{ "id": 11433612, "name": "ARE-100/800/801 CAPITOLA, LLC, Plaintiff v. TRIANGLE LABORATORIES, INC., Defendant", "name_abbreviation": "Are-100/800/801 Capitola, LLC v. Triangle Laboratories, Inc.", "decision_date": "2001-06-19", "docket_number": "No. COA00-578", "first_page": "212", "last_page": "223", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "144 N.C. App. 212" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "458 S.E.2d 750", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "753" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "119 N.C. App. 535", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11916343 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "539" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/119/0535-01" ] }, { "cite": "369 S.E.2d 382", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "384" }, { "page": "385" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "90 N.C. App. 535", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8525323 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "537" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/90/0535-01" ] }, { "cite": "355 S.E.2d 189", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "193" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "85 N.C. App. 362", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 12169933 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "368" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/85/0362-01" ] }, { "cite": "173 S.E.2d 627", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "630", "parenthetical": "\"it would be grossly unjust to permit a tenant to continue in possession of premises and shield himself from payment of rent by reason of alleged wrongful acts of the landlord\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "7 N.C. App. 687", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8552727 ], "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "690", "parenthetical": "\"it would be grossly unjust to permit a tenant to continue in possession of premises and shield himself from payment of rent by reason of alleged wrongful acts of the landlord\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/7/0687-01" ] }, { "cite": "527 S.E.2d 644", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "351 N.C. 470", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 1155871 ], "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/351/0470-01" ] }, { "cite": "520 S.E.2d 122", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "126" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "135 N.C. App. 260", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11240135 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "266" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/135/0260-01" ] }, { "cite": "467 S.E.2d 738", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "342 N.C. 666", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 795905, 796004, 796039, 796018, 795995 ], "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/342/0666-05", "/nc/342/0666-03", "/nc/342/0666-01", "/nc/342/0666-04", "/nc/342/0666-02" ] }, { "cite": "464 S.E.2d 89", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "90", "parenthetical": "must view evidence in light most favorable to non-moving party on motion for summary judgment" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "120 N.C. App. 761", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11918014 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "763", "parenthetical": "must view evidence in light most favorable to non-moving party on motion for summary judgment" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/120/0761-01" ] }, { "cite": "353 N.C. 265", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 135678, 135926, 135611, 135676, 135870 ], "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/353/0265-01", "/nc/353/0265-05", "/nc/353/0265-02", "/nc/353/0265-04", "/nc/353/0265-03" ] }, { "cite": "535 S.E.2d 357", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "361" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "139 N.C. App. 676", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 9497637 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "680" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/139/0676-01" ] }, { "cite": "403 S.E.2d 509", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "328 N.C. 570", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2543651, 2542578, 2538195, 2545749, 2538303 ], "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/328/0570-05", "/nc/328/0570-02", "/nc/328/0570-04", "/nc/328/0570-03", "/nc/328/0570-01" ] }, { "cite": "398 S.E.2d 628", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "631-32" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "101 N.C. App. 81", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527286 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "84" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/101/0081-01" ] }, { "cite": "442 S.E.2d 94", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "96" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "114 N.C. App. 412", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527641 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "414" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/114/0412-01" ] }, { "cite": "391 S.E.2d 513", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "515" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "98 N.C. App. 461", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "454" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 42-26", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "152 S.E.2d 155", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "159" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "269 N.C. 218", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562594 ], "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "222" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/269/0218-01" ] }, { "cite": "369 S.E.2d 382", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "90 N.C. App. 535", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8525323 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/90/0535-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 42-26", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(2)" } ], "opinion_index": 1 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 894, "char_count": 26661, "ocr_confidence": 0.755, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.1184805631147617e-07, "percentile": 0.7641715791152303 }, "sha256": "f4f467de0e8541a95605bc4736b98f68a9e910310d3ebfcaea877ea2b80ebab4", "simhash": "1:420ec751f04dbc16", "word_count": 4241 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:55:44.896074+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judge McGEE concurs.", "Judge CAMPBELL concurs in part and dissents in part with separate opinion." ], "parties": [ "ARE-100/800/801 CAPITOLA, LLC, Plaintiff v. TRIANGLE LABORATORIES, INC., Defendant" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "GREENE, Judge.\nTriangle Laboratories, Inc. (Defendant) appeals a judgment filed 11 February 2000 awarding summary judgment (the judgment) in favor of ARE-100/800/801 Capitola, LLC (Plaintiff). Plaintiff cross-assigns error to an order filed 6 April 2000 staying execution of the judgment pending disposition of the appeal of the judgment.\nOn 14 June 1995, Defendant, as tenant, entered into a lease agreement with ATP Properties Limited Partnership, J. Allen Yager and wife, Hilda Yager, as landlords (the Lease), to lease property located at 801 Capitola Drive, Durham (the Property). The Lease provided Defendant would use the Property for \u201cgeneral office, laboratory, research and development purposes.\u201d\nPursuant to the Lease, Defendant was to pay a monthly minimum rent on a square foot basis \u201cwithout demand and without counterclaim, deduction^] or set-off,. . . payable on or before the first day of each calendar month.\u201d An \u201c[e]vent of [d]efault\u201d under the Lease included Defendant\u2019s failure \u201cto pay any rent including additional rent within 3 business days after notice of its failure to do so from [Plaintiff] provided [Plaintiff] shall not be required to so notify [Defendant] for such failure mofe than three times in any twelve month period.\u201d Upon the occurrence of an \u201c[e]vent of [d]efault,\u201d Plaintiff had the right, by written notice to Defendant to: re-enter the Property and remove Defendant and its belongings from the Property; terminate the Lease; or terminate Defendant\u2019s possession of the Property. If the term of the Lease was not specifically terminated in writing, the parties were to assume Plaintiff had \u201celected to terminate possession only, without terminating the term.\u201d If Plaintiff chose to only terminate possession of the Property, Defendant\u2019s \u201cobligations to pay rent or any other sums due for the remainder of the Lease\u201d remained unaffected.\nThe Lease obligated Plaintiff to: furnish the Property \u201chot and cold water, electricity for normal general office use, [and] removal of trash from site dumpsters\u201d; maintain and repair \u201cthe roof and structural portions\u201d of the Property; replace \u201cany complete mechanical system\u201d if the components could not be replaced or repaired by Defendant; and \u201creplace or to make any and all repairs to any mechanical system.\u201d If Plaintiff defaulted or failed to perform its obligations under the Lease, Defendant was to notify Plaintiff and give Plaintiff a reasonable opportunity to cure the default. If Plaintiff failed to cure the default, Defendant had the option of expending reasonable sums to cure Plaintiff\u2019s default and \u201coffset such sums against the payment of rent.