{ "id": 9497510, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JIM FRANKLIN BONDS", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Bonds", "decision_date": "2000-08-15", "docket_number": "No. COA99-769", "first_page": "627", "last_page": "630", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "139 N.C. App. 627" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "316 S.E.2d 42", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "46" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "311 N.C. 238", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4680217 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "244" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/311/0238-01" ] }, { "cite": "527 S.E.2d 921", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "923" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "351 N.C. 627", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 1155623 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "632-33" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/351/0627-01" ] }, { "cite": "368 S.E.2d 434", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "weaving within lane and off road" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "90 N.C. App. 333", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8524283 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "weaving within lane and off road" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/90/0333-01" ] }, { "cite": "389 S.E.2d 809", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "326 N.C. 366", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 5308673, 5304354, 5305838, 5307792, 5307378 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/326/0366-01", "/nc/326/0366-02", "/nc/326/0366-05", "/nc/326/0366-04", "/nc/326/0366-03" ] }, { "cite": "386 S.E.2d 217", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "weaving within lane plus driving twenty miles per hour below the speed limit" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "96 N.C. App. 389", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8522580 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "weaving within lane plus driving twenty miles per hour below the speed limit" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/96/0389-01" ] }, { "cite": "116 L. Ed. 2d 101", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "502 U.S. 842", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6371424, 6369665, 6369475, 6370820, 6368805, 6369834, 6369998, 6368561, 6370643, 6370388, 6369240, 6371641, 6368410, 6369021, 6370175 ], "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/502/0842-14", "/us/502/0842-07", "/us/502/0842-06", "/us/502/0842-13", "/us/502/0842-03", "/us/502/0842-08", "/us/502/0842-09", "/us/502/0842-02", "/us/502/0842-12", "/us/502/0842-11", "/us/502/0842-05", "/us/502/0842-15", "/us/502/0842-01", "/us/502/0842-04", "/us/502/0842-10" ] }, { "cite": "402 S.E.2d 443", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "328 N.C. 334", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2537668, 2543786, 2542358, 2539640, 2542331 ], "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/328/0334-04", "/nc/328/0334-02", "/nc/328/0334-01", "/nc/328/0334-03", "/nc/328/0334-05" ] }, { "cite": "397 S.E.2d 653", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "weaving within lane plus driving only forty-five miles per hour on the interstate" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "100 N.C. App. 628", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527353 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "weaving within lane plus driving only forty-five miles per hour on the interstate" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/100/0628-01" ] }, { "cite": "462 U.S. 213", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6187462 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/462/0213-01" ] }, { "cite": "490 U.S. 1", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 605100 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "10", "parenthetical": "quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243 n.13, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527, 552 n.13 (1983)" }, { "page": "12", "parenthetical": "quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243 n.13, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527, 552 n.13 (1983)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/490/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "446 S.E.2d 67", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "70" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "337 N.C. 437", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2549311 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "441" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/337/0437-01" ] }, { "cite": "62 L. Ed. 2d 143", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "444 U.S. 907", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11384974, 11385039 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/444/0907-01", "/us/444/0907-02" ] }, { "cite": "525 F.2d 857", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1094891, 3696885 ], "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "859" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/525/0857-01", "/us-app-dc/174/0013-01" ] }, { "cite": "252 