{ "id": 11239421, "name": "PAMELA (GREER) BIGGS, Plaintiff v. ROBERT GREER, III, Defendant", "name_abbreviation": "Biggs v. Greer", "decision_date": "2000-01-18", "docket_number": "No. COA98-1253", "first_page": "294", "last_page": "306", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "136 N.C. App. 294" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "388 S.E.2d 460", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "325 N.C. 709", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2489154, 2490532, 2489640, 2489906, 2487766 ], "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/325/0709-04", "/nc/325/0709-01", "/nc/325/0709-02", "/nc/325/0709-03", "/nc/325/0709-05" ] }, { "cite": "381 S.E.2d 882", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "886" }, { "page": "886" }, { "page": "886" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "95 N.C. App. 14", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8519327 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "21" }, { "page": "21" }, { "page": "21" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/95/0014-01" ] }, { "cite": "100 Cal. Rptr. 817", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "weight": 2, "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "820-21", "parenthetical": "order increasing previous child support order so as to require payment of unanticipated medical and hospital care rendered on behalf of minor child constituted an exercise of court's reserved power to modify a child support order by reason of changed circumstances" }, { "page": "821-22" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "248 S.E.2d 410", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 9, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "412" }, { "page": "412" }, { "page": "412" }, { "page": "412" }, { "page": "412" }, { "page": "412" }, { "page": "412" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "38 N.C. App. 580", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8555194 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "583" }, { "page": "583" }, { "page": "583" }, { "page": "583" }, { "page": "583" }, { "page": "583" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/38/0580-01" ] }, { "cite": "415 S.E.2d 391", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 2189704 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "392-93", "parenthetical": "statute governing modification of child support orders does not bar retroactive increase of child support order under \"special circumstances\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sc/307/0351-01" ] }, { "cite": "133 S.E.2d 487", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "492" }, { "page": "492" }, { "page": "492" }, { "page": "492" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "260 N.C. 635", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8575789 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "641" }, { "page": "641" }, { "page": "641" }, { "page": "641" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/260/0635-01" ] }, { "cite": "56 A.2d 453", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1947, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "456" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "170 S.W.2d 663", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 8511639 ], "year": 1942, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "665" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/tenn-app/26/0227-01" ] }, { "cite": "33 P.2d 995", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 5069105 ], "year": 1934, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "996-97" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ariz/44/0139-01" ] }, { "cite": "278 A.2d 630", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "633" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "52 A.L.R.3d 156", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "454 S.E.2d 697", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "698", "parenthetical": "\"[fjindings in support of an award of retroactive child support must include the actual expenditures made on behalf of the child\"" }, { "page": "698, 2" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "118 N.C. App. 171", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11917251 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "172", "parenthetical": "\"[fjindings in support of an award of retroactive child support must include the actual expenditures made on behalf of the child\"" }, { "page": "172" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/118/0171-01" ] }, { "cite": "403 S.E.2d 900", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "903" }, { "page": "903" }, { "page": "903" }, { "page": "903" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "102 N.C. App. 496", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8524862 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "501-02" }, { "page": "501-02" }, { "page": "502" }, { "page": "501-02" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/102/0496-01" ] }, { "cite": "360 S.E.2d 816", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "821" }, { "page": "821, 4" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "87 N.C. App. 392", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8358443 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "398" }, { "page": "398" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/87/0392-01" ] }, { "cite": "419 