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        "cite": "423 S.E.2d 802",
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            "page": "808",
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      {
        "cite": "108 N.C. App. 185",
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        "cite": "406 S.E.2d 876",
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            "parenthetical": "holding evidence concerning the death of defendant's first husband is admissible as long as it is also relevant for a purpose other than showing defendant's propensity to commit the offense charged"
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      {
        "cite": "329 N.C. 278",
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            "page": "302-03",
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            "page": "824"
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        "cite": "322 N.C. 585",
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            "page": "54"
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            "page": "56",
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        "opinion_index": 0
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      {
        "cite": "326 N.C. 268",
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            "page": "278-79"
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          {
            "page": "281"
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        "case_paths": [
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        "cite": "348 S.E.2d 791",
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        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1986,
        "pin_cites": [
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            "page": "793",
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      {
        "cite": "318 N.C. 400",
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            "page": "403",
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        "cite": "298 N.C. 494",
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            "page": "630"
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        "cite": "40 N.C. App. 641",
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            "page": "628",
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        "cite": "343 N.C. 466",
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    "id": 12123593,
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            "page": "107"
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            "page": "107"
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        "cite": "68 N.C. App. 402",
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        "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 97-22",
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        "cite": "342 S.E.2d 798",
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            "page": "803"
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        "cite": "316 N.C. 426",
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            "page": "494",
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      {
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      "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.",
      "id": 14983,
      "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals"
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        "cite": "42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983",
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      {
        "cite": "882 F.2d 870",
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        "case_ids": [
          1820822
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          {
            "page": "872"
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        "cite": "522 F.2d 438",
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        "case_ids": [
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          {
            "page": "441",
            "parenthetical": "\"Acts of police officers in the ambit of their personal, private pursuits fall outside of' section 1983."
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        "cite": "76 S.E.2d 368",
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        "year": 1953,
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          {
            "page": "371"
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      {
        "cite": "238 N.C. 100",
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        "case_ids": [
          8599954
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        "year": 1953,
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          {
            "page": "105"
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      {
        "cite": "27 S.E. 117",
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        "year": 1897,
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          {
            "page": "117",
            "parenthetical": "\"court takes judicial notice ... of ... a public act\""
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      {
        "cite": "120 N.C. 451",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          8658751
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        "year": 1897,
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          {
            "page": "452",
            "parenthetical": "\"court takes judicial notice ... of ... a public act\""
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      {
        "cite": "449 U.S. 5",
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        "reporter": "U.S.",
        "case_ids": [
          11715236
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        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1980,
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          {
            "page": "15"
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          {
            "page": "173"
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      },
      {
        "cite": "434 U.S. 412",
        "category": "reporters:federal",
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        "case_ids": [
          6183992
        ],
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1978,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "421",
            "parenthetical": "emphasis added"
          },
          {
            "page": "657",
            "parenthetical": "emphasis added"
          }
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        "case_paths": [
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        "category": "laws:leg_statute",
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        "year": 1994,
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "64 F.3d 962",
        "category": "reporters:federal",
        "reporter": "F.3d",
        "case_ids": [
          7415072
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        "year": 1995,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "967"
          }
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      {
        "cite": "501 S.E.2d 649",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1998,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "654",
            "parenthetical": "holding that \"unsupported, conclusory allegations are simply insufficient to create the existence of a genuine issue of material fact where the moving party has offered a proper evidentiary showing\""
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      },
