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    "judges": [
      "Judges JOHNSON and MARTIN, Mark D. concur."
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    "parties": [
      "COMPUTER DECISIONS, INC., Plaintiff v. ROUSE OFFICE MANAGEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC., and ROUSE-TEACHERS GATEWAY II LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, Defendants"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "LEWIS, Judge.\nPlaintiff appeals the trial court\u2019s grant of summary judgment for defendants on all of its claims.\nEvidence presented at summary judgment shows the following undisputed facts: Computer Decisions, Inc. (\u201cComputer Decisions\u201d) operates a computer training business in Morrisville, North Carolina. In 1992, Computer Decisions began negotiations with Rouse-Teachers Gateway II Limited Partnership, and its property manager, Rouse Office Management of North Carolina, Inc. (hereinafter jointly \u201cRouse\u201d), to explore the possibility of leasing office space from Rouse on the first floor of 2300 Gateway Centre (\u201cthe premises\u201d) in Morrisville.\nOn 14 December 1992, representatives of Computer Decisions and Rouse met and reached verbal agreement regarding the proposed initial lease term, premises to be leased initially, allocation of various upfitting charges, and rent. Certain other terms remained undecided. It was then plaintiff\u2019s president Jon Beard asked Rouse vice-president Jody Clark if they had a deal. She said: \u201cWe have a deal.\u201d Defendants were aware that plaintiff had a deadline for moving. On 15 December 1992, Rouse created a written internal request form (\u201cinternal form\u201d) to serve as the basis for a draft lease. The internal form was signed by two Rouse vice presidents and contained the name of the tenant, description of the premises, rent, lease term, and additional provisions.\nDuring December 1992 and January 1993, the parties continued to negotiate over terms and exchanged drafts of proposed lease agreements. On 28 January 1993, Computer Decisions learned that Rouse had been negotiating with Nello Teer. Jon Beard confronted Jody Clark who declared that Rouse no longer intended to rent the premises to Computer Decisions. Rouse then leased the premises to Nello Teer. As its existing lease expired on 28 February 1993, Computer Decisions had to locate, lease, remodel and move into new office space in 30 days.\nOn 2 December 1993, Computer Decisions filed a complaint, amended 7 April 1995, against Rouse alleging claims for breach of lease, fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and unfair and deceptive trade practices. Defendants filed an answer in which they asserted that there was no written lease agreement to bind the parties. Defendants then moved for summary judgment which motion was granted by order signed 11 August 1995 by Judge Stafford G. Bullock. Plaintiff appeals.\nPlaintiff contends that the court erred by granting summary judgment for defendants on its breach of lease claim. Defendants counter that, as a matter of law, any alleged lease agreement is unenforceable for failure to comply with the statute of frauds.\nWe first address plaintiff\u2019s assertions (1) that defendants have not sufficiently pled the statute of frauds, (2) that defendants\u2019 admissions of the lease agreement substitute for the statute of frauds, and (3) that defendants are estopped to plead the statute of frauds.\nFirst, defendants pled the statute of frauds as a defense because they pled that no written agreement to enter the lease was ever executed by the parties. See Yaggy v. B.V.D. Co., 7 N.C. App. 590, 597, 173 S.E.2d 496, 501, cert. denied, 276 N.C. 728 (1970).\nSecond, plaintiff cites Sandlin v. Kearney, 154 N.C. 596, 70 S.E. 942 (1911), in support of its assertion that defendants\u2019 admissions in their answer and in Jody Clark\u2019s deposition substitute for a writing under the statute of frauds. Sandlin does not support this contention. In Sandlin, the statute of frauds defense was waived because it was not asserted. Id. at 600, 601-602, 70 S.E.2d at 944, 945. Consequently, the court relied on the parties\u2019 admissions. See id.\nIn fact, except for cases decided under the Uniform Commercial Code Statute of Frauds, N.C. Gen. Stat. section 25-2-201, inapplicable here, our courts have consistently held that a party\u2019s admission of the contract in a deposition or answer does not bar that party from pleading the statute of frauds as a defense. E.g., Weant v. McCanless, 235 N.C. 384, 386, 70 S.E.2d 196, 198 (1952); Barnes v. Teague, 54 N.C. 277, 280 (1854); Pierce v. Gaddy, 42 N.C. App. 622, 626, 257 S.E.2d 459, 462, disc. review denied, 298 N.C. 569, 261 S.E.2d 124 (1979).