S.E.2d 776", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "779", "parenthetical": "quoting United States v. Hall, 525 F.2d 857, 859 (D.C. Cir. 1976)" }, { "page": "779" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "296 N.C. 703", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8570136 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "706", "parenthetical": "quoting United States v. Hall, 525 F.2d 857, 859 (D.C. Cir. 1976)" }, { "page": "703" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/296/0703-01" ] }, { "cite": "392 U.S. 1", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6167798 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "30" }, { "page": "911" }, { "page": "21" }, { "page": "906" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/392/0001-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 547, "char_count": 8398, "ocr_confidence": 0.763, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.318204701775444e-08, "percentile": 0.43976463492659223 }, "sha256": "62e849fbf133a668fdc778147100641252bd4c0e809d91ffdf912dedeec3e002", "simhash": "1:493472c07433b7ff", "word_count": 1337 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:40:43.899160+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges MARTIN and WALKER concur." ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JIM FRANKLIN BONDS" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "LEWIS, Judge.\nOn 27 December 1997, Officer Glenn Wyatt of the Lexington Police Department was patrolling Route 8 (Cotton Grove Road) when he came upon defendant\u2019s vehicle stopped at an intersection. Officer Wyatt noticed that defendant\u2019s driver-side window was rolled down all the way, even though the outside temperature was twenty-eight degrees. Officer Wyatt also observed defendant had \u201ca blank look on his face\u201d and never turned his head to make eye contact with the officer. After the light changed, Officer Wyatt proceeded to follow defendant for approximately a half mile. The speed limit on this stretch of road was forty miles per hour, but defendant\u2019s speed never reached more than thirty miles per hour. As defendant reached the city limits sign (at which point Officer Wyatt testified he would no longer have jurisdiction), Officer Wyatt pulled him over on suspicion of driving while impaired. Defendant submitted to an intoxilyzer test and blew a .13, which is above the then legal limit of .08. He also had no valid driver\u2019s license at the time. Officer Wyatt then arrested defendant for driving while impaired and for driving without a license.\nDefendant filed a motion to suppress all evidence obtained as a result of the investigatory stop, including the results of the intoxi-lyzer test. After hearing Officer Wyatt testify as to the grounds for his stopping defendant, the trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion. Defendant then pled guilty to driving while impaired in return for the State dropping the charge of driving without a licence, but reserved his right to appeal.\nThe only issue on appeal is whether Officer Wyatt had sufficient grounds to justify pulling over defendant. Before a police officer may stop a vehicle and detain its occupants without a warrant, the officer must have a reasonable suspicion that criminal activity may be afoot. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889, 911 (1968). This reasonable suspicion must be more than just a \u201chunch\u201d; it must be based upon specific, articulable facts that, when taken together with the reasonable inferences from those facts, reasonably justify the seizure. Id. at 21, 20 L. Ed. 2d at 906. Moreover, the reasonableness standard must be judged objectively and \u201cviewed as a whole \u2018through the eyes of a reasonable and cautious police officer on the scene, guided by his experience and training.\u2019 \u201d State v. Thompson, 296 N.C. 703, 706, 252 S.E.2d 776, 779 (1979) (quoting United States v. Hall, 525 F.2d 857, 859 (D.C. Cir. 1976)), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 907, 62 L. Ed. 2d 143 (1979).\nAt the suppression hearing, Officer Wyatt articulated three reasons for suspecting defendant may be driving while impaired. First, defendant had a blank look on his face and stared straight ahead. Second, defendant was driving at least ten miles per hour below the speed limit. Third, defendant\u2019s driver-side window was completely down in twenty-eight degree weather. Officer Wyatt explained he had been taught that one of the reasons drivers may roll down their windows in cold weather is \u201cto refresh theirself [sic] because they have too much alcohol in their system.\u201d We conclude these reasons are sufficient to satisfy the reasonable suspicion standard.