{
  "id": 11237671,
  "name": "AL PATRICK O'CARROLL, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF WILLIAM C. O'CARROLL, Plaintiff v. TEXASGULF, INC., Defendant",
  "name_abbreviation": "O'Carroll v. Texasgulf, Inc.",
  "decision_date": "1999-02-16",
  "docket_number": "No. COA98-443",
  "first_page": "307",
  "last_page": "315",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "132 N.C. App. 307"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.",
    "id": 14983,
    "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "157 S.E.2d 335",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1967,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "345-46",
          "parenthetical": "statement that counsel \"knew [defendant] was lying the minute he said that\" was grossly improper and the trial court erred by not forbidding such argument immediately"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "271 N.C. 646",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8566320
      ],
      "year": 1967,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "659-60",
          "parenthetical": "statement that counsel \"knew [defendant] was lying the minute he said that\" was grossly improper and the trial court erred by not forbidding such argument immediately"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/271/0646-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "456 S.E.2d 789",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1995,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "810"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "340 N.C. 119",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        790125
      ],
      "year": 1995,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "158-59"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/340/0119-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "148 S.E.2d 693",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1966,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "698",
          "parenthetical": "stipulated facts \"are deemed established as fully as if determined by the verdict of a jury\""
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "267 N.C. 528",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8559804
      ],
      "year": 1966,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "534",
          "parenthetical": "stipulated facts \"are deemed established as fully as if determined by the verdict of a jury\""
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/267/0528-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "193 S.E.2d 79",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1972,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "83",
          "parenthetical": "judicial admissions \"dispense with proof and save time\""
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "282 N.C. 373",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8565263
      ],
      "year": 1972,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "380",
          "parenthetical": "judicial admissions \"dispense with proof and save time\""
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/282/0373-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "124 S.E.2d 149",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1962,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "152",
          "parenthetical": "a peremptory instruction must leave it to the jury to determine the credibility of the testimony"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "256 N.C. 408",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8572932
      ],
      "year": 1962,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "411",
          "parenthetical": "a peremptory instruction must leave it to the jury to determine the credibility of the testimony"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/256/0408-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "154 S.E.2d 465",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1967,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "467",
          "parenthetical": "a proper peremptory instruction requires the jury to answer the issue in the affirmative if they \"find from the greater weight of the evidence the facts to be as all the evidence tends to show,\" and if the jury does not so find they must answer in the negative"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "270 N.C. 433",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8568739
      ],
      "year": 1967,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "437",
          "parenthetical": "a proper peremptory instruction requires the jury to answer the issue in the affirmative if they \"find from the greater weight of the evidence the facts to be as all the evidence tends to show,\" and if the jury does not so find they must answer in the negative"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/270/0433-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "256 S.E.2d 388",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 3,
      "year": 1979,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "395"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "297 N.C. 524",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8571941
      ],
