{
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  "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. EARL KENNETH DOMINIE, JR., Defendant",
  "name_abbreviation": "State v. Dominie",
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      "Judge HUNTER concurs.",
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      "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. EARL KENNETH DOMINIE, JR., Defendant"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "WYNN, Judge.\nThe record on appeal in this case shows that around 8:30 p.m. on 12 December 1996, two women \u2014 mother and daughter \u2014 entered their car parked in a Wal-Mart lot after just completing a shopping trip. However, before they were able to drive away, defendant Earl Kenneth Dominie, Jr. jumped into the back seat and instructed the daughter to drive until they reached a \u201creal dark, deserted area where there is nothing.\u201d\nThe daughter complied and upon reaching the described area, the defendant robbed the women and ordered them out of the car. The daughter, however, pleaded with the defendant by stating \u201cmy mama is old and she can\u2019t walk up there to where there\u2019s some lighting. Can\u2019t we just drive up to the . . . shopping center and we\u2019ll let you have the car, we\u2019ll get out.\u201d The defendant agreed and allowed her to drive to a fairly well lit residential area that was approximately one-quarter mile from the shopping center. There, the women got out of the car and the defendant drove the car away.\nLieutenant Arthur Frye of the Aberdeen Police Department investigated the incident. On 8 January 1997, after concluding that the defendant was a suspect, Lt. Frye, along with other police officers, went to a mobile-home park where the defendant was believed to be living. Lt. Frye testified that he went to the park to arrest the defendant for the 12 December crime.\nAt the defendant\u2019s mobile home, the defendant agreed to speak with Lt. Frye who escorted him to the patrol car. However, before discussing the incident with the defendant, Lt. Frye informed him that he was not under arrest. Indeed, Lt. Frye\u2019s conversation with the defendant took place in the front seat of the patrol car \u2014 an area off-limits to arrested individuals. In the patrol car, Lt. Frye informed the defendant of the incident at Wal-Mart and notified him that the two women had identified him out of a lineup as the culprit. The defendant responded: \u201cI guess I f~ked up this time\u201d. He asked whether he could apologize to the two women. Lt. Frye informed him that things don\u2019t work that way and arrested him.\nThe defendant was tried and convicted by a jury for two counts of first-degree kidnapping, one count of armed robbery, and one count of common-law robbery. At sentencing, the trial judge consolidated the armed robbery conviction with one of the first-degree kidnapping convictions and consolidated the common-law robbery conviction with the other first-degree kidnapping conviction.\nOn appeal, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on first-degree kidnapping where the indictment alleged only second-degree kidnapping. The State agrees with the defendant\u2019s argument and therefore concedes this issue on appeal. However, contrary to the defendant, the State contends that this matter should be remanded for re-sentencing under a conviction for second-degree kidnapping. See State v. Dawkins, 305 N.C. 289, 287 S.E.2d 885 (1982); State v. Corley, 310 N.C. 40, 311 S.E.2d 540 (1984). We would ordinarily agree with the State that this should be remanded only for re-sentencing on the lesser offenses of second-degree kidnapping but the defendant makes a further argument that the State also recognizes as having merit.\nThe defendant also argues that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on the kidnapping charges in the disjunctive where the indictment alleged only that the victims were unlawfully removed.\nThe defendant\u2019s indictment read:\nThe jurors for the State upon their oath present that on or about the date of offense shown and in the county named above defendant named did unlawfully, willfully and feloniously did kidnap [Wanda Marion Ring/Vera Wood Marion], a person who attained the age of 16 years, by unlawfully removing her from one place to another, without her consent, and for the purpose of facilitating the commission of a felony, robbery with a dangerous weapon.\nAlthough the indictment stated that the defendant unlawfully \u201cremoved\u201d the victims, the trial court instructed the jury that they could find him guilty of kidnapping if they found that he \u201cunlawfully confined a person \u2014 that is, imprisoned her within a given area\u2014 restrained a person \u2014 that is, restricted her freedom \u2014 or removed a person from one place to another.\u201d Therefore, even though the indictment charged the defendant with kidnapping for \u201cremoving\u201d the victims, the trial court informed the jury that the defendant committed kidnapping if he \u201cconfined, restrained, or removed\u201d the victims.