S.E.2d 176", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "183", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" }, { "page": "184" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "107 N.C. App. 140", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527264 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "151", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" }, { "page": "152" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/107/0140-01" ] }, { "cite": "507 S.E.2d 591", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "595" }, { "page": "596" }, { "page": "595" }, { "page": "595" }, { "page": "596", "parenthetical": "matter \"remandfed] to the trial court for further findings relating to retroactive child support\" where findings were \"insufficient to support . . . conclusion\" plaintiff should receive no reimbursement from defendant" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "131 N.C. App. 642", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11203733 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "647-48" }, { "page": "648" }, { "page": "647-48" }, { "page": "648" }, { "page": "649" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/131/0642-01" ] }, { "cite": "515 S.E.2d 234", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "238", "parenthetical": "trial court \"generally not\" required to make findings of fact relating to reasonable needs of child or parent's ability to pay in setting support amount; such findings required only upon a party's request for deviation, or the trial court's determination to deviate from Guidelines" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "133 N.C. App. 285", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11218982 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "290" }, { "page": "290" }, { "page": "290" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/133/0285-01" ] }, { "cite": "29 Fam. L. Q. 775", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Fam. L.Q.", "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "834" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "448 S.E.2d 527", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "337 N.C. 694", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2551555, 2551689, 2552697, 2552187, 2550815 ], "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/337/0694-01", "/nc/337/0694-05", "/nc/337/0694-02", "/nc/337/0694-04", "/nc/337/0694-03" ] }, { "cite": "442 S.E.2d 352", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "359" }, { "page": "358-59" }, { "page": "359", "parenthetical": "extraordinary expenses considered adjustment of presumptive Guideline amounts" }, { "page": "357" }, { "page": "355" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "114 N.C. App. 538", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527801 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "549" }, { "page": "548-50" }, { "page": "549" }, { "page": "546-47" }, { "page": "543" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/114/0538-01" ] }, { "cite": "400 S.E.2d 736", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "740", "parenthetical": "citing G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(c)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "101 N.C. App. 617", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8528011 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "624", "parenthetical": "citing G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(c)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/101/0617-01" ] }, { "cite": "458 S.E.2d 187", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "340 N.C. 359", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 790083, 790182, 790069, 790070, 790172 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/340/0359-05", "/nc/340/0359-02", "/nc/340/0359-01", "/nc/340/0359-03", "/nc/340/0359-04" ] }, { "cite": "453 S.E.2d 539", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "542", "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "118 N.C. App. 82", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11916611 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "86", "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/118/0082-01" ] }, { "cite": "515 S.E.2d 708", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "711", "parenthetical": "\"ultimate objective in setting awards for child support is to secure support commensurate with the needs of the children and the ability of the father [mother] to meet the needs\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "133 N.C. App. 390", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11219811 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "394", "parenthetical": "\"ultimate objective in setting awards for child support is to secure support commensurate with the needs of the children and the ability of the father [mother] to meet the needs\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/133/0390-01" ] }, { "cite": "324 S.E.2d 829", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "833" }, { "page": "833" }, { "page": "833" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "312 N.C. 770", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4755941 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "777" }, { "page": "777" }, { "page": "777" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/312/0770-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1060, "char_count": 30227, "ocr_confidence": 0.762, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.5963844422872286e-07, "percentile": 0.8190987196550842 }, "sha256": "08619b4df27b7c5dd27fc5f0481207c2afd05c43b99174fd8eb40fb398f802fc", "simhash": "1:53b8d462b57edd44", "word_count": 4745 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:33:36.366510+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges TIMMONS-GOODSON and HUNTER concur." ], "parties": [ "PAMELA (GREER) BIGGS, Plaintiff v. ROBERT GREER, III, Defendant" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JOHN, Judge.