\nOfficer Wyatt had been specifically trained to look for certain indicators of intoxication, including some of the ones here. He had ten years of experience in this area and had even made several arrests using the exact same indicators that were present here. As stated previously, an officer\u2019s training and experience must be considered in analyzing the \u201creasonable suspicion\u201d standard. Thompson, 296 N.C. at 703, 252 S.E.2d at 779. Additionally, we note that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (\u201cNHTSA\u201d), in its recent publication \u201cThe Visual Detection of DWI Motorists,\u201d states that driving ten miles per hour or more under the speed limit, plus staring straight ahead with fixed eyes, indicates a fifty percent chance of being legally intoxicated. Http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ people/injury/alcoho]/dwi/dwihtml/index.htm. This statistic lends objective credibility to Officer Wyatt\u2019s suspicions, demonstrating that his suspicions were in fact reasonable \u2014 something more than just a \u201chunch.\u201d\nDefendant points out, and we acknowledge, that the three indicators cited by Officer Wyatt, in and of themselves, are wholly innocent actions that can be explained by reasons unrelated to intoxication. However, our courts have repeatedly emphasized that the indicators should not be viewed in isolation, but as a totality. State v. Watkins, 337 N.C. 437, 441, 446 S.E.2d 67, 70 (1994). Furthermore, whether a particular indicator is innocent in nature is immaterial; the relevant inquiry is \u201c \u2018the degree of suspicion that attaches to particular types of noncriminal acts.\u2019 \u201d United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 10, 104 L. Ed. 2d 1, 12 (1989) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243 n.13, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527, 552 n.13 (1983)). The three indicators here, though noncriminal in nature, elicited enough reasonable suspicion when combined to warrant the investigatory stop.\nDefendant also suggests that weaving,' or some other form of aberrant driving, is required in order to satisfy the reasonable suspicion standard. To that effect, defendant correctly points out that most North Carolina cases upholding investigatory stops in the context of driving while impaired have involved weaving within a lane or weaving between lanes. See, e.g., State v. Aubin, 100 N.C. App. 628, 397 S.E.2d 653 (1990) (weaving within lane plus driving only forty-five miles per hour on the interstate), disc, review denied, 328 N.C. 334, 402 S.E.2d 443, cert. denied, 502 U.S. 842, 116 L. Ed. 2d 101 (1991); State v. Jones, 96 N.C. App. 389, 386 S.E.2d 217 (1989) (weaving within lane plus driving twenty miles per hour below the speed limit), disc. review denied, 326 N.C. 366, 389 S.E.2d 809 (1990); State v. Adkerson, 90 N.C. App. 333, 368 S.E.2d 434 (1988) (weaving within lane and off road). But just because most of our cases have involved weaving does not mean that only those cases involving weaving will meet the reasonable suspicion standard. Our Supreme Court recently concluded that a legal turn immediately prior to a DWI checkpoint, in and of itself, could be sufficient grounds to justify an investigatory stop. State v. Foreman, 351 N.C. 627, 632-33, 527 S.E.2d 921, 923 (2000). A driver\u2019s intoxicated appearance, as observed by an officer driving by, has also been held to be sufficient. State v. White, 311 N.C. 238, 244, 316 S.E.2d 42, 46 (1984). Thus, contrary to defendant\u2019s assertion, weaving is not a threshold requirement in order to satisfy the reasonable suspicion standard.\nIn sum, we conclude that Officer Wyatt did have reasonable grounds to stop defendant. Defendant\u2019s slow driving, his blank look and staring straight ahead, and his window being down in below-freezing weather, when viewed together, constituted reasonable and articulable grounds to justify Officer Wyatt\u2019s stopping the car.\nAffirmed.\nJudges MARTIN and WALKER concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "LEWIS, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Attorney General Michael F. Easley, by Special Deputy Attorney General Isaac T. Avery, III, for the State.", "Pete Bradley for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JIM FRANKLIN BONDS\nNo. COA99-769\n(Filed 15 August 2000)\nSearch and Seizure\u2014 driving while impaired \u2014 investigatory stop \u2014 reasonable suspicion\nThe trial court did not err in a driving while impaired case by concluding that a police officer had reasonable suspicion to justify the investigatory stop of defendant\u2019s vehicle because: (1) the officer testified that he observed specific indicators of intoxication he was specifically trained to look for, including that defendant had a blank look on his face and stared straight ahead without making eye contact with the officer, defendant was driving at least ten miles per hour below the speed limit, and defendant\u2019s driver-side window was completely down in twenty-eight degree weather; and (2) just because most investigatory stops in the context of driving while impaired have involved weaving within a lane or weaving between lanes, it does not mean that only those cases will meet the reasonable suspicion standard.\nAppeal by defendant from judgment entered 18 February 1999 by Judge William Z. Wood, Jr. in Davidson County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 26 April 2000.\nAttorney General Michael F. Easley, by Special Deputy Attorney General Isaac T. Avery, III, for the State.\nPete Bradley for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0627-01", "first_page_order": 659, "last_page_order": 662 }