      "year": 1979,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "536"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/297/0524-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "17 S.E.2d 125",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1941,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "129-130",
          "parenthetical": "holding that digging a trench in a heavily populated area is inherently dangerous as a matter of law"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "220 N.C. 253",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        11301623
      ],
      "year": 1941,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "260-61",
          "parenthetical": "holding that digging a trench in a heavily populated area is inherently dangerous as a matter of law"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/220/0253-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "496 S.E.2d 790",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1998,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "793"
        },
        {
          "page": "793"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "128 N.C. App. 402",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        11654971
      ],
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1998,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "406"
        },
        {
          "page": "406"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/128/0402-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "442 S.E.2d 516",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1994,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "335 N.C. 770",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        2532101,
        2527527,
        2527596,
        2527312,
        2528350
      ],
      "year": 1994,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/335/0770-05",
        "/nc/335/0770-02",
        "/nc/335/0770-03",
        "/nc/335/0770-04",
        "/nc/335/0770-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "436 S.E.2d 145",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1993,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "149",
          "parenthetical": "owner not responsible for negligence of contractor collaterally related to inherently dangerous activity"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "112 N.C. App. 400",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8521766
      ],
      "year": 1993,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "405-06",
          "parenthetical": "owner not responsible for negligence of contractor collaterally related to inherently dangerous activity"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/112/0400-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "407 S.E.2d 222",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 7,
      "year": 1991,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "235"
        },
        {
          "page": "238"
        },
        {
          "page": "235",
          "parenthetical": "owner has \"a continuing responsibility to ensure that adequate safety precautions are taken\" to prevent injury"
        },
        {
          "page": "236"
        },
        {
          "page": "237"
        },
        {
          "page": "234"
        },
        {
          "page": "234",
          "parenthetical": "ultra-hazardous activity gives rise to strict liability"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "329 N.C. 330",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        2553288
      ],
      "weight": 7,
      "year": 1991,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "350"
        },
        {
          "page": "356"
        },
        {
          "page": "352"
        },
        {
          "page": "354"
        },
        {
          "page": "356"
        },
        {
          "page": "350-51"
        },
        {
          "page": "350"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/329/0330-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "461 S.E.2d 760",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1995,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "341 N.C. 420",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        793057,
        793097,
        793238,
        793177,
        793055
      ],
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1995,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/341/0420-04",
        "/nc/341/0420-05",
        "/nc/341/0420-02",
        "/nc/341/0420-03",
        "/nc/341/0420-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "457 S.E.2d 752",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1995,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "755"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "119 N.C. App. 140",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        11913886
      ],
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1995,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "143"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/119/0140-01"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 879,
    "char_count": 20075,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.766,
    "pagerank": {
      "raw": 4.590821130591282e-07,
      "percentile": 0.9256311854474913
    },
    "sha256": "0c1ceca4ec2c064c67ceef25f19a119873eeda8893ebe7d44a77258ca8c4ca03",
    "simhash": "1:839d512ba60c90ca",
    "word_count": 3227
  },
