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            "page": "257",
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        "pin_cites": [
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          2494955,
          2493783
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        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
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          {
            "page": "583",
            "parenthetical": "quoting Johnson v. Ruark Obstetrics, 327 N.C. 283, 304, 395 S.E.2d 85, 97, reh'g denied, 327 N.C. 644, 399 S.E.2d 133 (1990)"
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        "cite": "347 N.C. 638",
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            "parenthetical": "quoting Johnson v. Ruark Obstetrics, 327 N.C. 283, 304, 395 S.E.2d 85, 97, reh'g denied, 327 N.C. 644, 399 S.E.2d 133 (1990)"
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          {
            "page": "359",
            "parenthetical": "citations omitted"
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          {
            "parenthetical": "citations omitted"
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      {
        "cite": "85 N.C. App. 253",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
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        "cite": "473 S.E.2d 38",
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            "page": "40-41",
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          {
            "parenthetical": "spitting on victim's arm does not constitute assault"
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        "cite": "300 N.W.2d 760",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
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            "parenthetical": "throwing urine on guard constitutes violence"
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        "cite": "575 A.2d 1196",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
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        "case_ids": [
          7386160
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        "cite": "553 N.W.2d 23",
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            "page": "25",
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      {
        "cite": "269 S.E.2d 622",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
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        "opinion_index": 0
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        "cite": "300 N.C. 195",
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        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
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        "cite": "44 N.C. App. 615",
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            "page": "295",
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            "page": "339",
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            "page": "339"
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            "page": "339"
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            "page": "340"
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          8567617
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            "page": "304",
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        "cite": "144 S.E.2d 252",
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        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
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          {
            "page": "258",
            "parenthetical": "citation omitted"
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        "cite": "265 N.C. 393",
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            "page": "401",
            "parenthetical": "citation omitted"
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        "cite": "388 S.E.2d 769",
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            "parenthetical": "citation omitted"
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            "parenthetical": "citation omitted"
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            "page": "236"
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        "cite": "317 N.C. 334",
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            "page": "119"
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            "parenthetical": "\"When there is a dispute as to what the employee was actually doing at the time the tort was committed, all doubt must be resolved in favor of liability and the facts must be determined by the jury.\""
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            "page": "900",
            "parenthetical": "\"When there is a dispute as to what the employee was actually doing at the time the tort was committed, all doubt must be resolved in favor of liability and the facts must be determined by the jury.\""
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            "page": "809"
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            "page": "809"
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        "cite": "340 S.E.2d 401",
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      {
        "cite": "407 S.E.2d 22",
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          {
            "page": "28"
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            "page": "352"
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            "page": "351"
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            "page": "351"
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            "page": "352-53"
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            "page": "352"
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      {
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          {
            "page": "917"
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            "page": "917"
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      {
        "cite": "120 N.C. App. 203",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
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          11914773
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      {
        "cite": "411 S.E.2d 133",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1991,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "138"
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      {
        "cite": "330 N.C. 314",
        "category": "reporters:state",
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        "case_ids": [
          2509560
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      {
        "cite": "448 S.E.2d 506",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 4,
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        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "510",
            "parenthetical": "quoting Davis v. Dennis Lilly Co., 330 N.C. 314, 323, 411 S.E.2d 133, 138 (1991)"
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          {
            "page": "510"
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          {
            "page": "510"
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          {
            "page": "510"
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        "opinion_index": 0
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      {
        "cite": "337 N.C. 742",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          2552093
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        "weight": 4,
        "year": 1994,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "749",
            "parenthetical": "quoting Davis v. Dennis Lilly Co., 330 N.C. 314, 323, 411 S.E.2d 133, 138 (1991)"
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          {
            "page": "749"
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          {
            "page": "749"
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          {
            "page": "749"
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      {
        "cite": "436 S.E.2d 822",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 2,
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        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "825",
            "parenthetical": "citations omitted"
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          {
            "page": "825"
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        "opinion_index": 0
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      {
        "cite": "335 N.C. 209",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          2530532
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            "page": "214-15",
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          {
            "page": "214-15"
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      {
        "cite": "487 S.E.2d 807",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1997,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "815"
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      {
        "cite": "127 N.C. App. 1",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          11791526
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          {
            "page": "13"
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      {
        "cite": "291 S.E.2d 282",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1982,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "285",
            "parenthetical": "\"This rule imposes liability on an employer for the negligent torts of independent contractors performing, for the employer, an activity which would result in harmful consequences unless proper precautions are taken....''"