\nThe defendant contends this instruction constitutes reversible error. As the State recognizes, he is correct under our Supreme Court\u2019s holding in State v. Tucker, 317 N.C. 532, 346 S.E.2d 417 (1986).\nIn Tucker, the defendant was indicted for, inter alia, kidnapping. The indictment stated that he \u201cunlawfully . . . kidnappfed] [the victim] ... by unlawfully removing her from one place to another, without her consent. . . .\u201d Id. at 537, 346 S.E.2d at 420. (emphasis in original). Like the trial judge in this case, the trial judge in Tucker instructed the jury that the defendant could be found guilty of first-degree kidnapping if they found that \u201cthe defendant unlawfully restrained [the victim], that is, restricted [her] freedom of movement by threat or force.\u201d (emphasis added). Id. Our Supreme Court, after noting that the evidence amply supported the judge\u2019s instruction, nonetheless reversed defendant\u2019s conviction because the instructions constituted prejudicial error. Id. at 537-38, 346 S.E.2d at 420. Specifically, the Court stated that it was improper to convict a defendant upon an abstract theory not supported by the bill of indictment. Id. That is, a defendant could not be convicted upon the theory that he \u201crestrained or removed\u201d the victim when the bill of indictment stated that he was charged only with \u201cremoving\u201d her.\nWe note that the State cites our recent decision in State v. Raynor, 128 N.C. App. 244, 495 S.E.2d 176 (1998), contending that it supports a position contrary to Tucker. However, both the State and the concurring opinion recognize that a decision of this Court cannot overrule an explicit holding of our Supreme Court. So, to the extent that Raynor is cited as law contrary to Tucker, we are bound to follow only Tucker.\nAs in Tucker, the facts before us indicate that the trial judge committed prejudicial error by instructing the jury that the defendant could be found guilty if he confined, restrained or removed the victims. Further, as demonstrated by State v. Brown, 312 N.C. 237, 321 S.E.2d 856 (1984), this error is so prejudicial as to warrant a new trial. Accordingly, following the directives of our Supreme Court, we vacate the defendant\u2019s first-degree kidnapping convictions and remand this matter for a new trial.\nIn the interests of judicial economy, we also address the defendant\u2019s last argument challenging the trial court\u2019s failure to suppress two statements he allegedly made involuntarily and without being provided proper Miranda warnings.\n\u201cThis Court has consistently held that the rule of Miranda applies only where a defendant is subject to custodial interrogation.\u201d State v. Gaines, 345 N.C. 647, 661, 483 S.E.2d 396, 404, cert. denied, 118 S.Ct. 248, 139 L. Ed.2d 177 (1997). When determining whether a defendant is subject to custodial interrogation, \u201cthe definitive inquiry is whether there was a formal arrest or a restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with formal arrest.\u201d Id. at 662, 483 S.E.2d at 405; see also Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 128 L. Ed.2d 293 (1994). Significant to the case sub judice, Miranda warnings are not required \u201csimply because the questioning takes place in the station house, or because the questioned person is one whom the police suspect.\u201d Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495, 50 L. Ed. 2d 714, 719 (1977).\nIn the instant case, the defendant voluntarily went with Lt. Frye to his patrol car and discussed the Wal-Mart incident with him. The defendant was explicitly told that he was not under arrest and was placed in the front seat of the patrol car, an area where arrested suspects rarely, if ever, sit. Further, the statements the defendant seeks to suppress \u2014 \u201cI guess I f-ked up\u201d and his offer to apologize to the victims \u2014 were not made in response to questions, but rather were spontaneously made.\nThese facts support the trial judge\u2019s conclusion that the defendant was not in custody at the time the statements were made and therefore the defendant was not required to receive Miranda warnings. In so ruling, we note the fact that Lt. Frye went to the defendant\u2019s home to arrest him is irrelevant. See Oregon, 429 U.S. at 495, 50 L. Ed. 2d at 719. Accordingly, we find no merit to this assignment of error.\nIn conclusion, we are compelled by our Supreme Court\u2019s prior decisions to hold that the trial court committed prejudicial error by instructing the jury on first-degree kidnapping and by instructing the jury on the kidnapping charges in the disjunctive. Moreover, because defendant\u2019s convictions for armed robbery and common-law robbery were consolidated with his first-degree kidnapping convictions for sentencing purposes, we must remand this matter for re-sentencing upon those convictions.\nFirst Degree Kidnapping, 97CRS464 \u2014 New Trial.\nFirst Degree Kidnapping, 97CRS467 \u2014 -New Trial.\nRobbery with a Dangerous Weapon, 97CRS466 \u2014 No Error On Conviction, Remand For Re-Sentencing.\nCommon Law Robbery, 97CRS465 \u2014 No Error On Conviction, Remand For Re-Sentencing.\nJudge HUNTER concurs.\nJudge WALKER concurs with a separate opinion.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "WYNN, Judge."