\nDefendant appeals the trial court\u2019s order directing him to pay prospective and retroactive private school expenses. We affirm as to the former, but reverse the award of retroactive payments.\nRelevant facts and procedural history include the following: Plaintiff and defendant married in 1973 and three children were born to the marriage. The parties separated on or about 17 December 1982, and Joshua and Kylah, the younger children (the children), remained in plaintiffs custody. Defendant subsequently commenced payment of child support through the Office of the Clerk of Superior Court in the amount of six hundred and twenty-five dollars ($625.00) per month.\nOn 29 September 1997, plaintiff filed a motion to increase defendant\u2019s child support payments, alleging increased medical and private secondary educational expenses for the children. The motion was heard before the Honorable Carolyn D. Johnson (Judge Johnson) 3 October 1997. At that time, both children attended Camelot Academy, a private secondary school, where Kylah, age seventeen, was an eleventh grader and Joshua, age nineteen, was a senior. Although Judge Johnson announced her ruling in open court following the hearing, she retired from the bench without entering a written order related thereto.\nThereafter, the Honorable Kenneth C. Titus (Judge Titus), based upon the recollections of counsel for plaintiff and defendant regarding the terms of Judge Johnson\u2019s decision, entered a written order (the Order) 19 March 1998, nunc pro tunc 3 October 1997. The Order included the following pertinent finding of fact:\n13. The Court finds that the medical expenses and the [Camelot] school expenses are an extraordinary expense for the minor children.\nThe Order also contained the conclusion of law that there had been \u201ca substantial and material change in circumstances warranting a modification of child support.\u201d\nBased upon the foregoing, the trial court ordered in relevant part as follows:\n2. The expenses incurred on behalf of the minor children . . . for extraordinary expenses, shall be paid at the rate of one hundred fifty dollars ($150.00) per month, thereby making the defendant\u2019s child support obligation seven hundred seventy-five dollars ($775.00) per month. However, said . . . []$150.00[] a month shall be credited to . . . extraordinary expenses, not child support.\n3. The Court finds that the defendant is responsible for one-half of the educational expenses to date, and shall be responsible for one-half of the twenty-one thousand five hundred ninety-nine dollars ($21,599.00) and that ten thousand seven hundred ninety-nine dollars and fifty cents ($10,799.50) shall be paid to [plaintiff] who has paid all of said expenses.\n4. Hereafter, each party shall equally be responsible for any and all school expenses relating to the minor children, and each party shall pay their share of expenses directly to . . . any school that the children are attending. . . .\nDefendant timely appealed.\nDefendant first contends \u201cthere is no competent evidence in the record to support a finding that private school was necessary for the children\u2019s welfare.\u201d Defendant\u2019s argument presupposes that such a finding was required in order for the expense of private school to be classified as an \u201cextraordinary expense\u201d under the Child Support Guidelines, 1999 Ann. R. N.C. 32 (the Guidelines). We conclude defendant\u2019s first argument is unfounded.\nChild support orders entered by a trial court are accorded substantial deference by appellate courts and our review is limited to a \u201cdetermination of whether there was a clear abuse of discretion.\u201d White v. White, 312 N.C. 770, 777, 324 S.E.2d 829, 833 (1985). Under this standard of review, the trial court\u2019s ruling \u201cwill be upset only upon a showing that it was so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.\u201d Id.\nPursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(c) (1995), a trial court is authorized to order support payments in such amount as meets the \u201creasonable needs of the children] for health [and] education.\u201d G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(c); see Cauble v. Cauble, 133 N.C. App. 390, 394, 515 S.E.2d 708, 711 (1999) (\u201cultimate objective in setting awards for child support is to secure support commensurate with the needs of the children and the ability of the father [mother] to meet the needs\u201d) (citation omitted). To \u201ccompute the appropriate amount of child support,\u201d Hammill v. Cusack, 118 N.C. App. 82, 86, 453 S.E.2d 539, 542, disc. review denied, 340 N.C. 359, 458 S.E.2d 187 (1995) (citation omitted), the trial court must rely upon the Guidelines wherein presumptive amounts of child support axe set forth, G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(c).