{ "id": 11867186, "name": "JASON LAMONT HUNT, by and through his Guardian Ad Litem, DAVID H. HASTY, Plaintiff v. NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Defendant", "name_abbreviation": "Hunt ex rel. Hasty v. North Carolina Department of Labor", "decision_date": "1997-02-04", "docket_number": "No. COA96-312", "first_page": "293", "last_page": "297", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "125 N.C. App. 293" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 95-111.4", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(3)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 95-111.1", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(c)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "371 S.E.2d 275", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "322 N.C. 834", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2514028, 2518960, 2516821, 2517941, 2513435 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/322/0834-04", "/nc/322/0834-02", "/nc/322/0834-01", "/nc/322/0834-05", "/nc/322/0834-03" ] }, { "cite": "366 S.E.2d 2", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "7" }, { "page": "7", "parenthetical": "quoting The Restatement (Second) of Torts, Sec. 286" }, { "page": "7-8" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "89 N.C. App. 188", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8521115 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "195" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/89/0188-01" ] }, { "cite": "365 S.E.2d 898", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "900" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "321 N.C. 706", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2566622 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "709" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/321/0706-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 143-291", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "299 S.E.2d 618", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "626" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "307 N.C. 522", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8564079 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "536" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/307/0522-01" ] }, { "cite": "447 S.E.2d 387", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "336 N.C. 603", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2534058, 2535023, 2535157, 2538871, 2539514 ], "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/336/0603-05", "/nc/336/0603-04", "/nc/336/0603-02", "/nc/336/0603-03", "/nc/336/0603-01" ] }, { "cite": "442 S.E.2d 75", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "78" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "114 N.C. App. 400", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527625 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "404" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/114/0400-01" ] }, { "cite": "410 S.E.2d 897", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "901" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "330 N.C. 363", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2509910 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "370" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/330/0363-01" ] }, { "cite": "453 S.E.2d 233", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "237" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "117 N.C. App. 615", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8526099 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "622" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/117/0615-01" ] }, { "cite": "404 S.E.2d 179", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "183" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "103 N.C. App. 31", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8519379 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "37-38" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/103/0031-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 539, "char_count": 10421, "ocr_confidence": 0.73, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.135771028113528e-07, "percentile": 0.7664271160210498 }, "sha256": "f31b1c7ba055649e9eb36267716d298cfe12363f15f47b333cf17e8d3d800423", "simhash": "1:0b47a5cd656226de", "word_count": 1695 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:18:02.941264+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges WALKER and MARTIN, MARK D. concur." ], "parties": [ "JASON LAMONT HUNT, by and through his Guardian Ad Litem, DAVID H. HASTY, Plaintiff v. NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Defendant" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "LEWIS, Judge.\nThe issue in this case is whether the North Carolina Industrial Commission (\u201cIndustrial Commission\u201d) erred in denying defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss.\nOn 12 August 1994, plaintiff brought this action in the Industrial Commission under the Tort Claims Act, N.C. Gen. Stat. section 143-291 et. seq. Plaintiff alleged that he suffered severe injuries to his abdominal area when the seat belt on a go-cart, previously inspected by an employee of defendant, malfunctioned. Plaintiff further alleged that defendant\u2019s employee approved the seat belt for operation, despite the fact that it did not comply with rules and regulations established by defendant.