\u201d\nThe Lease was amended on 10 February 1997 to allow Defendant an opportunity to correct a default for failure to pay rent. The amendment to the Lease provided Defendant was to pay Plaintiff $179,825.56 for failure to pay rent. In a letter dated 27 July 1999, Plaintiff informed Defendant that pursuant to the Lease, Defendant was in default by failing to pay the monthly rent and related charges. Plaintiff requested Defendant \u201cremit immediate payment in the amount of $59,705.54\u201d and if payment was not received in accordance with the Lease, Plaintiff would \u201cimmediately initiate curative remedies under the Lease and the law.\u201d In a letter dated 13 October 1999, Plaintiff informed Defendant that Plaintiff had not \u201creceived payment of rent obligations due under the terms of the Lease for October 1999 and other rents dating back over 150 days.\u201d Plaintiff requested Defendant immediately cure the default and remit payment in the amount of $178,950.90 or Plaintiff would \u201cimmediately initiate curative remedies under the Lease and the law.\u201d In a letter dated 10 November 1999, Plaintiff again informed Defendant that Plaintiff had \u201cnot received payment of rent obligations due under the terms of the Lease for November 1999 and other rents dating back over 150 days.\u201d Plaintiff requested Defendant remit payment in the amount of $236,172.80 or Plaintiff would \u201cimmediately initiate curative remedies under the Lease and the law.\u201d\nOn 30 November 1999, Plaintiff filed a complaint for summary ejectment of Defendant. Plaintiff stated Defendant breached the Lease by failing to \u201cpay rent within three business days after three demands\u201d upon Defendant within one year. On 13 December 1999, a Durham County magistrate ordered Defendant be removed from the Property and Plaintiff be put in possession of the Property. On 23 December 1999, Defendant appealed de novo to the district court for a jury trial. Plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment on 24 January 2000. In the sworn affidavit of J. Ronald Hass (Hass), CEO and President of Defendant, Defendant admitted it had not paid rent because Defendant felt it was being overcharged and Plaintiff was not fulfilling its obligations under the Lease. The trial court granted Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment on 11 February 2000, concluding the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction over the summary ejectment and Plaintiff was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\nOn 10 March 2000, Defendant moved the trial court to stay execution of the judgment pending disposition of appeal to this Court. The trial court granted Defendant\u2019s motion to stay execution of the judgment on 6 April 2000, and found as fact that Defendant had made monthly rental payments to Plaintiff since 23 December 1999. The trial court imposed the following conditions on Defendant pending disposition of appeal:\n(1) that Defendant shall commit no waste upon the [Property] . . . ; (2) that Defendant shall continue to make monthly rental payments to Plaintiff in the amount of $48,130.07, to be paid to the Clerk of Durham County Superior Court, on or before the 6th day of each month henceforth through and including July[] 2000; (3) that between July 6, 2000 and August 1, 2000, Defendant shall obtain a surety for the purpose of posting a bond equal to double the sum of $240,000 which would be the amount of rent due on the remainder of the [L]ease which expires on December 31, 2000, or in the alternative, Defendant may comply with this condition by posting $240,000 with the Clerk of Superior Court on or before August 1, 2000.\nThe issues are whether: (I) a district court has subject matter jurisdiction with regard to the summary ejectment of a commercial tenant; (II) genuine issues of material fact exist concerning Defendant\u2019s failure to pay rent pursuant to the Lease; and (III) Plaintiffs letter indicating it would \u201cinitiate curative remedies\u201d terminated Defendant\u2019s leasehold estate.\nI\nDefendant argues the trial court erred in granting Plaintiff\u2019s motion for summary judgment because Chapter 42, Article 3 of the North Carolina General Statutes applies to residential tenants, and, thus, the trial court was without subject matter jurisdiction. We disagree.\nA trial court conducting a summary ejectment proceeding obtains its jurisdiction from N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 42-26 and in order to have such jurisdiction, there must be a landlord-tenant relationship and one of the three statutory violations in section 42-26 must have occurred. Hayes v. Turner, 98 N.C. App. 461, 454, 391 S.E.2d 513, 515 (1990). Chapter 42, Article 2A of the North Carolina General Statutes provides limitations on ejectment of residential tenants. See N.C.G.S. \u00a7 42-25.6 (1999). Article 3, however, has been applied to summary ejectment of commercial tenants. See Holly Farms Foods, Inc. v. Kuykendall, 114 N.C. App. 412, 414, 442 S.E.2d 94, 96 (1994); see also Chrisalis Properties, Inc. v. Separate Quarters, Inc., 101 N.C. App. 81, 84, 398 S.E.2d 628, 631-32 (1990), disc. review denied, 328 N.C. 570, 403 S.E.2d 509 (1991).