\nIf the trial court imposes the presumptive amount of child support under the Guidelines, it is\nnot. . . required to take any evidence, make any findings of fact, or enter any conclusions of law \u201crelating to the reasonable needs of the child for support and the relative ability of each parent to [pay or] provide support.\u201d\nBrowne v. Browne, 101 N.C. App. 617, 624, 400 S.E.2d 736, 740 (1991) (citing G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(c)). However, upon a party\u2019s request that the trial court deviate from the Guidelines, G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(c), or the court\u2019s decision on its own initiative to deviate from the presumptive amounts, see Child Support Guidelines (\u201c[t]he Court may deviate from the Guidelines in cases where application would be inequitable\u201d), the court must hear evidence and find facts related to the reasonable needs of the child for support and the parent\u2019s ability to pay, G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(c).\nRegarding treatment by the court of \u201cextraordinary expenses,\u201d the Guidelines provide:\nF. Extraordinary Expenses. The Court may make adjustments for extraordinary expenses and order payments for such term and in such manner as the Court deems necessary. . . . Payments for such expenses shall be apportioned in the same manner as the basic child support obligation and ordered paid as the Court deems equitable.\nOther extraordinary expenses are added to the basic child support obligation. Other extraordinary expenses include:\n(1) Any expenses for attending any special or private elementary or secondary schools to meet the particular educational needs of the child(ren). . . .\nChild Support Guidelines (emphasis added).\n\u201c[Djetermination of what constitutes an extraordinary expense is . . . within the discretion of the trial court,\u201d Mackins v. Mackins, 114 N.C. App. 538, 549, 442 S.E.2d 352, 359, disc. review denied, 337 N.C. 694, 448 S.E.2d 527 (1994). Based upon the Guideline language above, \u201cthe court may, in its discretion, make adjustments [in the Guideline amounts] for extraordinary expenses.\u201d Id. However, incorporation of such adjustments into a child support award does not constitute deviation from the Guidelines, but rather is deemed a discretionary adjustment to the presumptive amounts set forth in the Guidelines. See 29 Fam. L. Q. 775, 834 (1996) (citing Mackins, 114 N.C. App. at 548-50, 442 S.E.2d at 358-59, as holding that \u201ccourt\u2019s order that defendant pay his share of costs of tutoring, orthodontics, psychologists, and summer camp was not a deviation, but rather a discretionary determination to adjust the guideline amount for extraordinary expenses\u201d). In short, absent a party\u2019s request for deviation, the trial court is not required to set forth findings of fact related to the child\u2019s needs and the non-custodial parent\u2019s ability to pay extraordinary expenses.\nIn the case sub judice, defendant does not quarrel with the trial court\u2019s determination that private school expenses for the children constituted \u201cextraordinary expenses.\u201d However, defendant points to language in the Guidelines to the effect that ordering of private schooling as an extraordinary expense is proper when the court \u201cdeems\u201d the expense \u201cnecessary.\u201d Defendant extrapolates from this provision a requirement that the court specifically find such costs were \u201cnecessary for the children\u2019s welfare.\u201d Defendant\u2019s assertion is unfounded.\nInitially, as noted above, the trial court was under no obligation to render findings of fact because it did not deviate from the presumptive Guidelines, but rather adjusted the Guideline amounts to account for the extraordinary expense of private schooling. See G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(c) (\u201c [i]f the court orders an amount other than the amount determined by application of the presumptive guidelines, the court shall make findings of fact... that justify varying from the guidelines and the basis for the amount ordered\u201d), and Mackins, 114 N.C. App. at 549, 442 S.E.2d at 359 (extraordinary expenses considered adjustment of presumptive Guideline amounts). In addition, the record contains no request by either party for a deviation from the Guidelines. G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(c) {\u2019\u2019upon request of any party [for a deviation from the Guidelines], the Court shall. . . find the facts relating to the reasonable needs of the child . . . and the relative ability of each parent to provide support\u201d (emphasis added)). Finally, although the trial court was not required to set forth an explicit finding of fact that it \u201cdeemed\u201d the children\u2019s private schooling expenses \u201cnecessary,\u201d we note the court remarked during the course of the hearing that, \u201cconsidering the[] [children\u2019s] age[s],\u201d the circumstance that both were behind in school and had experienced significant health problems \u201cnecessitated some \u2014 some special help in order to get them through school.