      {
        "cite": "348 N.C. 537",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          1659850
        ],
        "year": 1998,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "544",
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      {
        "cite": "186 S.E.2d 400",
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        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
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        "year": 1972,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "405"
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        "opinion_index": 0
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      {
        "cite": "280 N.C. 460",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          8572515
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        "year": 1972,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "467"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc/280/0460-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "489 U.S. 378",
        "category": "reporters:federal",
        "reporter": "U.S.",
        "case_ids": [
          12032186
        ],
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1989,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "391",
            "parenthetical": "\"[Tjhe identified deficiency . . . must be closely related to the ultimate injury.\""
          },
          {
            "page": "428",
            "parenthetical": "\"[Tjhe identified deficiency . . . must be closely related to the ultimate injury.\""
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/us/489/0378-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "520 U.S. 397",
        "category": "reporters:federal",
        "reporter": "U.S.",
        "case_ids": [
          11652076
        ],
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1997,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "405"
          },
          {
            "page": "640"
          }
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        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/us/520/0397-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "824 F.2d 1380",
        "category": "reporters:federal",
        "reporter": "F.2d",
        "case_ids": [
          1730401
        ],
        "weight": 4,
        "year": 1987,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "1391"
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          {
            "page": "1388",
            "parenthetical": "plaintiff must prove an \"affirmative link\" between the custom and the violation"
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          {
            "page": "1391"
          }
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          "/f2d/824/1380-01"
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      },
      {
        "cite": "481 S.E.2d 14",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1997,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "21"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "345 N.C. 356",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          53966
        ],
        "year": 1997,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "366"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc/345/0356-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "378 S.E.2d 778",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1989,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "779"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "324 N.C. 427",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          2482580
        ],
        "year": 1989,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "428"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc/324/0427-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "476 S.E.2d 415",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1996,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "421",
            "parenthetical": "citation omitted"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "124 N.C. App. 35",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          11888444
        ],
        "year": 1996,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "42",
            "parenthetical": "citation omitted"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc-app/124/0035-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "435 S.E.2d 530",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1993,
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "334 N.C. 345",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          2529130
        ],
        "year": 1993,
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc/334/0345-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "423 S.E.2d 785",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1992,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "790"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "108 N.C. App. 106",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          8522850
        ],
        "year": 1992,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "114"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc-app/108/0106-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "191 S.E.2d 405",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1972,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "410"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "16 N.C. App. 88",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          8548855
        ],
        "year": 1972,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "94"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc-app/16/0088-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "276 S.E.2d 325",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1981,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "330"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "302 N.C. 437",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          8567370
        ],
        "year": 1981,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "444"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc/302/0437-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "458 S.E.2d 220",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1995,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "223"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "119 N.C. App. 125",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          11913803
        ],
        "year": 1995,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "129"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc-app/119/0125-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "517 N.W.2d 911",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "N.W.2d",
        "case_ids": [
          10601481
        ],
        "year": 1994,
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nw2d/517/0911-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "392 U.S. 1",
        "category": "reporters:federal",
        "reporter": "U.S.",
        "case_ids": [
          6167798
        ],
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1968,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "27",
            "parenthetical": "Officer may conduct \"reasonable search for weapons ... where he has reason to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous individual\" but has no probable cause to arrest."
          },
          {
            "page": "909",
            "parenthetical": "Officer may conduct \"reasonable search for weapons ... where he has reason to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous individual\" but has no probable cause to arrest."