\nIn this case, the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction over the summary ejectment proceedings. Defendant is a commercial tenant and Plaintiff is the landlord. In addition, one of three statutory violations listed in section 42-26 has occurred: Defendant failed to pay rent. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in exercising jurisdiction in this summary judgment action.\nII\nDefendant next argues the trial court erred in granting Plaintiff\u2019s motion for summary judgment because genuine issues of fact existed concerning Plaintiff\u2019s overcharge for late fees, damages to Defendant\u2019s business, and Plaintiff\u2019s constructive eviction of Defendant. We disagree.\nA motion for summary judgment is properly granted \u201cwhere there is no genuine issue as to any material fact.\u201d Johnson v. Trustees of Durham Technical Community College, 139 N.C. App. 676, 680, 535 S.E.2d 357, 361, appeal dismissed and disc. review denied, 353 N.C. 265,-S.E.2d-(2000).\nOvercharge of late fees\nIn this case, the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to Defendant, see Wrenn v. Byrd, 120 N.C. App. 761, 763, 464 S.E.2d 89, 90 (1995) (must view evidence in light most favorable to non-moving party on motion for summary judgment), disc. review denied, 342 N.C. 666, 467 S.E.2d 738 (1996), reveals no genuine issue of fact as to Defendant\u2019s failure to timely pay rent. Defendant argues there is a dispute about the amount of the late charge Plaintiff assessed Defendant; Defendant, however, does not deny it has failed to pay rent. Indeed, Hass, in his affidavit, admits Defendant had failed to pay rent. Accordingly, whether or not Plaintiff has assessed Defendant an incorrect late fee goes to the amount of money Defendant owes to Plaintiff and not to whether Defendant has failed to pay rent.\nPlaintiff\u2019s failure to make repairs\nAdditionally, Defendant argues Plaintiff\u2019s failure to make repairs to the Property entitles Defendant to an offset on the amount of rent. The Lease requires that in order for Defendant to be entitled to an offset, Defendant must expend reasonable sums to cure Plaintiffs default. In this case, Defendant has not shown it expended any monies to repair the Property. In any event, even if Defendant had expended monies to repair the property, this would offset a portion of the rent and does not address Defendant\u2019s failure to pay rent or to notify Plaintiff of the offset. Accordingly, Plaintiffs failure to make certain repairs does not alleviate Defendant of its obligation to pay rent, thus, no genuine issue of fact exists as to Defendant\u2019s default under the Lease.\nConstructive eviction\nDefendant next argues a genuine issue of fact exists as to whether Plaintiff constructively evicted Defendant by Plaintiff\u2019s failure to make repairs. A tenant, who seeks to establish constructive eviction, \u201chas the burden of showing ... he abandoned the premises within a reasonable time after the landlord\u2019s wrongful act.\u201d K&S Enters. v. Kennedy Office Supply Co., Inc., 135 N.C. App. 260, 266, 520 S.E.2d 122, 126 (1999), affirmed, 351 N.C. 470, 527 S.E.2d 644 (2000). In this case, Defendant has failed to show he abandoned the Property. Indeed, Defendant sought to remain in possession of the Property pending disposition of this case before this Court. Thus, as Defendant did not abandon the Property, Defendant cannot withhold rental payments and claim constructive eviction. See Thompson v. Shoemaker, 7 N.C. App. 687, 690, 173 S.E.2d 627, 630 (1970) (\u201cit would be grossly unjust to permit a tenant to continue in possession of premises and shield himself from payment of rent by reason of alleged wrongful acts of the landlord\u201d), superseded by statute on other grounds, Miller v. C.W. Myers Trading Post, Inc., 85 N.C. App. 362, 368, 355 S.E.2d 189,193 (1987). Accordingly, there are no genuine issues of material fact concerning Defendant\u2019s failure to pay rent.\nIll\nDefendant finally argues that the trial court erred in granting Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment because Plaintiff failed to terminate Defendant\u2019s estate. We agree.\nNorth Carolina General Statutes permit a landlord to seek summary ejectment when \u201cthe tenant. . . has done or omitted any act by which, according to the stipulations of the lease, his estate has ceased.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 42-26(2) (1999). Under section 42-26(2), a breach of a lease cannot be made the basis for summary ejectment unless the lease provides for termination upon such a breach or reserves the right of reentry for such a breach. Stanley v. Harvey, 90 N.C. App. 535, 537, 369 S.E.2d 382, 384 (1988). When the termination of a lease depends upon notice, \u201cthe notice must be given in strict compliance with the contract as to both time and contents.\u201d Id. at 539, 369 S.E.2d at 385.