{
  "id": 11357803,
  "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. STANLEY MARION VARDIMAN",
  "name_abbreviation": "State v. Vardiman",
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    "judges": [
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      "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. STANLEY MARION VARDIMAN"
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      {
        "text": "TIMMONS-GOODSON, Judge.\nStanley Marion Vardiman (defendant) was convicted of driving while impaired on 19 January 1990,12 July 1991, and 22 July 1994. For each of these convictions he was sentenced with fines, imprisonment, and/or supervised probation. On 6 March 1995, following a fourth offense of driving while impaired, defendant was indicted for habitual impaired driving, having three prior driving while impaired convictions within the previous seven years. He pled guilty on 20 April 1995 and was sentenced to thirty months in the North Carolina Department of Correction.\nOn 7 December 1998, defendant was again indicted for habitual impaired driving based on his arrest on 25 July 1996 for driving while impaired after receiving three prior driving while impaired convictions in the previous seven years. After pleading guilty, defendant was sentenced to an imprisonment of twelve to fifteen months in the North Carolina Department of Correction.\nOn 10 January 2000, Judge Dennis J. Winner issued an order granting defendant a hearing on his motion for appropriate relief challenging the constitutionality of the habitual impaired driving statute. The hearing began on 1 February 2000, but recessed on 14 February 2000, when Judge Winner denied the motion and signed an order captioned \u201cCertification of Appealability.\u201d The order asked this Court to issue a writ of certiorari in order to consider whether the habitual impaired driving statute is unconstitutional on its face, and whether the habitual impaired driving statute was unconstitutionally applied to defendant by the trial court. A writ of certiorari was granted by this Court.\nThe two issues presented in this appeal are: (I) whether North Carolina General Statutes section 20-138.5 (1999), the habitual impaired driving statute, violates the principles of double jeopardy under the United States and North Carolina Constitutions; (II) if North Carolina General Statutes section 20-138.5 is constitutional, whether it was unconstitutionally applied in this case. We hold the statute to be constitutional on its face and as applied.\nDefendant argues that the habitual impaired driving statute is unconstitutional because it violates principles of double jeopardy. The habitual impaired driving statute provides that \u201ca person commits the offense of habitual impaired driving if he drives while impaired as defined in G.S. 20-138.1 and has been convicted of three or more offenses involving impaired driving as defined in G.S. 20-4.01(24a) within seven years of the date of this offense.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-138.5(a)(1999).\nIt is well settled that \u201cthe Double Jeopardy Clause of the North Carolina and United States Constitutions protect against. . . multiple punishments for the same offense.\u201d State v. Gardner, 315 N.C. 444, 451, 340 S.E.2d 701, 707 (1986); See also Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 165, 53 L. Ed. 2d 187, 193 (1977); North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717, 23 L. Ed. 2d 656, 665 (1969), overruled on other grounds, Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794, 104 L. Ed. 2d 865 (1989); Green v. United States, 355 U.S. 184, 188, 2 L. Ed. 2d 199, 204 (1957).\nIt is also well settled that recidivist statutes, or repeat-offender statutes, survive constitutional challenges in regard to double jeopardy challenges because they increase the severity of the punishment for the crime being prosecuted; they do not punish a previous crime a second time. See e.g, Monge v. California, 524 U.S. 721, 728, 141 L. Ed. 2d 615, 624 (1998)(\u201c[a]n enhanced sentence imposed on a persistent offender thus \u2018is not to be viewed as either a new jeopardy or additional penalty for the earlier crimes\u2019 but as \u2018a stiffened penalty for the latest crime, which is considered to be an aggravated offense because a repetitive one.\u2019 \u201d) (quoting Gryger v. Burke, 334 U.S. 728, 732, 92 L. Ed. 2d 1683, 1687 (1948)); Nichols v. United States, 511 U.S. 738, 747, 128 L. Ed. 2d 745, 754 (1994) (the Supreme Court \u201cconsistently has sustained repeat-offender laws as penalizing only the last offense committed by the defendant\u201d).\nRelying on State v. Priddy, 115 N.C. App. 547, 445 S.E.2d 610, disc. review denied, 337 N.C. 805, 449 S.E.2d 751 (1994), defendant argues that section 20-138.5 violates principles of double jeopardy, because it is a substantive offense that is capable of supporting a criminal sentence, not merely a status offense. Status offenses, such as North Carolina General Statutes section 14-7.1, the habitual felon statute, are not separate criminal offenses and do not run counter to double jeopardy concerns. See e.g, State v. Allen, 292 N.C. 431, 233 S.E.2d 585 (1977); State v. Creason, 123 N.C. App. 495, 473 S.E.2d 771 (1996), affirmed, 346 N.C. 165, 484 S.E.2d 525 (1997).\nDefendant asserts that cases consistently draw a distinction between a substantive and a status offense in assessing double jeopardy concerns, concluding that a substantive offense implicates double jeopardy concerns whereas a status offense does not. Indeed, numerous cases throughout our nation\u2019s appellate court system seem to stand for this proposition. See e.g, Baker v. Duckworth, 752 F.2d 302, 304 (7th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 472 U.S. 1019, 87 L. Ed. 2d 618 (1985) (Indiana\u2019s habitual offender statute \u201cdoes not create a separate crime .... Thus, an habitual criminal who receives an enhanced sentence pursuant to an habitual offender statute does not receive additional punishment for his previous offenses.