendment until defendants moved to dismiss based upon plaintiffs\u2019 failure to so plead).\nIn sum, because plaintiff\u2019s amended complaint does not relate back to the filing date of his original complaint, and because, under the facts and circumstances of the case sub judice, plaintiff knew or reasonably should have known of facts sufficient to put him on notice of alleged deficiencies in Durham police officer training on 17 February 1990, the \u00a7 1983 claims in plaintiffs 5 March 1993 amended complaint against the City and against Fitzpatrick, Tyndall and Beck in their official capacities were barred by the three year statute of limitations, Bireline, 567 F.2d at 263, and were properly dismissed by the trial court.\nAffirmed.\nJudges COZORT and WALKER concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "JOHN, Judge."
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    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Irving Joyner and Tracy Hicks Barley, for plaintiff appellant.",
      "Faison & Fletcher, by Reginald B. Gillespie, Jr., and Keith D. Bums, for defendant appellees."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "GBASAY ROGERSON, Plaintiff v. HUGH E. FITZPATRICK, ALTON R. TYNDALL, JR. and LINDA S. BECK, jointly, severally and individually in their official capacities and THE CITY OF DURHAM, Defendants\nNo. COA94-898\n(Filed 5 March 1996)\n1. Pleadings \u00a7 399 (NCI4th)\u2014 allegations against city and officers \u2014 amended complaint \u2014 no relation back to date of original complaint\nPlaintiffs claims against defendant city and defendant officers in their official capacities which were stated in his amended complaint did not relate back under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 15(c) to the date of the filing of his original complaint against the officers in their individual capacities since that rule applies only to allow the addition of new claims and not further defendants.\nAm Jur 2d, Pleading \u00a7\u00a7 68-124.\n2. Limitations, Repose, and Laches \u00a7 92 (NCI4th)\u2014 complaint against city \u2014 discovery of city\u2019s failure properly to train officers \u2014 accrual of cause of action\nThere was no merit to plaintiffs contention that the statute of limitations on his 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 claim against defendant city based on his detention by police officers did not begin to run until his discovery of the city\u2019s failure to train its police officers properly, since plaintiff knew defendant officers were employed by the city; although plaintiff was first detained by a single policeman, two additional officers arrived at the scene and actively participated without objection in the alleged injury to plaintiff; the officers\u2019 concerted action suggested a consistent response by each to their training or lack thereof so as reasonably to place plaintiff on notice of any potential inadequacies therein; in addition, the trauma induced by the officers\u2019 actions as alleged by plaintiff was of such severity as reasonably to have motivated him to investigate the cause thereof; although plaintiff asserted that he did not immediately know the city was responsible for his injury, the federal courts have held that under the federal rule of accrual knowledge of the responsible party is not necessary to accrue a federal cause of action; and plaintiff included in his amended complaint no allegation setting forth the date he discovered information implicating the city nor a statement explaining the belated discovery.\nAm Jur 2d, Limitation of Actions \u00a7\u00a7 31 et seq.\nAppeal by plaintiff from judgment entered 10 June 1994 by Judge Thomas W. Ross in Durham County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 10 May 1995.\nIrving Joyner and Tracy Hicks Barley, for plaintiff appellant.\nFaison & Fletcher, by Reginald B. Gillespie, Jr., and Keith D. Bums, for defendant appellees."
  },
  "file_name": "0728-01",
  "first_page_order": 762,
  "last_page_order": 773
}