  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:08:15.604309+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Judges JOHN and HUNTER concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "AL PATRICK O\u2019CARROLL, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF WILLIAM C. O\u2019CARROLL, Plaintiff v. TEXASGULF, INC., Defendant"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "GREENE, Judge.\nA1 Patrick O\u2019Carroll (Plaintiff), administrator of the Estate of William C. O\u2019Carroll (Decedent), appeals from the jury\u2019s determination that Decedent\u2019s death was not caused by the negligence of Texasgulf, Inc. (Defendant).\nOn 18 January 1991, Decedent, who was employed by Roberts Industrial Contractors (Roberts) as a pipe welder, was crushed to death when the trench in which he was working collapsed.\nDefendant obtained Roberts as an independent contractor to perform excavation and welding work at its phosphate mine near Aurora, North Carolina. Roberts had held itself out to Defendant as having expertise in excavation work, and had performed independent contract work for Defendant previously. This particular excavation contract called for the removal and replacement of a pipe under a road at Defendant\u2019s facility, and was to be completed in two stages so as not to interrupt the traffic on the road. Although Defendant did not participate in, supervise, or \u201cpolice\u201d the work performed by Roberts, the contract specifically required Roberts to comply with Defendant\u2019s Plantsite Excavation Rules, which required the walls of any trench deeper than five feet to have \u201csuitable sloping and benching of the side walls of the excavation and/or installation of support systems such as shoring or shields.\u201d Roberts completed the first phase of the project safely, and Defendant had observed that Roberts properly sloped the walls of the first trench.\nUpon commencement of the second phase on 17 January 1991, Bruce Coward (Coward), Roberts\u2019 foreman for all excavation work, discovered additional pipes and contacted Defendant to determine whether the newly discovered pipes could be removed. The next morning, two employees of Defendant, Sam Fulmer (Fulmer) and Mitchell Jackson (Jackson), arrived at the work site and confirmed that the newly discovered pipes could be removed. Fulmer and Jackson did not see evidence that anyone actually had worked in the trench, but before departing the work site on that morning, recommended that more slope be placed on the walls of the second trench because part of the earth had \u201csloughed off into the trench.\u201d\nAfter Fulmer and Jackson left, Coward removed the newly discovered pipes and continued digging the trench until it reached a final depth of approximately twelve feet. Roberts then lowered the second section of pipe into the trench, and fit it into the protruding end of the first section of pipe. Decedent then entered the trench to weld the two sections of pipe together. Because Roberts failed to properly slope or otherwise install shoring or shields, the second trench collapsed shortly after Decedent entered, crushing him to death.\nThe federal Mine Safety & Health Administration investigated the accident, and issued a citation against Roberts for violating the Mine Safety and Health Act. Defendant did not receive a citation for the accident.\nOn 16 December 1992, Plaintiff filed a wrongful death action against Roberts, John B. Roberts, individually, and Defendant, but settled all claims with Roberts and John B. Roberts. In his complaint against Defendant, Plaintiff alleged negligence, wanton misconduct, strict liability, and absolute liability, and sought punitive damages. On 11 February 1994, Defendant moved for summary judgment, and the trial court granted the motion on 6 April 1994. Plaintiff appealed to this Court, arguing only his negligence claim against Defendant under the doctrine of nondelegable duty. In an opinion filed 6 June 1995, this Court reversed the grant of summary judgment, holding there were genuine issues of material fact as to whether the trench was inherently dangerous and whether Defendant \u201cknew that the trench was inherently dangerous.\u201d O\u2019Carroll v. Roberts Industrial Contractors, 119 N.C. App. 140, 457 S.E.2d 752, disc. review denied, 341 N.C. 420, 461 S.E.2d 760 (1995). At the trial on remand, the trial court denied both Plaintiffs and Defendant\u2019s motions for directed verdict. After the evidence was complete, the jury was submitted three issues. The first issue read: \u201cWas the death of [Decedent] caused by the negligence of [Defendant]?\u201d The jury resolved this issue in favor of Defendant, answering \u201cNo,\u201d and did not reach the second (contributory negligence) and third (damages) issues.\nIn his closing argument to the jury, Defendant\u2019s counsel stated: (1) \u201cHow come Texasgulf is having to defend itself in this case? Because Doug Abrams, the Plaintiff\u2019s lawyer, has an agenda. His agenda is, T want to get this jury thinking about the little guy versus the big guy; the estate of Billie O\u2019Carroll versus Texasgulf.\u2019 . . . Doug Abrams\u2019 agenda is money\u201d; (2) \u201cWhat\u2019s the agenda? Doug Abrams\u2019 agenda is, \u2018But you told them to keep the road open. It\u2019s your fault\u2019 \u201d; (3) \u201cThat\u2019s the agenda folks. Is that fair? How does that make you feel?