\u201d\nIn addition, defendant\u2019s assertion that the children could have received necessary credits in public school is belied by the record which reveals neither child was making progress in public school, but instead progressively falling behind. Undisputed evidence indicated both children suffered numerous medical problems, including kidney surgery, reflux and stomach problems, headaches, and appendicitis, which prevented them from attending public school regularly. Plaintiff testified the children fell \u201cabout a year-and-a-half\u201d behind in credits and grades, and that the \u201cpublic school didn\u2019t \u2014 couldn\u2019t take the time to catch them up.\u201d Plaintiff also related that a public teacher attempted to help Joshua catch up while at home sick, but the child just \u201ckept falling further behind\u201d and finally reached the point where he would not be able to graduate.\nPlaintiff thereupon enrolled the children in Camelot Academy (Camelot), a small private school that offered \u201cspecial help\u201d and individual attention, in order for them to obtain necessary graduation credits and to prepare for college. Further, as of the date of the hearing, Joshua was expected to graduate and Kylah had one year remaining at Camelot.\nIn short, the trial court did not err in failing to find as fact that private school expenses were \u201cnecessary\u201d for the children\u2019s welfare. Further, under our abuse of discretion standard, see White, 312 N.C. at 777, 324 S.E.2d at 833, and in light of the children\u2019s failure in public school and defendant\u2019s acknowledgment that the private school expenses constituted \u201cextraordinary expenses\u201d under the Guidelines, we cannot say that the trial court\u2019s \u201cdeeming,\u201d as opposed to finding as fact, those expenses to be \u201cnecessary\u201d for the children\u2019s welfare, Child Support Guidelines, was \u201cmanifestly unsupported by reason,\u201d White, 312 N.C. at 777, 324 S.E.2d at 833. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in ordering defendant to pay one-half the children\u2019s prospective expenses for private schooling at Camelot.\nDefendant next contends the trial court erred by neglecting to set out specific findings of fact relating to his relative ability to pay prospective child support. Again, the trial court was not required to make findings of fact related to the children\u2019s reasonable needs or defendant\u2019s ability to pay, because the Court did not deviate from the Guidelines in ordering extraordinary expenses and no party requested a deviation. See Brooker v. Brooker, 133 N.C. App. 285, 290, 515 S.E.2d 234, 238 (1999) (trial court \u201cgenerally not\u201d required to make findings of fact relating to reasonable needs of child or parent\u2019s ability to pay in setting support amount; such findings required only upon a party\u2019s request for deviation, or the trial court\u2019s determination to deviate from Guidelines).\nIn his final argument, defendant challenges the trial court\u2019s award of retroactive child support for the children\u2019s private schooling. The trial court ordered defendant to reimburse plaintiff in the amount of $10,799.50, one-half the $21,599.00 in private educational expenses incurred on behalf of the children as of the hearing date. We conclude the instant record fails to sustain the court\u2019s retroactive award of increased child support.\nThe distinction between two types of retroactive support is pertinent sub judice. In the absence of an existing child support order, \u201c[a]n amount of child support awarded prior to the date a party files a complaint therefor is properly classified as retroactive child support ... and is not based on the presumptive Guidelines.\u201d State ex rel. Fisher v. Lukinoff, 131 N.C. App. 642, 647-48, 507 S.E.2d 591, 595 (1998); see Lawrence v. Use, 107 N.C. App. 140, 151, 419 S.E.2d 176, 183 (1992) (citations omitted) (absent deviation, Guidelines \u201cconclusively presumed\u201d to \u201cmeet the reasonable needs of the child,\u201d whereas \u201ccalculation of retroactive child support. . . focuses on the amount of monies actually expended\u201d). Although prospective child support based upon the presumptive Guidelines requires no factual findings regarding the child\u2019s reasonable needs or the supporting parent\u2019s ability to pay, see Brooker, 133 N.C. App. at 290, 515 S.E.2d at 238, the trial court must set out specific findings of fact in a reimbursement award for retroactive support, Sloan v. Sloan, 87 N.C. App. 392, 398, 360 S.E.2d 816, 821 (1987), so as to reflect the court\u2019s consideration of the \u201creasonably necessary [actual] expenditures [under G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(c)] made on behalf of the child\u201d as well as the \u201cdefendant\u2019s ability to pay during the period in the past for which retroactive support is sought,\u201d Lukinoff, 131 N.C. App. at 648, 507 S.E.2d at 596; see Savani v. Savani, 102 N.C. App. 496, 501-02, 403 S.E.2d 900, 903 (1991) (an award of reimbursement for past support must be supported by \u201cspecific factual findings,\u201d reflecting the trial court\u2019s consideration of \u201creasonably necessary\u201d past expenditures made on behalf of the child and \u201cdefendant\u2019s ability to pay during the period in the past for which reimbursement is sought\u201d), and McCullough v. Johnson, 118 N.C. App. 171, 172, 454 S.E.2d 697, 698 (1995) (\u201c[fjindings in support of an award of retroactive child support must include the actual expenditures made on behalf of the child\u201d).