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/us/392/0001-01"
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      },
      {
        "cite": "135 S.E. 866",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.",
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1926,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "867",
            "parenthetical": "\"[A]n officer who in attempting to make an unlawful arrest. . . commits an assault. . . must be held responsible.\""
          },
          {
            "page": "867",
            "parenthetical": "\"[A]n officer who in attempting to make an unlawful arrest . . . commits an assault . . . must be held responsible.\""
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "192 N.C. 692",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          8626255
        ],
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1926,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "695",
            "parenthetical": "\"[A]n officer who in attempting to make an unlawful arrest. . . commits an assault. . . must be held responsible.\""
          },
          {
            "page": "695"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc/192/0692-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "164 F.3d 215",
        "category": "reporters:federal",
        "reporter": "F.3d",
        "case_ids": [
          1381243
        ],
        "weight": 7,
        "year": 1999,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "parenthetical": "holding that arrestee's claims \"that her handcuffs were too tight and that an officer pushed her legs as she got into the police car\" are \"so insubstantial that [they] cannot as a matter of law support her claim\" for use of excessive force"
          },
          {
            "page": "218",
            "parenthetical": "citations omitted"
          },
          {
            "page": "218"
          },
          {
            "page": "219",
            "parenthetical": "refusing to consider past incidents of alleged excessive force when plaintiff's claims were for false arrest and unreasonable search and seizure"
          },
          {
            "page": "220",
            "parenthetical": "holding that municipality did not condone conduct where officer accused of false arrest was suspended by department"
          },
          {
            "page": "220"
          }
        ],
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        "case_paths": [
          "/f3d/164/0215-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "207 F.3d 1253",
        "category": "reporters:federal",
        "reporter": "F.3d",
        "case_ids": [
          11457417
        ],
        "weight": 4,
        "year": 2000,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "1257"
          },
          {
            "page": "1258",
            "parenthetical": "emphasis added"
          },
          {
            "page": "1257"
          },
          {
            "page": "1257-58"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/f3d/207/1253-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "973 F.2d 307",
        "category": "reporters:federal",
        "reporter": "F.2d",
        "case_ids": [
          10514397
        ],
        "weight": 3,
        "year": 1992,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "314"
          },
          {
            "page": "314"
          },
          {
            "page": "313"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/f2d/973/0307-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "487 S.E.2d 760",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 4,
        "year": 1997,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "765"
          },
          {
            "page": "770"
          },
          {
            "page": "770"
          },
          {
            "page": "764"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "126 N.C. App. 712",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          11713093
        ],
        "weight": 4,
        "year": 1997,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "719"
          },
          {
            "page": "727"
          },
          {
            "page": "727"
          },
          {
            "page": "718"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc-app/126/0712-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "249 S.E.2d 375",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1978,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "379",
            "parenthetical": "citations omitted"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "296 N.C. 81",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          8564665
        ],
        "year": 1978,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "87",
            "parenthetical": "citations omitted"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc/296/0081-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "283 S.E.2d 543",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1981,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "546",
            "parenthetical": "holding that in prosecution for assault on a law enforcement officer, State must prove defendant knew victim was a law enforcement officer"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "54 N.C. App. 458",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          8523288
        ],
        "year": 1981,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "462",
            "parenthetical": "holding that in prosecution for assault on a law enforcement officer, State must prove defendant knew victim was a law enforcement officer"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc-app/54/0458-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "337 S.E.2d 786",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1985,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "803",
            "parenthetical": "stating that in prosecution for \"assault with a firearm on a law enforcement officer,\" State must prove defendant \"knew or had reasonable grounds to know\" victim was a law enforcement officer"
          },
          {
            "page": "803"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "315 N.C. 1",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          4715685
        ],
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1985,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "30",
            "parenthetical": "stating that in prosecution for \"assault with a firearm on a law enforcement officer,\" State must prove defendant \"knew or had reasonable grounds to know\" victim was a law enforcement officer"
          },
          {
            "page": "30"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc/315/0001-01"
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      },
      {
        "cite": "10 S.E.2d 819",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1940,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "823"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0
      },
      {
        "cite": "218 N.C. 258",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          8616782
        ],
        "year": 1940,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "264"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 0,
        "case_paths": [
          "/nc/218/0258-01"
        ]
      },
      {
        "cite": "449 S.E.2d 240",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 14,
        "year": 1994,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "245",
            "parenthetical": "citation omitted"
          },
          {
            "page": "245"
          },
          {
            "page": "244"
          },
          {
            "page": "244-45",
            "parenthetical": "In determining whether probable cause existed for purposes of qualified immunity analysis, \"we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff;\" determination is question of law for the trial court."
          },
          {
            "page": "244",
            "parenthetical": "first two prongs of qualified immunity test are \"questions of law for the court\""
          },
          {
            "page": "246"
          },
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