\u201d; (4) \u201cThey can\u2019t have it both ways, but that\u2019s the agenda, folks\u201d; (5) \u201cBut that\u2019s the agenda. That\u2019s the plaintiff\u2019s lawyer\u2019s agenda. . . . He\u2019s going to want to talk to you about money. He wants you to be thinking about money. That\u2019s what he wants. That\u2019s his agenda\u201d; and (6) \u201cAnd when Mr. Abrams is up here arguing to you last, and talking about money, and talking to you about the law, think about the agenda.\u201d Plaintiff failed to object to any of these statements.\nIn its instructions to the jury on the first issue, the trial court informed the jurors in pertinent part: (1) a landowner employing an independent contractor to perform work which the landowner knows, or should know \u201cis inherently dangerous or will create an inherently dangerous condition on the premises is under a non-dele-gable duty to exercise reasonable care to keep the premises safe for all persons thereon, including employees of the independent contractor\u201d; (2) \u201cOur law defines inherently dangerous activity as work to be done from which serious adverse consequences will arise unless preventative measures are adopted and that which has a recognizable and substantial danger inherent in the work\u201d; (3) \u201cWith respect to trenching this non-delegable duty of care arises when the trenching done by the independent contractor becomes inherently dangerous and the landowner knows, or . . . should have known, of the dangerous propensities of the particular trench or trenching activity in question\u201d; and (4) \u201cAll of the evidence tends to show that at the time of [Decedent\u2019s] death that the portion of the trench in which he was working was unsafe and inherently dangerous.\u201d The trial court further explained the contentions of both Plaintiff and Defendant, and reminded the jury that Plaintiff had the burden of proving the negligence of Defendant. The trial court ended its instructions on this issue by stating:\nIf you find by the greater weight of the evidence that [Decedent\u2019s] death was caused by inherently dangerous activity on [Defendant\u2019s] premises, of which [Defendant] knew, or in the exercise of reasonable care should have known, and [Defendant] failed to exercise the care of a reasonable and prudent person under those circumstances to protect occupants of the premises from harm, and that this failure was a proximate cause of [Decedent\u2019s] death, then it would be your duty to answer this first issue yes in favor of [Plaintiff].\nThe dispositive issues are whether: (I) the trial court properly denied Plaintiff\u2019s motion for directed verdict; (II) the jury instructions on the first issue correctly informed the jury of the law and their responsibility with respect to the inherently dangerous nature of the trenching; and (III) Defendant\u2019s counsel's closing argument was so grossly improper as to require the trial court to intervene ex mero motu.\nAs a general proposition, an owner has a nondelegable duty with respect to the exercise of an inherently dangerous activity and the employment of an independent contractor to perform this activity does not absolve the owner of his duty to third parties. See Woodson v. Rowland, 329 N.C. 330, 350, 407 S.E.2d 222, 235 (1991); see also W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts \u00a7 71, at 512 (5th ed. 1984) [hereinafter Prosser on Torts].\nMore precisely, an owner\u2019s liability to third parties within the scope of this nondelegable duty rule requires a showing that: (1) the activity causing the injury was, at the time of the injury, inherently dangerous, Woodson, 329 N.C. at 356, 407 S.E.2d at 238; (2) the owner knew, at the time of the injury, of the inherent dangerousness of the activity, or knew or should have known, from the circumstances preceding the injury, that the work would likely create an inherently dangerous situation, id.; Stuart M. Speiser et al., The American Law of Torts \u00a7 4:28, at 699 (1983) [hereinafter Speiser on Torts] (question is whether the work \u201cis likely to create a peculiar risk of harm during its progress\u201d); Prosser on Torts \u00a7 71, at 512 (employer liable if \u201cin the course of the work, injurious consequences might be expected to result \u2018unless means are taken to prevent them\u2019 \u201d); and (3) the owner failed to take or ensure that reasonable precautions were taken to avoid the injury and this negligence was a proximate cause of the plaintiff\u2019s injuries, Woodson, 329 N.C. at 352, 407 S.E.2d at 235 (owner has \u201ca continuing responsibility to ensure that adequate safety precautions are taken\u201d to prevent injury); but see Hooper v. Pizzagalli Construction Co., 112 N.C. App. 400, 405-06, 436 S.E.2d 145, 149 (1993) (owner not responsible for negligence of contractor collaterally related to inherently dangerous activity), disc. review denied, 335 N.C. 770, 442 S.E.2d 516 (1994).\nAlthough the determination of whether an activity is inherently dangerous is often a question of law, Simmons v. N.C. Dept. of Transportation, 128 N.C. App. 402, 406, 496 S.E.2d 790, 793 (1998), whether a particular trenching situation constitutes an inherently dangerous activity usually presents a question of fact and should be addressed on a case by case basis, Woodson, 329 N.C. at 354, 407 S.E.2d at 236; Speiser on Torts \u00a7 4:28, at 699 (whether the work is likely to create a peculiar risk of harm is \u201cordinarily a question to be resolved by the trier of fact\u201d); Evans v. Rockingham Homes, Inc., 220 N.C. 253, 260-61, 17 S.E.2d 125, 129-130 (1941) (holding that digging a trench in a heavily populated area is inherently dangerous as a matter of law). The focus must be on \u201cthe particular trench being dug and the pertinent circumstances surrounding the digging.