\nThird, plaintiff asserts that defendants are estopped under the doctrines of equitable estoppel and quasi-estoppel from asserting the statute of frauds. In a proper case, equitable estoppel based on fraud may override the statute of frauds. Dunn v. Dunn, 24 N.C. App. 713, 716, 212 S.E.2d 407, 409, cert. denied, 287 N.C. 258, 214 S.E.2d 430 (1975).\nPlaintiff contends that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether defendants\u2019 failure to disclose its simultaneous negotiations with plaintiff and Nello Teer was fraudulent or in bad faith so as to warrant application of equitable estoppel.\nHowever, as discussed below in regard to plaintiff\u2019s fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims, defendants did not have a duty to disclose their intentions regarding plaintiffs proposed lease or their negotiations with Nello Teer. Furthermore, assuming that Jody Clark\u2019s statement that the parties \u201chad a deal\u201d was a promise that defendants thereafter breached, breach of promise alone is insufficient to establish estoppel. Vick v. Vick, 126 N.C. 123, 128, 35 S.E. 257, 258 (1900). We hold that there is no genuine dispute of material fact, and that, as a matter of law, defendants are not equitably estopped from asserting the statute of frauds.\nIn the alternative, plaintiff asserts, based on its detrimental reliance, that quasi-estoppel bars defendants\u2019 statute of frauds defense. We disagree.\nIn Brooks v. Hackney, 329 N.C. 166, 404 S.E.2d 854 (1991), the Court stressed that the party asserting the statute of frauds defense accepted the benefits of the contract for eight years before first asserting that the contract was not binding. Id. at 173, 172-74 n.3, 404 S.E.2d at 858-59. Here, there is no evidence that defendants accepted the benefits of the alleged lease agreement with plaintiff. In addition, we have held that detrimental reliance is irrelevant under the doctrine of quasi-estoppel. Carolina Medicorp v. Bd. of Trustees of the State Medical Plan, 118 N.C. App. 485, 493, 456 S.E.2d 116, 121 (1995). We hold that defendants are not precluded under the doctrines of equitable estoppel or quasi-estoppel from asserting the statute of frauds defense.\nPlaintiff asserts that the 15 December 1992 internal form and a draft lease dated 18 December 1992 (\u201cdraft lease\u201d) are sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds. We disagree because these writings fail to show contract formation.\nNorth Carolina\u2019s Statute of Frauds, N.C. Gen. Stat. section 22-2 (1986), provides, inter alia, that \u201cleases and contracts for leasing land exceeding in duration three years from the making thereof, shall be void unless said contract, or some memorandum or note thereof, be put in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith.\u201d Here, since the alleged lease was for a term greater than three years, G.S. section 22-2 applies.\nThe writing or writings must \u201cshow the essential elements of a valid contract,\u201d Smith v. Joyce, 214 N.C. 602, 604, 200 S.E. 431, 433 (1939), and \u201c \u2018the intent and obligation of the parties.\u2019 \u201d Rape v. Lyerly, 287 N.C. 601, 615, 215 S.E.2d 737, 746 (1975) (quoting Mayer v. Adrian, 77 N.C. 83, 88 (1877)).\nWe find the internal request form relied upon by plaintiff insufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds. This form is titled \u201cOffice and Industrial Document Request.\u201d It requests creation of a draft lease and sets out the terms to be included. It is signed by two Rouse vice presidents, and includes the name of the tenant, description of the premises, rent, lease term, and additional provisions. However, there is no indication, from the face of the document, that the parties made an agreement to be bound. This writing fails to show the essential elements of a contract. See McGraw v. Llewellyn, 256 N.C. 213, 216-17, 123 S.E.2d 575, 578 (1962).\nWe also hold that the 18 December 1992 draft lease, either alone or combined with the internal form, is insufficient under the statute of frauds as it too fails to contain evidence of contract formation. Since the alleged oral lease agreement, even if proven to exist, is unenforceable under the statute of frauds, the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on plaintiff\u2019s claim for breach of lease.\nWe only address the failure to disclose component of the plaintiffs fraud claims since the other fraud allegations have been abandoned. See N.C.R. App. P. 28(a) (1996).