\nThe second type of retroactive child support is that involved herein, i.e., a retroactive increase in the amount provided in an existing support order. We note preliminarily that N.C.G.S. \u00a7 50-13.10 (1995), entitled \u201cPast due child support vested; not subject to retroactive modification; entitled to full faith and credit,\u201d is not implicated herein. The instant case contains no allegation of past due child support under the existing order, but rather a motion to increase retroactively the child support amount provided in that order.\nWe reiterate that child support ordered as of the date a motion to increase is filed does not constitute retroactive support, see Mackins, 114 N.C. App. at 546-47, 442 S.E.2d at 357, and, if ordered in accordance with the Guidelines, requires no factual findings as to the child\u2019s reasonable needs or the supporting parent\u2019s ability to pay, see Brooker, 133 N.C. App. at 290, 515 S.E.2d at 238. However, child support reimbursement or child support governing a period prior to a motion to increase an existing child support order would constitute \u201cretroactive child support and [would] not [be] based on the presumptive Guidelines.\u201d Lukinoff, 131 N.C. App. at 647-48, 507 S.E.2d at 595.\nMotions for retroactive increases in child support orders have been accorded differing dispositions. See Emile F. Short, Retrospective Increase in Allowance for Alimony, Separate Maintenance, or Support, 52 A.L.R.3d 156 (1974). A number of jurisdictions have prohibited retroactive increases in child support orders or reimbursement for past expenditures in excess of ordered amounts, taking the view that the previous court order was \u201cfinal\u201d for the period of time covered therein and that to allow a retroactive increase would be tantamount to setting aside the order subsequent to full performance thereof. See, e.g., Fainberg v. Rosen, 278 A.2d 630, 633 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1971), and Adair v. Superior Court, 33 P.2d 995, 996-97 (Ariz. 1934). However, other courts have considered retrospective increases of existing orders as justified by the broad terms and humanitarian purposes of statutes according courts the power to modify child support orders. See, e.g., Crane v. Crane, 170 S.W.2d 663, 665 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1942). Finally, certain courts have focused upon the child\u2019s usual status as a non-party to a support action, reasoning that the child\u2019s rights should not be measured or limited by provisions of an existing order and that the court thus retains the power to increase a previous order retroactively as the exigencies of the case may require. See, e.g., Wilson v. Wilson, 56 A.2d 453, 456 (Me. 1947).\nOur courts have not specifically addressed the issue, but careful reading of opinions from both this Court and our Supreme Court suggests that we are not aligned with those jurisdictions mandating absolute prohibition of retroactive increases in child support orders. Concerning retroactive increase by court order of a child support amount agreed to by the parties in a separation agreement, our Supreme Court stated that to\norder making [an] increased [child support] allowance retroactive . . . without evidence of some emergency situation that required the [past] expenditure [s] ... is neither warranted in law nor equity.\nFuchs v. Fuchs, 260 N.C. 635, 641, 133 S.E.2d 487, 492 (1963). It therefore appears that, at a minimum, we have considered \u201csome emergency situation that required the expenditure of sums in excess,\u201d id., of the existing child support obligation to be necessary. See cf. Harris v. Harris, 415 S.E.2d 391, 392-93 (S.C. 1992) (statute governing modification of child support orders does not bar retroactive increase of child support order under \u201cspecial circumstances\u201d).\nFurther, this Court, in a case involving the trial court\u2019s modification of an existing order retroactive to the date of filing of the motion to increase, concluded it was unnecessary therein to determine \u201cwhether a child support payment may be increased retroactively,\u201d Mackins, 114 N.C. App. at 543, 442 S.E.2d at 355, but stated that\nthe law seems to be that a child support payment [orders] may not be retroactively increased without evidence of some emergency situation that required the expenditure of sums in excess of the amount of child support paid.\nId.\nLastly, in Vincent v. Vincent, 38 N.C. App. 580, 248 S.E.2d 410 (1978), this Court, in discussing the issue raised therein, observed that\n[t]here are no North Carolina cases which directly hold that an alimony decree can be retroactively modified, although in Fuchs . . . , the court indicated that a retroactive increase in child support might be permitted in a sudden emergency.\nId. at 583, 248 S.E.2d at 412.\nConstruing the \u201cindication,\u201d id., in Fuchs together with the general principles governing modification of child support orders set forth in N.C.G.S. \u00a7 50-13.7(a) (1995) (\u201c[a]n order . . . for support of a minor child may be modified ... at any time, upon ... a showing of changed circumstances\u201d) (emphasis added), we conclude that, as opposed to absolute prohibition, the more compelling public policy is to allow trial courts to retrospectively increase the amount of previously ordered child support. See Ford v. Ford, 100 Cal. Rptr. 817, 820-21 (Cal. App.3d 1972) (order increasing previous child support order so as to require payment of unanticipated medical and hospital care rendered on behalf of minor child constituted an exercise of court\u2019s reserved power to modify a child support order by reason of changed circumstances).