\u201d Woodson, 329 N.C. at 356, 407 S.E.2d at 237.\nI\nPlaintiff first contends he was entitled to a directed verdict because: (1) Roberts was engaged in an inherently dangerous activity; (2) Defendant knew or should have known that the activity was inherently dangerous; (3) Defendant failed to take precautions to prevent harm to Decedent; and (4) this negligence was a proximate cause of Decedent\u2019s death.\nDirected verdicts for the party with the burden of proof are rarely granted. Bank v. Burnette, 297 N.C. 524, 536, 256 S.E.2d 388, 395 (1979). \u201cThis is so because, even though proponent succeeds in the difficult task of establishing a clear and uncontradicted prima facie case, there will ordinarily remain in issue the credibility of the evidence adduced by proponent.\u201d Id. Nonetheless, \u201cwhere credibility is manifest as a matter of law,\u201d a directed verdict for the party with the burden of proof is proper \u201cif the evidence so clearly establishes the fact[s] in issue that no reasonable inferences to the contrary can be drawn.\u201d Id.\nIn this case, although there was no dispute between the parties as to whether the trenching was inherently dangerous at the time of its collapse, there is a dispute with respect to whether Defendant knew or should have known that the trench was inherently dangerous. Because we do not believe the evidence in this case clearly supports the single inference that Defendant knew or should have known of the inherent dangerousness of the trench at the time of Decedent\u2019s death, the trial court properly denied Plaintiffs motion for directed verdict.\nII\nPlaintiff complains of the trial court\u2019s jury instructions regarding inherently dangerous activities, contending the instruction allowed the jury to find that Roberts was not engaged in an inherently dangerous activity. We agree.\nAlthough the trial court peremptorily instructed the jury that all the evidence tended to show that the trench was inherently dangerous at the time of Decedent\u2019s death, the jury nonetheless was free to reject the credibility of the evidence on this issue, and find that the trenching was not inherently dangerous at the time of the injury. Electro Lift v. Equipment Co., 270 N.C. 433, 437, 154 S.E.2d 465, 467 (1967) (a proper peremptory instruction requires the jury to answer the issue in the affirmative if they \u201cfind from the greater weight of the evidence the facts to be as all the evidence tends to show,\u201d and if the jury does not so find they must answer in the negative); Crisp v. Insurance Co., 256 N.C. 408, 411, 124 S.E.2d 149, 152 (1962) (a peremptory instruction must leave it to the jury to determine the credibility of the testimony). Because Defendant admitted or stipulated, in its argument before the trial court in opposition to Plaintiff\u2019s directed verdict motion, that the trenching was inherently dangerous at the time of Decedent\u2019s death, it was both unnecessary and improper to submit this issue to the jury. See Rickert v. Rickert, 282 N.C. 373, 380, 193 S.E.2d 79, 83 (1972) (judicial admissions \u201cdispense with proof and save time\u201d); Nationwide Homes v. Trust Co., 267 N.C. 528, 534, 148 S.E.2d 693, 698 (1966) (stipulated facts \u201care deemed established as fully as if determined by the verdict of a jury\u201d); 73 Am. Jur. 2d Stipulations \u00a7 1 (1974) (stipulation is an \u201cagreement, admission, or concession made in a judicial proceeding by the parties or their attorneys\u201d). Because the jury\u2019s answer to the first issue may have been based on a finding that the trench was not inherently dangerous, a finding inconsistent with Defendant\u2019s admission, Plaintiff is entitled to a new trial.\nIII\nPlaintiff also contends Defendant\u2019s counsel\u2019s closing jury argument, wherein he accused Plaintiff\u2019s attorney of having an agenda of obtaining money, was improper and entitles Plaintiff to a new trial.\nWe agree with Plaintiff that Defendant\u2019s counsel\u2019s argument to the jury suggesting that Plaintiff\u2019s attorney had an agenda was improper. Plaintiff, however, did not object to this argument at trial, and our review is limited to discerning whether the statements were so grossly improper that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to intervene ex mero motu. State v. Larrimore, 340 N.C. 119, 158-59, 456 S.E.2d 789, 810 (1995). We do not believe the argument rises to the level of gross impropriety, and thus the trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to intervene ex mero motu. Compare id. (statements that opposing counsel was casting up smoke screens, smog, and dirt because he did not want the jury to see the truth were not grossly improper) with State v. Miller, 271 N.C. 646, 659-60, 157 S.E.2d 335, 345-46 (1967) (statement that counsel \u201cknew [defendant] was lying the minute he said that\u201d was grossly improper and the trial court erred by not forbidding such argument immediately).\nWe have reviewed Defendant\u2019s cross-assignments of error carefully, and overrule them.