\nPlaintiff has not cited any North Carolina cases which show, under the facts presented, that defendants had a duty to disclose their intentions regarding their leasing plans for the premises. Such a duty must be shown for fraud claims based on an alleged failure to disclose. See Harton v. Harton, 81 N.C. App. 295, 297-98, 344 S.E.2d 117, 119-20, disc. review denied, 317 N.C. 703, 347 S.E.2d 41 (1986).\nIn addition, we have held, in the context of a fraud claim, that there is no duty of disclosure in a commercial real estate transaction between commercial parties. C.F.R. Foods, Inc. v. Randolph Development Co., 107 N.C. App. 584, 589, 421 S.E.2d 386, 389, disc. review denied, 333 N.C. 166, 424 S.E.2d 906 (1992). Both plaintiff and defendants were commercial parties negotiating a commercial lease. Under the facts presented, defendants did not have a duty to inform plaintiff that they were negotiating with another party. The trial court did not err by granting summary judgment on plaintiffs fraud claim.\nPlaintiff also asserts a claim for negligent misrepresentation but cites no North Carolina cases in support of its contention that defendants had a duty of disclosure. Summary judgment was properly given.\nPlaintiff also asserts that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment to defendants on its unfair and deceptive trade practices claim under N.C. Gen. Stat. section 75-1.1 et. seq. (1994).\nTo prevail on an unfair and deceptive trade practices claim, a plaintiff must show (1) that the defendant committed an unfair or deceptive act or practice, (2) in or affecting commerce, (3) and that it was injured thereby. Canady v. Mann, 107 N.C. App. 252, 260, 419 S.E.2d 597, 602 (1992), disc. review denied as improvidently allowed, 333 N.C. 569, 429 S.E.2d 348 (1993).\nPlaintiff relies on Mosley & Mosley Builders v. Landin Ltd., 97 N.C. App. 511, 389 S.E.2d 576, disc. review denied, 326 N.C. 801, 393 S.E.2d 898 (1990) in an attempt to show that defendants\u2019 actions were deceptive. We do not find Mosley applicable.\nIn Mosley, a landlord forcibly entered the tenant\u2019s premises and removed his personal property from the rented premises while there was an outstanding dispute between the parties as to whether the landlord could relocate the tenant to a new location. Id. at 519, 389 S.E.2d at 580-81. The court held that, under these circumstances, a letter from the landlord, sent shortly prior to the dispute and wishing the tenant a profitable year, had the tendency to mislead and deceive. See id. In contrast, here, there was no enforceable contract between plaintiff and defendants, and no wrongful entry or removal of property as there was in Mosley.\nDefendants rely on Tar Heel Industries v. E.I. duPont de Nemours, 91 N.C. App. 51, 370 S.E.2d 449 (1988). There, the plaintiff, a provider of shuttle service, claimed that the defendant violated Chapter 75 by failing to inform plaintiff that it was looking for an alternative shuttle service provider prior to the sixty days notice required under the service contract. Id. at 56-57, 370 S.E.2d at 452. Stating that the defendant was only exercising its rights under the contract, we held, as a matter of law, that there was no violation of Chapter 75. Id. Similarly here, by deciding not to pursue lease negotiations with plaintiff, defendants were simply exercising their right to contract freely with whomever they choose.\nPlaintiffs Chapter 75 claim is based on defendants\u2019 alleged breach of an oral lease agreement. It is well established that a mere breach of contract, even if intentional, is not sufficiently unfair or deceptive to sustain an action under G.S. section 75-1.1. Branch Banking and Trust Co. v. Thompson, 107 N.C. App. 53, 62, 418 S.E.2d 694, 700, disc. review denied, 332 N.C. 482, 421 S.E.2d 350 (1992). Rather, substantial aggravating circumstances attendant to the breach must be shown. Id. This the plaintiff has not done. Under the undisputed facts, we hold that defendants\u2019 actions, as a matter of law, do not violate Chapter 75.\nThere is no genuine issue of material fact, and defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court\u2019s grant of summary judgment for defendants on all of plaintiff\u2019s claims.\nJudges JOHNSON and MARTIN, Mark D. concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "LEWIS, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Howard, From, Stallings & Hutson, P.A., by John N. Hutson, Jr. and Scott A. Miskimon, for plaintiff-appellant.",