\nNotwithstanding, we emphatically caution that the trial court\u2019s authority to order such increases is strictly limited. Motions for retroactive reimbursements or increases in child support where there is an existing court order should be allowed but sparingly and only under the limited circumstance constituting a true sudden \u201cemergency situation that required the expenditure of sums in excess,\u201d Fuchs, 260 N.C. at 641, 133 S.E.2d at 492, of the existing child support order.\nTherefore, in the instance of a retrospective increase of an existing child support order, the trial court must set out a conclusion of law that there was a substantial and material \u201cchange [ in] circumstances,\u201d G.S. \u00a7 50-13.7, affecting the welfare of the child and occasioned by \u201ca sudden emergency,\u201d Vincent, 38 N.C. App. at 583, 248 S.E.2d at 412, so as to warrant such increase. In addition, the court\u2019s conclusion of law must be sustained by \u201cspecific factual findings,\u201d Savani, 102 N.C. App. at 501-02, 403 S.E.2d at 903, based upon competent evidence, reflecting the following: 1) the actual amount disbursed by a party, McCullough, 118 N.C. App. at 172, 454 S.E.2d at 698, 2) within three years or less of the date of filing of the current motion, Napowsa v. Langston, 95 N.C. App. 14, 21, 381 S.E.2d 882, 886, disc. review denied, 325 N.C. 709, 388 S.E.2d 460 (1989), 3) towards reasonably necessary expenditures made on behalf of the child, Sloan, 87 N.C. App. at 398, 360 S.E.2d at 821, 4) in consequence of some extraordinary \u201csudden emergency,\u201d Vincent, 38 N.C. App. at 583, 248 S.E.2d at 412, situation requiring the outlay of sums in excess of the existing amount of ordered support, Fuchs, 260 N.C. at 641, 133 S.E.2d at 492. In addition, the findings must reflect 5) the ability to pay of the parent subject to the motion during the period for which increased support is sought. Savani, 102 N.C. App. at 502, 403 S.E.2d at 903.\nUpon the foregoing necessary findings and conclusion of law, an existing child support order may be increased to provide retroactive reimbursement for \u201csudden emergency,\u201d Vincent, 38 N.C. App. at 583, 248 S.E.2d at 412, expenditures:\n(1) to the extent [one parent] paid [the ot]her\u2019s share of such expenditures, and (2) to the extent the expenditures occurred three years or less before . . . the date [the parent seeking reimbursement] filed [that parent\u2019s] claim for child support.\nNapowsa, 95 N.C. App. at 21, 381 S.E.2d at 886.\nIn the instant case, plaintiff tendered into evidence an \u201ceducational expenses\u201d exhibit detailing tuition, fees, registration, tutoring and counseling costs of the children for the 1996-1997 and 1997-1998 Camelot school years. The expenses totaled $21,599.00, of which $21,199.00 had been paid solely by plaintiff. The trial court\u2019s findings denominated each child\u2019s physical and medical problems and further found that:\n10. Both children have missed many days at school due to their medical problems. The children were failing in public school.\n12. The plaintiff presented a list of educational expenses for both Kylah and Joshua Greer.\nBased upon its findings, the court ruled:\n3. The Court finds that the defendant is responsible for one-half of the educational expenses to date, and shall be responsible for one-half of the twenty-one thousand five hundred ninety-nine dollars ($21,599.00) and that ten thousand seven hundred ninety-nine dollars and fifty cents ($10,799.50) shall be paid to [plaintiff] who has paid all of said expenses.\nWe assume arguendo that the trial court\u2019s reference to actual expenditures by plaintiff over the one and one-half year period prior to filing of her complaint, and its findings reflecting such expenses were reasonably required for the children\u2019s welfare, satisfied the actual payment by one parent, McCullough, 118 N.C. App. at 172, 454 at 698, within \u201cthree years or less,\u201d Napowsa, 95 N.C. App. at 21, 381 S.E.2d at 886, of \u201creasonably necessary expenditures,\u201d Lukinoff, 131 N.C. App. at 648, 507 S.E.2d at 595, elements of an award of retroactive child support. However, the trial court\u2019s limited findings failed to set forth the existence of a \u201csudden emergency,\u201d Vincent, 38 N.C. App. at 583, 248 S.E.2d at 412, so unusual or extraordinary as to require plaintiff to expend sums in excess of defendant\u2019s existing support obligation. In addition, the court\u2019s order contained no findings reflective of defendant\u2019s ability to pay during the period the emergency expenses were allegedly incurred. See Savani, 102 N.C. App. at 501-02, 403 S.E.2d at 903, and Tise, 107 N.C. App. at 152, 419 S.E.2d at 184 (\u201c[i]n determining the non-custodial parent\u2019s share of the custodial parent\u2019s reasonable actual expenditures in a retroactive support action, the trial court should consider the relative abilities of the parents to pay support (considering the estates, earnings, and the reasonable expenses of the parents) and any \u2018indirect support\u2019 made by either parent for the child during the period in question\u201d (citations omitted)). The findings in the Order were thus insufficient to support the trial court\u2019s conclusion therein that \u201cthere ha[d] been a substantial and material change in circumstances warranting a modification\u201d of the existing child support order.