\nNew Trial.\nJudges JOHN and HUNTER concur.\n. At the hearing on Plaintiffs motion for directed verdict, Defendant admitted that the trenching was inherently dangerous at the time of Decedent\u2019s death and the trial court acknowledged, \u201cthat\u2019s not an issue for the jury.\u201d\n. We do not address Plaintiff\u2019s ultra-hazardous activity arguments relating to the directed verdict motion and the jury instructions because trenching is not an ultra-hazardous activity. Indeed, blasting is presently the only recognized ultra-hazardous activity in this state. Woodson v. Rowland, 329 N.C. 330, 350-51, 407 S.E.2d 222, 234 (1991). In any event, Plaintiff\u2019s abandonment of his strict liability claim, O\u2019Carroll v. Roberts Industrial Contractors, 119 N.C. App. 140, 143, 457 S.E.2d 752, 755 (issue not argued before Court was abandoned), disc. review denied, 341 N.C. 420, 461 S.E.2d 760 (1995), precludes him from now reasserting the ultra-hazardous argument, Woodson, 329 N.C. at 350, 407 S.E.2d at 234 (ultra-hazardous activity gives rise to strict liability).\n. The use of the word \u201cowner\u201d in this opinion includes anyone who employs an independent contractor to perform an inherently dangerous activity.\n. \u201c [I]t is generally understood that an activity will be characterized as [inherently dangerous] if it can be performed safely provided certain precautions are taken, but will, in the ordinary course of events, cause injury to others if these precautions are omitted.\u201d Simmons v. N.C. Dept. of Transportation, 128 N.C. App. 402, 406, 496 S.E.2d 790, 793 (1998).\n. Because all trenching is not inherently dangerous, it follows that the excavation of one portion of a trench may be inherently dangerous but the excavation of another portion may not be inherently dangerous.\n. Of course, the issue of whether the trenching is inherently dangerous is always subject to resolution by summary judgment or directed verdict.\n. Although the issue is not raised in this appeal, a claim against an owner who engages an independent contractor to perform an inherently dangerous activity is better resolved with the use of three jury issues, rather than one, as was used in this case. Those three issues might read as follows: (1) Was the activity inherently dangerous?; (2) Did defendant know or should have known of the inherent dangerousness of the activity?; and (3) Was plaintiff\u2019s injury caused by the negligence of defendant?",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "GREENE, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Twiggs, Abrams, Strickland & Trehy, P.A., \u25a0 by Douglas B. Abrams, and Dill, Fountain, Hoyle & Pridgen, by William S. Hoyle, for plaintiff-appellant.",
      "Smith, Anderson, Blount, Dorsett, Mitchell & Jemigan, L.L.P., by Samuel G. Thompson and Michael W. Mitchell, for defendant-appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "AL PATRICK O\u2019CARROLL, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF WILLIAM C. O\u2019CARROLL, Plaintiff v. TEXASGULF, INC., Defendant\nNo. COA98-443\n(Filed 16 February 1999)\n1. Wrongful Death\u2014 worker in collapsed trench \u2014 defendant\u2019s knowledge of inherent danger \u2014 directed verdict denied\nThe trial court did not err in a wrongful death action arising from the collapse of the trench in which decedent was working by denying plaintiff\u2019s motion for a directed verdict where there was no dispute that the trenching was inherently dangerous, but there was a dispute with respect to whether defendant knew or should have known that the trench was inherently dangerous.\n2. Stipulations\u2014 wrongful death \u2014 inherently dangerous trenching \u2014 submission to jury erroneous\nThe trial court erred i\u00f1 a wrongful death action arising from the collapse of a trench in which decedent was working by submitting to the jury the issue of whether decedent was engaged in an inherently dangerous activity. Because defendant admitted or stipulated in its argument before the court in opposition to plaintiffs directed verdict motion that the trenching was inherently dangerous at the time of decedent\u2019s death, it was both unnecessary and improper to submit the issue to the jury. Plaintiff was entitled to a new trial because the jury\u2019s answer to one of the issues may have been based on a finding that the trench was not inherently dangerous.\n3. Trials\u2014 argument of counsel \u2014 opposing counsel\u2019s agenda\u2014 no gross impropriety\nThere was no abuse of discretion in a wrongful death action where the trial court failed to intervene ex mero motu when defense counsel argued in closing that plaintiff\u2019s attorney had an agenda of obtaining money. The argument was improper but did not rise to the level of gross impropriety.\nAppeal by plaintiff from judgment filed 4 September 1997 by Judge Donald W. Stephens in Wake County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 5 January 1999.\nTwiggs, Abrams, Strickland & Trehy, P.A., \u25a0 by Douglas B. Abrams, and Dill, Fountain, Hoyle & Pridgen, by William S. Hoyle, for plaintiff-appellant.\nSmith, Anderson, Blount, Dorsett, Mitchell & Jemigan, L.L.P., by Samuel G. Thompson and Michael W. Mitchell, for defendant-appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0307-01",
  "first_page_order": 341,
  "last_page_order": 349
}