\nIn this case, the Lease provides that if Defendant defaulted, Plaintiff had the option, by written notice to Defendant, to re-enter the Property, terminate the Lease, or terminate Defendant\u2019s possession of the property. Plaintiffs written notices to Defendant merely indicate Plaintiff will \u201cinitiate curative remedies under the Lease and the law.\u201d None of Plaintiffs three notices of default to Defendant, state that Plaintiff intends to re-enter the Property, terminate the Lease, or terminate Defendant\u2019s possession of the Property as required by the Lease. Also, Plaintiff\u2019s letters to Defendant did not provide clear and unequivocal notice to Defendant that Plaintiff was terminating Defendant\u2019s estate. Plaintiff, therefore, had no authority under the Lease to proceed with the summary ejectment proceeding without Defendant\u2019s estate ceasing. Accordingly, the trial court erred in granting Defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment.\nPlaintiff cross-assigns error to the trial court\u2019s order staying execution of the judgment pending appeal. Plaintiff\u2019s arguments concerning its cross-assignment of error are reasons the trial court erred in staying execution of the judgment and those reasons do not provide \u201can alternative basis in law for supporting\u201d the judgment. The proper method to raise these arguments would have been a cross-appeal. See Williams v. N.C. Dept. of Economic and Community Development, 119 N.C. App. 535, 539, 458 S.E.2d 750, 753 (1995); see also N.C.R. App. P. 10(d). Accordingly, Plaintiff\u2019s failure to appeal the trial court\u2019s order waives this Court\u2019s consideration of the matter on appeal. Id.\nReversed.\nJudge McGEE concurs.\nJudge CAMPBELL concurs in part and dissents in part with separate opinion.\n. Plaintiff is the successor in interest to ATP Properties Limited Partnership, J. Allen Yager and Hilda Yager with respect to the Lease.\n. Defendant also argues that a genuine issue of fact exists as to whether it is actually in default on the rental payments in light of North Carolina\u2019s Residential Rental Agreements Act, codified at N.C. Gen. Stat. Chapter 42, Article 5. The Residential Rental Agreements Act, however, only applies to dwellings used for residential purposes. See N.C.G.S. \u00a7 42-38 (1999); see also N.C.G.S. \u00a7 42-40(2) (1999). Thus, Defendant, as a commercial tenant, is not protected by the Residential Rental Agreements Act.\n. We note the Lease also requires Defendant to pay rent \u201cwithout demand and without counterclaim, deduction!,] or set-off.\u201d\n. Plaintiff argues because it did not specifically terminate the Lease, its notices to Defendant were to be construed as terminating Defendant\u2019s possession. Plaintiff, however, had several options provided by the Lease upon default by Defendant. All of these options required Plaintiff to provide Defendant with written notice of Plaintiff\u2019s option. As Plaintiff\u2019s notices did not indicate which option it was exercising, Plaintiffs notices are insufficient to terminate Defendant\u2019s estate.", "type": "majority", "author": "GREENE, Judge." }, { "text": "CAMPBELL, Judge,\nconcurring in part and dissenting in part.\nI respectfully dissent from the majority opinion on the issue of whether plaintiff terminated defendant\u2019s leasehold estate, thereby allowing plaintiff to bring an action for summary ejectment.\nWith respect to Part III of the majority opinion, I agree that under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 42-26(2), a breach of a lease cannot be made the basis for summary ejectment unless the lease provides for termination upon such a breach or reserves the right of re-entry for such breach. Morris v. Austraw, 269 N.C. 218, 222, 152 S.E.2d 155, 159 (1967). The majority concedes that the lease in the instant case provides for the right to \u201cterminate the Lease, or terminate the Defendant\u2019s possession of the property.\u201d\nThe majority holds in footnote 4 that because \u201cPlaintiff\u2019s notices did not indicate which option it was exercising, Plaintiff\u2019s notices are insufficient to terminate Defendant\u2019s estate.\u201d I disagree.\nThe record in the instant case indicates that the parties entered into a 32-page (plus 7 pages of exhibits) commercial lease (\u201cthe Lease\u201d) whereby defendant-Tenant (\u201cdefendant\u201d) agreed to pay plaintiff-Landlord (\u201cplaintiff\u2019) a monthly minimum rent on a square foot basis (\u201cbase rent\u201d) plus common area maintenance (\u201cCAM\u201d) charges \u201cwithout demand and without counterclaim, deduction or set-off.\u201d The Lease was entered into as of 14 June 1995. On 10 February 1997, the parties entered into a formal lease amendment wherein they agreed that defendant was then in default for failure to pay rent but that defendant was given an opportunity to cure in accordance with the terms and conditions outlined therein. The parties agreed that the total amount owing at that time was $179,825.56 which was to be paid in accordance with a payment schedule attached to the lease amendment. Other than the changes made by the amendment, all of the terms of the Lease were to remain in full force and effect.