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      {
        "cite": "57 N.C. App. 275",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          8523822
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        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "279",
            "parenthetical": "\"This rule imposes liability on an employer for the negligent torts of independent contractors performing, for the employer, an activity which would result in harmful consequences unless proper precautions are taken....''"
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      {
        "cite": "538 S.E.2d 198",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 2000,
        "opinion_index": 1
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      {
        "cite": "350 N.C. 834",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          132160,
          131939,
          131971,
          132259,
          132218
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      {
        "cite": "542 S.E.2d 212",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 2000,
        "opinion_index": 1
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      {
        "cite": "351 N.C. 357",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
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          1155845,
          1155765,
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          "/nc/351/0357-03",
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      {
        "cite": "130 S.E. 739",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.",
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        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "743"
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      {
        "cite": "190 N.C. 632",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          8611558
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        "year": 1925,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "637"
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      {
        "cite": "188 S.E.2d 747",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1972,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "parenthetical": "if the negligence which caused the injury was that of the injured person's own employer and his employer was an independent contractor, the general contractor is not liable unless he participated in the negligent act"
          }
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      {
        "cite": "14 N.C. App. 609",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          8551756
        ],
        "year": 1972,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "parenthetical": "if the negligence which caused the injury was that of the injured person's own employer and his employer was an independent contractor, the general contractor is not liable unless he participated in the negligent act"
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      {
        "cite": "70 S.E. 1085",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.",
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        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "parenthetical": "merely taking steps to see that the contractor carries out his agreement does not make the employer liable"
          }
        ],
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      {
        "cite": "155 N.C. 33",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          8651712
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        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "parenthetical": "merely taking steps to see that the contractor carries out his agreement does not make the employer liable"
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      {
        "cite": "76 S.E.2d 45",
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        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1953,
        "opinion_index": 1
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      {
        "cite": "237 N.C. 738",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          8619060
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        "cite": "424 S.E.2d 391",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1993,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "parenthetical": "employee injured when employer instructed him to work at a machine knowing that dangerous parts were unguarded, held insufficient to establish a Woodson claim"
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      {
        "cite": "333 N.C. 233",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          2548756
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        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "parenthetical": "employee injured when employer instructed him to work at a machine knowing that dangerous parts were unguarded, held insufficient to establish a Woodson claim"
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        "cite": "489 S.E.2d 421",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1997,
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          {
            "parenthetical": "employer was aware paint machine was unguarded, that emergency switch was not working and did not advise employee, held not sufficient to prove that employer knew its action requiring employee to operate the machine was substantially certain to cause serious injury"
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      {
        "cite": "127 N.C. App. 225",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          11794053
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        "year": 1997,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "parenthetical": "employer was aware paint machine was unguarded, that emergency switch was not working and did not advise employee, held not sufficient to prove that employer knew its action requiring employee to operate the machine was substantially certain to cause serious injury"
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        "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 97-9",
        "category": "laws:leg_statute",
        "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.",
        "opinion_index": 1
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      {
        "cite": "533 S.E.2d 487",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 3,
        "year": 2000,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "491",
            "parenthetical": "citing Woodson v. Rowland, 329 N.C. 330, 352, 407 S.E.2d 222, 235 (1991"
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      {
        "cite": "139 N.C. App. 370",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          9496763
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        "year": 2000,
        "pin_cites": [
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            "page": "375",
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            "page": "375"
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      {
        "cite": "511 S.E.2d 313",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1999,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "317-18"
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          {
            "page": "317-18"
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      {
        "cite": "132 N.C. App. 307",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          11237671
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        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1999,
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          {