\nDefendant moved to dismiss based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction, personal jurisdiction and failure to state a claim. By order filed 22 November 1995, Deputy Commissioner John A. Hedrick denied defendant\u2019s motion. The full Commission affirmed and adopted the Deputy Commissioner\u2019s order. Defendant appeals.\nWe first note that defendant has failed to designate an assignment of error after each argument. This violation of N.C.R. App. P. 28(b)(5) subjects defendant\u2019s appeal to dismissal. See Hines v. Arnold, 103 N.C. App. 31, 37-38, 404 S.E.2d 179, 183 (1991). However, in our discretion under N.C.R. App. P. 2, we will consider defendant\u2019s appeal. Additionally, we conclude that defendant has only preserved Assignments of Error 3 and 4; the rest are deemed abandoned. See N.C.R. App. P. 28(b)(5) (1997).\nInitially, we must also recognize the general rule that a denial of a motion to dismiss is not immediately appealable. Hawkins v. State of North Carolina, 117 N.C. App. 615, 622, 453 S.E.2d 233, 237 (1995). However, since defendant\u2019s motion is rooted in sovereign immunity, it constitutes an exception to this rule. See id.\nDefendant argues that the Industrial Commission erred in denying its motion to dismiss because plaintiff\u2019s claim is barred by sovereign immunity. Defendant maintains that since the Tort Claims Act only waives sovereign immunity if a State employee is negligent, a duty must be present before liability is imposed. Since there is no duty to plaintiff in this case, defendant argues, sovereign immunity has not been waived.\nDefendant maintains that the public duty doctrine bars the imposition of a duty in this instance. Plaintiff, however, argues that the public duty doctrine does not apply to State agencies because the Tort Claims Act nullifies this defense as applied to them.\nUnder the public duty doctrine, municipalities and their agents owe a duty to the general public, not to individuals. See Braswell v. Braswell, 330 N.C. 363, 370, 410 S.E.2d 897, 901 (1991). North Carolina has recognized two narrowly construed exceptions to this doctrine. Clark v. Red Bird Cab Co., 114 N.C. App. 400, 404, 442 S.E.2d 75, 78, disc. review denied, 336 N.C. 603, 447 S.E.2d 387 (1994). The Tort Claims Act empowers the Industrial Commission to \u201chear claims against the State of North Carolina for personal injuries sustained by any person as a result of the negligence of a State employee while acting within the scope of his employment.\u201d Guthrie v. State Ports Authority, 307 N.C. 522, 536, 299 S.E.2d 618, 626 (1983). However, the Act imposes a ceiling of $150,000 in damages for injury to any one person. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 143-291(a) (1996). Under the terms of the Act, \u201cnegligence is determined by the same rules as those applicable to private parties.\u201d Bolkhir v. N.C. State Univ., 321 N.C. 706, 709, 365 S.E.2d 898, 900 (1988).\nSince the public duty doctrine does not apply in actions between private parties, it necessarily follows that it cannot apply to actions brought under the Tort Claims Act. Accordingly, we hold that the public duty doctrine is inapplicable in suits brought under the Tort Claims Act.\nDefendant next argues that there was no duty owed to plaintiff because the applicable statutes and implementing regulations do not impose such a duty. We disagree.\nIn Coleman v. Cooper, 89 N.C. App. 188, 366 S.E.2d 2, disc. review denied, 322 N.C. 834, 371 S.E.2d 275 (1988), this Court recognized that \u201ca standard of conduct may be determined by reference to a statute which imposes upon a person a specific duty for the protection of others so that a violation of the statute is negligence per se.\u201d Coleman, 89 N.C. App. at 195, 366 S.E.2d at 7. The Coleman court then described when such a standard of conduct could be found:\n\u201cThe court may adopt as the standard of conduct of a reasonable man the requirements of a legislative enactment or an administrative regulation whose purpose is found to be exclusively or in part (a) to protect a class of persons which includes the one whose interest is invaded, and (b) to protect the particular interest which is invaded, and (c) to protect that interest against the kind of harm which has resulted, and (d) to protect that interest against the particular hazard from which the harm results.\u201d\nId. at 195-96, 366 S.E.2d at 7 (quoting The Restatement (Second) of Torts, Sec. 286). In Coleman, this Court held that N.C. Gen. Stat. section 7A-544 established a \u201cstandard of conduct to be exercised by DSS in protecting an abused juvenile\u201d and that a violation of that statute could give rise to a negligence action. Id. at 196-97, 366 S.E.2d at 7-8.\nIn the present matter, both parties agree that the provisions of Article 14B of the North Carolina General Statutes, entitled Amusement Device Safety Act of North Carolina, apply. The intent behind this Article, as stated, is to insure that \u201camusement devices shall be designed, constructed, assembled or disassembled, maintained, and operated so as to prevent injuries.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 95-111.1(c) (1993). N.C. Gen. Stat. section 95-111.4 empowers the Commissioner of Labor to adopt and enforce rules and regulations and to make periodic inspections of devices subject to the Article. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 95-111.4(3), (4) and (7) (1993). Rules promulgated by defendant provide that \u201c[a]n inspector shall inspect each amusement device\u201d for soundness and compliance with the applicable rules and regulations. N.C. Admin. Code tit. 13, r. 15.0405 (August 1987) (emphasis added). The rules also specify the minimum standards for \u201cgo karts,\u201d including seat belt requirements. N.C. Admin. Code tit. 13, r. 15.0429 (May 1992).\nWe hold that Rule 15.0405 imposes a duty upon defendant to inspect amusement devices to ensure that they comply with its rules and therefore establishes a standard of conduct in protecting people who ride amusement devices, such as go-carts. This duty to inspect is specific and is unquestionably imposed for the protection of others. The purpose of this rule, which is likewise true for Article 14B and all of the rules passed under its authority, is to protect people who ride amusement devices, like plaintiff, from injuries received while riding unsafe equipment, such as those allegedly sustained by plaintiff. We therefore hold that a breach of the duty owed under this rule may give rise to an action for negligence.\nPlaintiff alleges that defendant was negligent in its inspection of the seat belt on the go-cart which he was operating while injured. He alleges that the go-cart was approved for operation even though the seat belt did not comply with the rules and regulations contained in Title 13 of the Administrative Code as promulgated by defendant. Since plaintiff alleges a breach of duty by defendant, he has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted.\nAccordingly, the Industrial Commission has jurisdiction over this claim and defendant under the State Tort Claims Act and defendant\u2019s motions were properly denied.\nAffirmed.\nJudges WALKER and MARTIN, MARK D. concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "LEWIS, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "MacRae, Perry, Pechmann, Williford & MacRae, by James C. MacRae, Jr., for plaintiff-appellee.", "Attorney General Michael F. Easley, by Assistant Attorney General William H. Borden, for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "JASON LAMONT HUNT, by and through his Guardian Ad Litem, DAVID H. HASTY, Plaintiff v. NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Defendant\nNo. COA96-312\n(Filed 4 February 1997)\n1. Appeal and Error \u00a7 423 (NCI4th)\u2014 brief \u2014 failure to designate assignments of error\nDefendant\u2019s appeal is subject to dismissal for failure to designate an assignment of error supporting each argument in the brief. N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(5).\nAm Jur 2d, Appellate Review \u00a7 547.\n2. Appeal and Error \u00a7 112 (NCI4th)\u2014 denial of motion to dismiss \u2014 sovereign immunity \u2014 immediate appeal\nThe denial of a motion to dismiss on the basis of sovereign immunity constitutes an exception to the general rule that the denial of a motion to dismiss is not immediately appealable.\nAm Jur 2d, Appellate Review \u00a7 164.\n3. State \u00a7 31 (NCI4th)\u2014 Tort Claims Act \u2014 public duty doctrine inapplicable\nThe public duty doctrine is inapplicable in suits brought against State agencies under the Tort Claims Act.\nAm Jur 2d, Municipal, County, School, and State Tort Liability \u00a7 137.\n4. Games, Amusements, and Exhibitions \u00a7 6 (NCI4th)\u2014 amusement devices \u2014 inspection by Department of Labor\u2014 breach of duty \u2014 negligence action against Department\nA rule promulgated by the Commissioner of Labor pursuant to the Amusement Device Safety Act imposes a duty upon the Department of Labor to inspect amusement devices, including go-carts, to ensure that they comply with its rules and therefore establishes a standard of conduct in protecting people who ride amusement devices. A breach of the duty owed under this rule may give rise to an action for negligence against the Department of Labor. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 95-111.4(3), (4) and (7).\nAm Jur 2d, Municipal, County, School, and State Tort Liability \u00a7\u00a7 138-146.\n5. Games, Amusements, and Exhibitions \u00a7 6 (NCI4th)\u2014 amusement devices \u2014 go-cart\u2014negligent inspection \u2014 claim against Department of Labor\nPlaintiff go-cart rider stated a claim against the Department of Labor under the Tort Claims Act where he alleged that he received severe injuries when the seat belt on a go-cart malfunctioned, and that the go-cart had been inspected and approved for operation by an employee of the Department even though the seat belt did not comply with the rules and regulations established by the Department.\nAm Jur 2d, Municipal, County, School, and State Tort Liability \u00a7\u00a7 138-146.\nAppeal by defendant from order entered 19 December 1995 by the North Carolina Industrial Commission. Heard in the Court of Appeals 23 October 1996.\nMacRae, Perry, Pechmann, Williford & MacRae, by James C. MacRae, Jr., for plaintiff-appellee.\nAttorney General Michael F. Easley, by Assistant Attorney General William H. Borden, for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0293-01", "first_page_order": 331, "last_page_order": 335 }