\nSection 26(a) (i) of the Lease made defendant\u2019s failure \u201cto pay rent including additional rent within 3 business days after notice of its failure to do so from Landlord\u201d an \u201cEvent of Default.\u201d Upon any such \u201cEvent of Default,\u201d Section 26(b) of the Lease entitled plaintiff, upon written notice to defendant, to:\n(i) re-enter the Demised Premises and correct or repair any condition which shall constitute a failure on Tenant\u2019s part to perform or abide by the terms of this Lease, . . . and (ii) re-enter the Demised Premises and remove therefrom Tenant and all property belonging to or placed on the Demised Premises by, or at the direction of, Tenant, and place or store such Tenant property . . . and [Landlord] shall be further entitled to either (x) to terminate the term hereof or (y) to terminate Tenant\u2019s right to possession or occupancy only, without terminating the term of this Lease Agreement. Unless the term is specifically terminated by notice in writing, it shall be assumed that the Landlord has elected to terminate possession only, without terminating the term.\n(Emphasis added). Pursuant to this provision, upon any \u201cEvent of Default,\u201d plaintiff had the following options: (1) terminate the remainder of the Lease; (2) exercise its reserved right of re-entry to terminate defendant\u2019s right to possession of the property; or (3) ignore the default and do nothing. Further, the parties agreed, as part of the Lease, that if plaintiff\u2019s written notice to defendant under Section 26(b) did not specifically terminate the Lease, then it was to be assumed that plaintiff had elected to exercise its right of re-entry.\nOn three separate occasions in a three-and-a-half month span, plaintiff sent defendant written notice informing defendant that it was in default of the Lease pursuant to Section 3 (\u201cCovenant to Pay Rent\u201d) and Section 26 (\u201cEvents of Default\u201d). Each of these notices demanded that defendant immediately cure default by payment of the past due amount, and warned defendant that \u201c[i]f payment is not received in accordance with the Lease, the Landlord will immediately initiate curative remedies under the Lease and the law.\u201d\nThere is no question that defendant\u2019s repeated failure to pay rent after having been notified by plaintiff that it was past due constitutes an \u201cEvent of Default\u201d under Section 26(a)(i) of the Lease. There is likewise no question that Section 26(b) of the Lease gives the plaintiff the option either to terminate the Lease upon an event of default (i.e. breach of the Lease), or to exercise its reserved right of re-entry and to terminate defendant\u2019s right to possession or occupancy, so long as defendant is given written notice. The only question, and the issue on which I disagree with the majority opinion, is whether plaintiff\u2019s warning that \u201c[i]f payment is not received in accordance with the Lease, the Landlord will immediately initiate curative remedies under the Lease and the law,\u201d was sufficient to cause defendant\u2019s leasehold estate to have \u201cceased\u201d under G.S. \u00a7 42-26(2). I believe that it was.\nThe majority opinion relies on this Court\u2019s decision in Stanley v. Harvey, 90 N.C. App. 535, 369 S.E.2d 382 (1988), to support its conclusion that plaintiff\u2019s written notices to defendant \u201cdid not provide clear and unequivocal notice to Defendant that Plaintiff was terminating Defendant\u2019s estate.\u201d While I agree with the decision reached in Stanley, I believe the majority\u2019s reliance upon it in the instant case is misplaced for the following reasons.\nFirst, the lease in Stanley did not provide for a right of re-entry to terminate possession. The only way the lessor in Stanley could cause the lessee\u2019s estate to \u201ccease\u201d was to terminate the lease altogether. The Court in Stanley held that the notice to vacate the premises was not a clear and unequivocal notice that the lease was to be terminated, since the lessee could arguably refuse such request to vacate because the lease did not provide for an automatic right of re-entry. However, in the instant case plaintiff did not attempt to terminate the Lease, instead choosing to rely on the parties agreed upon assumption that its written notices constituted an election to exercise its reserved right of re-entry to terminate defendant\u2019s possession. Since plaintiff was not attempting to terminate the Lease, the holding in Stanley is not controlling.