\nIn such circumstance, we have on an earlier occasion reversed the trial court\u2019s order and remanded the matter for further findings relative to retroactive child support. See Lukinoff, 131 N.C. App. at 649, 507 S.E.2d at 596 (matter \u201cremandfed] to the trial court for further findings relating to retroactive child support\u201d where findings were \u201cinsufficient to support . . . conclusion\u201d plaintiff should receive no reimbursement from defendant). In the case sub judice, however, the instant record reflects no competent evidence sufficient to support findings sustaining the conclusion of law that there existed a \u201csudden,\u201d Vincent, 38 N.C. App. at 583, 248 S.E.2d at 412, extraordinary emergency constituting a substantial and material \u201cchange in circumstances,\u201d G.S. \u00a7 50-13.7, affecting the welfare of the minor children.\nPlaintiff presented evidence that the children were first enrolled at the Academy in the summer of 1996, and had incurred educational expenses totaling $21,599.00 as of the 1997-1998 school year. Plaintiff paid $21,199.00 of the expenses from personal accounts, but delayed approximately one and one-half years following the children\u2019s initial enrollment at the Academy before filing her 29 September 1997 motion for an increase in child support seeking retroactive reimbursement of the expenditures.\nPlaintiffs lengthy and unexplained delay in filing the motion strongly signifies the absence of an \u201cemergency situation,\u201d Fuchs, 260 N.C. at 641, 133 S.E.2d at 492, and, in light of the entire record, compels the conclusion that any increased need for support developed over time commensurate with the children\u2019s lack of progress in public school. In any event, plaintiff failed to offer evidence explaining why she failed or was unable to seek reimbursement immediately upon, or shortly following, the children\u2019s 1996 enrollment at the Academy. Cf. Ford, 100 Cal. Rptr. at 821-22 (rejecting father\u2019s suggestion that mother made no showing that appendectomy performed on minor child was of such urgency that prior court order directing payment of medical and hospital costs could not have been obtained; court noted \u201cprimary concern\u201d was welfare of child and that it was \u201cabsurd to suggest that when the child became ill the mother should have first consulted her attorney instead of her doctor\u201d). More significantly, all the evidence reflected said enrollment not to be in the nature of an \u201csudden emergency,\u201d Vincent, 38 N.C. App. at 583, 248 S.E.2d at 412, but rather a circumstance which developed over a period of time. We therefore decline to remand this matter for additional findings regarding the trial court\u2019s order of retroactive child support, but instead simply reverse that award.\nAffirmed in part; Reversed in part.\nJudges TIMMONS-GOODSON and HUNTER concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JOHN, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Newsom, Graham, Hedrick and Kennon, P.A., by John R. Long, for plaintiff-appellee. -", "Rigsbee and Cotter, P.A., by William J. Cotter, for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "PAMELA (GREER) BIGGS, Plaintiff v. ROBERT GREER, III, Defendant\nNo. COA98-1253\n(Filed 18 January 2000)\n1. Child Support, Custory, and Visitation\u2014 support \u2014 private schooling \u2014 findings\nThe trial court did not err by ordering defendant in a child support action to pay one-half of his children\u2019s prospective expenses for private schooling without a finding that such costs were necessary for the children\u2019s welfare or that he had the ability to pay where the court did not deviate from the Guidelines, but adjusted the Guideline amounts to account for the extraordinary expense of private schooling. Absent a party\u2019s request for deviation, the trial court is not required to set forth findings of fact related to the child\u2019s needs and the non-custodial parent\u2019s ability to pay extraordinary expenses.\n2. Child Support, Custody, and Visitation\u2014 support \u2014 private school \u2014 tuition\u2014retroactive\nThe trial court erred by ordering defendant to pay retroactive child support for private school tuition because this constituted child support reimbursement not based upon the Guidelines. In a retrospective increase of an existing child support order, the court must set out a conclusion of law that there was a substantial and material change of circumstances affecting the welfare of the child occasioned by a sudden emergency and there must be specific findings. The record in this case reflects no evidence which could support findings sustaining the conclusion that there existed a sudden and extraordinary emergency.\nAppeal by defendant from order entered 19 March 1998, nunc pro tunc 3 October 1997, by Judge Kenneth C. Titus and Judge Carolyn D. Johnson in Durham County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 19 May 1999.\nNewsom, Graham, Hedrick and Kennon, P.A., by John R. Long, for plaintiff-appellee. -\nRigsbee and Cotter, P.A., by William J. Cotter, for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0294-01", "first_page_order": 328, "last_page_order": 340 }