      "Moore & Van Allen, PLLC, by Denise Smith Cline, for defendant-appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "COMPUTER DECISIONS, INC., Plaintiff v. ROUSE OFFICE MANAGEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC., and ROUSE-TEACHERS GATEWAY II LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, Defendants\n95-1155\n(Filed 5 November 1996)\n1. Frauds, Statute of \u00a7 32 (NCX4th)\u2014 sufficiency of pleading\nDefendants adequately pled the statute of frauds as a defense to a claim for breach of a lease where they pled that no written agreement to enter the lease was ever executed by the parties.\nAm Jur 2d, Landlord and Tenant \u00a7\u00a7 13, 28, 29; Statute of Frauds \u00a7\u00a7 98, 100, 101.\n2. Frauds, Statute of \u00a7 5 (NCI4th)\u2014 admissions in answers and deposition \u2014 no writing under statute of frauds\nDefendants\u2019 admissions in their answer and in their vice president\u2019s deposition did not substitute for a writing under the statute of frauds.\nAm Jur 2d, Contracts \u00a7 181; Statute of Frauds \u00a7\u00a7 100, 178, 311, 312.\n3. Frauds, Statue of \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 statute of frauds \u2014 no equitable estoppel to assert\nDefendants were not equitably estopped from asserting the statute of frauds, since defendants did not have a duty to disclose their intentions regarding plaintiff\u2019s proposed lease or their negotiations with another prospective tenant, and, assuming that defendant\u2019s vice president\u2019s statement that the parties \u201chad a deal\u201d was a promise that defendants thereafter breached, breach of promise alone is insufficient to establish estoppel.\nAm Jur 2d, Estoppel and Waiver \u00a7 48; Statute of Frauds \u00a7\u00a7 100, 565, 566.\n4. Frauds, Statute of \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 statute of frauds defense \u2014 quasi-estoppel no bar\nQuasi-estoppel did not bar defendants\u2019 statute of frauds defense since there was no evidence that defendant accepted benefits of the alleged lease agreement with plaintiff, and since detrimental reliance is irrelevant under the doctrine of quasi-estoppel.\nAm Jur 2d, Estoppel and Waiver \u00a7 48; Statute of Frauds \u00a7\u00a7 100, 569.\n5. Frauds, Statute of \u00a7 5 (NCI4th)\u2014 internal form and draft lease \u2014 failure to show contract formation \u2014 statute of frauds not satisfied\nAn internal form and a draft lease were insufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds because those writings failed to show contract formation.\nAm Jur 2d, Commercial Code \u00a7\u00a7 113, 115; Contracts \u00a7 181; Statute of Frauds \u00a7\u00a7 100, 366.\nUndelivered lease or contract (other than for sale of land), or undelivered memorandum thereof, as satisfying statute of frauds. 12 ALR2d 508.\nSufficiency of memorandum of lease agreement to satisfy the statue of frauds as regards terms and conditions of lease. 16 ALR2d 621.\n6. Fraud, Deceit, and Misrepresentation \u00a7 15 (NCI4th)\u2014 negotiations between commercial parties \u2014 no duty to disclose \u2014 no fraud\nThe trial court did not err in granting summary judgment for defendants on plaintiffs fraud claim, since both plaintiff and defendants were commercial parties negotiating a commercial lease, and defendants had no duty to inform plaintiff that they were negotiating with another party.\nAm Jur 2d, Statute of Frauds \u00a7\u00a7 366, 513.\n7. Unfair Competition or Trade Practices \u00a7 12 (NCI4th)\u2014 lease negotiations \u2014 no unfair and deceptive practices\nThe trial court did not err in granting summary judgment for defendants on plaintiffs unfair and deceptive practices claim since there was no enforceable contract between the parties; by deciding not to pursue lease negotiations with plaintiff, defendants were simply exercising their right to contract freely with whomever they chose; and even if defendants did breach an oral lease agreement, substantial aggravating circumstances attendant to the breach must be shown in order to sustain an action under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 75-1.1.\nAm Jur 2d, Contracts \u00a7 238; Fraud and Deceit \u00a7 41.\nAppeal by plaintiff from order signed 11 August 1995 by Judge Stafford G. Bullock in Wake County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 5 June 1996.\nHoward, From, Stallings & Hutson, P.A., by John N. Hutson, Jr. and Scott A. Miskimon, for plaintiff-appellant.\nMoore & Van Allen, PLLC, by Denise Smith Cline, for defendant-appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0383-01",
  "first_page_order": 421,
  "last_page_order": 428
}