      },
      {
        "text": "Judge Walker\nconcurring.\nI write separately to express my belief that our Supreme Court should reexamine its holding in State v. Tucker, 317 N.C. 532, 346 S.E.2d 417 (1986).\nA bill of indictment is sufficient if it charges the offense in a plain, intelligible manner, with averments sufficient to enable the court to proceed to judgment and to bar a subsequent prosecution for the same offense. State v. Taylor, 280 N.C. 273, 185 S.E.2d 677 (1972). The purpose of the indictment is to put the defendant on notice of the offense with which he is charged and to allow him to prepare a defense to that charge. State v. Sumner, 232 N.C. 386, 61 S.E.2d 84 (1950). In this case, defendant was indicted on two counts of kidnapping in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 14-39.\nSpecifically, each indictment alleges that defendant \u201cunlawfully, willfully and feloniously did kidnap ... by unlawfully removing . . . from one place to another, without. . . consent, and for the purpose of facilitating the commission of a felony, robbery with a dangerous weapon.\u201d However, the trial court instructed not only on \u201cremoval\u201d of the victim, but also \u201cconfinement\u201d or \u201crestraint\u201d of the victim as provided in N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 14-39 (Cum. Supp. 1998).\nImplicit in the words \u201ckidnap\u201d and \u201cremove\u201d contained in the indictment are the words \u201crestrain\u201d and \u201cconfine.\u201d By alleging that the defendant has kidnapped a victim, the indictment has necessarily placed the defendant on notice that he is accused of \u201crestraining, confining, or removing\u201d a person. The terms \u201crestrain,\u201d \u201cconfine\u201d or \u201cremove\u201d are related in that they all encompass an act which asserts control over the victim. These terms are not mutually exclusive. The same act could comprise both restraint and confinement as surely as restraint is a necessary part of removal. See State v. Fulcher, 34 N.C. App. 233, 237 S.E.2d 909 (1977), affirmed, 294 N.C. 503, 243 S.E.2d 338 (1978). Allowing the jury to consider all three terms which statutorily constitute kidnapping does not necessarily allow conviction upon an \u201cabstract theory not supported by the bill of indictment.\u201d State v. Taylor, 301 N.C. 164, 170, 270 S.E.2d 409, 413 (1980).\nUnder N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 14-39, if the State proves that the confinement, restraint or removal is for one of four purposes, the actions amount to kidnapping. Allowing a jury to convict on the basis of a purpose not listed in the indictment would constitute such an \u201cabstract theory.\u201d See State v. Moore, 315 N.C. 738, 340 S.E.2d 401 (1986). Allegations that the actions occurred for the purpose of committing a felony as opposed to holding a victim for ransom are theories which would require different factual defenses. As \u201crestrain,\u201d \u201cconfine\u201d and \u201cremove\u201d all connote a similar action by the defendant, the danger of conflicting defenses or lack of notice is not present.\nOur Supreme Court, in Tucker, quoted from its prior decision in State v. Dammons, 293 N.C. 263, 237 S.E.2d 834 (1977) noting, \u201c[h]ad the state desired to prosecute on the theory that defendant confined and restrained the victim . . ., it should have so alleged by way of an additional count in the indictment.\u201d Id. at 273, 237 S.E.2d at 841. The reasoning in Dammons would seem to allow for a separate count of kidnapping for each individual act of restraint, confinement or removal such that three counts of kidnapping could arise from what would formerly be considered a single act. I do not believe this was the intent of the legislature in revising our kidnapping statute in 1975 to replace the common-law definition.",
        "type": "concurrence",
        "author": "Judge Walker"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Michael F. Easley, Attorney General, by Bruce S. Ambrose, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.",
      "Paul Pooley, for defendant-appellant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. EARL KENNETH DOMINIE, JR., Defendant\nNo. COA98-1223\n(Filed 3 August 1999)\n1. Kidnapping\u2014 indictment\nThe trial court erred in instructing the jury on first-degree kidnapping where the indictment alleged only second-degree kidnapping.\n2. Kidnapping\u2014 indictment \u2014 disjunctive instruction improper\nIn a kidnapping case where the indictment alleged only that the victims were unlawfully removed, the trial court erred by instructing the jury in the disjunctive that it could find defendant guilty if it found he unlawfully confined, restrained, or removed a person from one place to another. Even if the evidence amply supports the trial court\u2019s instruction, it is improper to convict a defendant upon a theory not supported by the bill of indictment.\n3. Confessions and Incriminating Statements\u2014 Miranda warning \u2014 not in custody\nThe trial court did not err in failing to suppress two of defendant\u2019s statements because Miranda warnings are not required simply because the person questioned is one whom the police suspect. Although the officer went to defendant\u2019s home to arrest him, defendant was not in custody because he voluntarily went to the officer\u2019s patrol car and discussed the incident, he was explicitly told he was not under arrest, he sat in the front seat of the patrol car, and he made the alleged statements spontaneously and not in response to questioning.\nJudge Walker concurring.\nAppeal by defendant Earl Kenneth Dominie, Jr. from judgment entered 8 April 1997 by Judge George L. Wainwright, Jr., in Moore County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 29 April 1999.\nMichael F. Easley, Attorney General, by Bruce S. Ambrose, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.\nPaul Pooley, for defendant-appellant."
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