\nSecond, the lease in Stanley was a residential lease, whereas the parties in the instant case had entered into a commercial lease with detailed provisions concerning the rights of the parties upon default. It should be presumed that the parties who have entered into a commercial lease have negotiated at arm\u2019s length and understand the results of their negotiations as memorialized in their written lease agreement. Thus, I do not believe the defendant in the instant case misunderstood the notices it received from plaintiff. Defendant must have understood the provision in Section 26 of the Lease setting out the assumption that written notice from plaintiff which did not specifically terminate the Lease was an election by the plaintiff to terminate possession only. Allowing the commercial lessor to go forward with summary ejectment in a situation such as this is consistent with the agreement that the parties had entered into. Thus, I believe plaintiff met the required obligations for it to institute a summary ejectment action.\nFor the foregoing reasons, although I concur with Parts I, II, and that portion of Part III dealing with plaintiff\u2019s cross-assignment of error, I respectfully dissent from that portion of Part III of the majority opinion holding that plaintiff failed to effectively terminate defendant\u2019s leasehold estate. I would, therefore, affirm the trial court\u2019s grant of summary judgment for plaintiff.\n. In addition to these three occasions (letters dated 27 July 1999; 13 October 1999 and 10 November 1999), there was evidence of at least two prior defaults by tenant: (1) an amendment to the Lease by a Letter Agreement dated 24 July 1996, where the Tenant acknowledged an indebtedness of past due rent to the Landlord and agreed to a payment schedule to retire this indebtedness and (2) the Lease Amendment dated 10 February 1997 wherein the Tenant acknowledged that it was in default under both the Lease and the Letter Agreement and agreed to make past due rent payments for December 1996 and January 1997, and made acknowledgment of an indebtedness due the Landlord in the amount of $179,825.56. Except as specifically modified by the Lease Amendment, the Lease (including all default provisions) remained in full force and effect.", "type": "concurring-in-part-and-dissenting-in-part", "author": "CAMPBELL, Judge," } ], "attorneys": [ "Manning, Fulton & Skinner, P.A., by Michael S. Harrell, for plaintiff-appellee.", "William G. Goldston for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "ARE-100/800/801 CAPITOLA, LLC, Plaintiff v. TRIANGLE LABORATORIES, INC., Defendant\nNo. COA00-578\n(Filed 19 June 2001)\n1. Landlord and Tenant\u2014 commercial \u2014 summary ejectment\u2014 jurisdiction\nA district court had subject matter jurisdiction over a summary ejectment proceeding involving a commercial tenant despite defendant\u2019s argument that Chapter 42, Article 3 of the North Carolina General Statutes applies to residential tenants. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 42-26.\n2. Landlord and Tenant\u2014 summary ejectment \u2014 late fees and repairs \u2014 failure to pay rent\nThe trial court was not precluded from granting summary judgment for plaintiff landlord in a summary ejectment action involving a commercial tenant where defendant contended that there were issues of fact involving late fees and repairs but did not deny that it failed to pay the rent. Whether the late fees were incorrect goes to the amount owed and not whether defendant failed to pay rent, and, while defendant might be entitled to an offset if it expended monies to repair the property, plaintiff\u2019s failure to make repairs does not alleviate defendant\u2019s obligation to pay rent.\n3. Landlord and Tenant\u2014 constructive eviction \u2014 possession of property\nThe trial court was not precluded from granting summary judgment for plaintiff landlord in a summary ejectment action involving a commercial tenant where defendant contended that there was a genuine issue of material fact involving constructive eviction, but defendant did not abandon the property and sought to remain in possession pending disposition on appeal.\n4. Landlord and Tenant\u2014 summary ejectment-termination of estate \u2014 notice according to lease\nThe trial court erred by granting summary judgment for plaintiff landlord in a summary ejectment action where plaintiff did not terminate defendant\u2019s estate according to the lease. When the termination of a lease depends upon notice, the notice must be given in strict compliance with the contract as to both time and contents.\n5. Appeal and Error\u2014 cross-assignment of error \u2014 properly a cross-appeal \u2014 not considered\nThe Court of Appeals did not consider a cross-assignment of error arising from a summary ejectment where the supporting arguments did not provide an alternative basis in law for supporting the judgment and should have been raised in a cross-appeal.\nJudge Campbell concurs in part and dissents in part.\nAppeal by defendant from order filed 11 February 2000 by Judge Marcia H. Morey in Durham County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 27 March 2001.\nManning, Fulton & Skinner, P.A., by Michael S. Harrell, for plaintiff-appellee.\nWilliam G. Goldston for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0212-01", "first_page_order": 240, "last_page_order": 251 }