            "page": "312"
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            "page": "312"
          }
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        "case_paths": [
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      {
        "cite": "159 S.E.2d 362",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 2,
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          {
            "page": "366",
            "parenthetical": "\"But the cases of 'non-dele-gable duty'. . . hold the employer liable for the negligence of the contractor, although he has himself done everything that could reasonably be required of him.\""
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          {
            "page": "366"
          }
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      {
        "cite": "273 N.C. 59",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          8574410
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          {
            "page": "63",
            "parenthetical": "\"But the cases of 'non-dele-gable duty'. . . hold the employer liable for the negligence of the contractor, although he has himself done everything that could reasonably be required of him.\""
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            "page": "62"
          }
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      {
        "cite": "88 S.E. 874",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.",
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1916,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "876"
          }
        ],
        "opinion_index": 1
      },
      {
        "cite": "171 N.C. 672",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C.",
        "case_ids": [
          11271762
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        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1916,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "748"
          }
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        "case_paths": [
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      {
        "cite": "407 S.E.2d 222",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 7,
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          {
            "page": "228"
          },
          {
            "page": "234-35"
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          {
            "page": "235",
            "parenthetical": "\"The party that employs an independent contractor has a continuing responsibility to ensure that adequate safety precautions are taken.... The employer's liability for breach of this duty 'is direct and not derivative....' \""
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          {
            "page": "235"
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      {
        "cite": "416 S.E.2d 193",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1992,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "197"
          }
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      {
        "cite": "106 N.C. App. 146",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          5313813
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        "year": 1992,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "153"
          }
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        "cite": "442 S.E.2d 53",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1994,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "55"
          }
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      {
        "cite": "114 N.C. App. 196",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          8527350
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          {
            "page": "201"
          }
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      {
        "cite": "521 S.E.2d 137",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 2,
        "year": 1999,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "139",
            "parenthetical": "citing Woodson v. Rowland, 329 N.C. 330, 351-53, 407 S.E.2d 222, 234-35 (1991)"
          },
          {
            "page": "139"
          }
        ],
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      {
        "cite": "135 N.C. App. 494",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          11241701
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        "year": 1999,
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          {
            "page": "497",
            "parenthetical": "citing Woodson v. Rowland, 329 N.C. 330, 351-53, 407 S.E.2d 222, 234-35 (1991)"
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            "page": "497"
          }
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      {
        "cite": "461 S.E.2d 13",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1995,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "parenthetical": "employee injured while washing windows, employer had been previously cited for OSHA violations, provided no safety training, ordered employee to lean outward from a small ledge without fall protection equipment, and refused to allow a fellow employee to anchor"
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      {
        "cite": "120 N.C. App. 154",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          11914421
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        "year": 1995,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "parenthetical": "employee injured while washing windows, employer had been previously cited for OSHA violations, provided no safety training, ordered employee to lean outward from a small ledge without fall protection equipment, and refused to allow a fellow employee to anchor"
          }
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        "case_paths": [
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      {
        "cite": "436 S.E.2d 145",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "year": 1993,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "148",
            "parenthetical": "citing Brown v. Texas Co., 237 N.C. 738, 76 S.E.2d 45 (1953)"
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        ],
        "opinion_index": 1
      },
      {
        "cite": "112 N.C. App. 400",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
        "case_ids": [
          8521766
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        "weight": 3,
        "year": 1993,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "403-4",
            "parenthetical": "citing Brown v. Texas Co., 237 N.C. 738, 76 S.E.2d 45 (1953)"
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          {
            "page": "404-05"
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          {
            "page": "405-06"
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      {
        "cite": "468 S.E.2d 491",
        "category": "reporters:state_regional",
        "reporter": "S.E.2d",
        "weight": 3,
        "year": 1996,
        "pin_cites": [
          {
            "page": "493"
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          {
            "page": "494"
          }
        ],
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      {
        "cite": "121 N.C. App. 656",
        "category": "reporters:state",
        "reporter": "N.C. App.",
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          11919488
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          {
            "page": "658-59"
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      {
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