\u201d); Sudds v. Maggio, 696 F.2d 415, 417 (5th Cir. 1983) (\u201cUnder the Texas habitual offender statute . . . the prior conviction is used only for enhancement of the sentence, not as an element of the subsequent crime. This statute does not violate the prohibition against double jeopardy.\u201d); Davis v. Bennett, 400 F.2d 279, 282 (8th Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 395 U.S. 980, 23 L. Ed. 2d 768 (1969) (\u201cIt has therefore uniformly been held that since habitual criminal statutes do not constitute separate offenses, they do not violate double jeopardy as to prior convictions.\u201d); People v. Dunigan, 650 N.E.2d 1026, 1029 (Ill. 1995) (\u201chabitual criminal statutes do not define a new or independent criminal offense .... The Act does not punish a defendant again for his prior felony convictions, nor are those convictions elements of the most recent felony offense[.]\u201d); State v. Torrez, 687 P.2d 1292, 1294 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1984) (\u201cStatutes authorizing the infliction of more serious penalties on one who is a persistent offender do not create a new, separate, distinct, independent or substantive offense.\u201d). In arguing that a substantive/status distinction is the answer to the issue of the case sub judice, however, defendant is oversimplifying the issue.\nHabitual impaired driving is a substantive offense. See Priddy, 115 N.C. App. at 548, 445 S.E.2d at 612. Priddy holds that habitual impaired driving is a substantive offense because the statute:\nexplicitly provides that \u2018[a] person commits the offense of habitual impaired driving if....\u2019 and contains two elements which the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) that the defendant drives while impaired . . . and (2) that the defendant has been convicted of three or more offenses involving impaired driving. ... By comparison, the habitual felon statute, which is solely a penalty enhancement statute, states, in relevant part: \u2018[a]ny person who has been convicted of or pled guilty to three felony offenses ... is declared to be an habitual felon.\u2019 Because G.S. \u00a7 14-7.1 simply defines certain persons to be habitual felons, who, as such, are subject to greater punishment for criminal offenses, our Supreme Court has held that being an habitual felon is not a crime and cannot support, standing alone, a criminal sentence. Rather, being an habitual felon is a status justifying an increased punishment for the principal felony. By contrast, the legislature chose the specific language to define the crime of habitual impaired driving as a separate felony offense, capable of supporting a criminal sentence.\nPriddy at 548-49, 445 S.E.2d at 612 (1994) (citation omitted).\nIn Priddy, the Court concluded that \u201cthe legislature must not have intended to make habitual impaired driving solely a punishment enhancement status.\u201d Priddy at 549, 445 S.E.d at 612 (emphasis added). We emphasize the word \u201csolely\u201d because it contextualizes the mistake defendant makes in arguing that habitual impaired driving is a substantive offense rather than a status offense. Statutes criminalizing behavior such as theft and murder, which are substantive offenses, are subject to double jeopardy analysis. Habitual impaired driving, however, is a substantive offense and a punishment enhancement (or recidivist, or repeat-offender) offense.\nIt is not disputed that the habitual impaired driving statute is a recidivist statute. Of the aforementioned cases that draw a distinction between substantive and status offenses, none hold a recidivist statute unconstitutional for double jeopardy reasons. Throughout the country, recidivist statutes are routinely upheld against double jeopardy concerns. The more authentic distinction to be drawn in assessing double jeopardy concerns is between recidivist and non-recidivist statutes, not between substantive and status offenses. While most recidivist statutes are set out in language that makes them classifiable as status offenses, the difference between a status offense and the habitual impaired driving statute, a substantive offense, is merely one of form, not substance. Prior convictions of driving while impaired are the elements of the offense of habitual impaired driving, but the statute \u201cdoes not impose punishment for [these] previous crimes, [it] imposes an enhanced punishment\u201d for the latest offense. State v. Smith, 139 N.C. App. 209, 214, 533 S.E.2d 518, 521 (2000).\nRelying on Priddy, this Court in Smith also held North Carolina General Statutes section 14-33.2, the habitual misdemeanor assault statute, to be a substantive offense and not \u201cmerely a status.\u201d Id. at 212, 533 S.E.2d at 521. The Smith Court reasoned that the habitual misdemeanor assault statute was congruent in form to the habitual driving while impaired statute such that both were substantive and not \u201cmerely\u201d status offenses. Id. at 213, 533 S.E.2d at 520. However, in determining whether the habitual misdemeanor assault statute withstood constitutional scrutiny in regard to the prohibition against ex post facto laws, the fact that the statute was a sentence enhancement statute, not the fact that it was a substantive offense, was dispositive. The Smith Court compared the habitual misdemeanor assault statute to the habitual felon statute, concluding that because neither statute \u201cimposefs] punishment for previous crimes, but imposes an enhanced punishment . . . because of the repetitive nature of such behavior,\u201d neither statute violated the prohibition on ex post facto laws. Id. at 214-15, 533 S.E.2d at 521. It follows in the case at bar, then, that the habitual driving while impaired statute does not violate the prohibition on double jeopardy, because it enhances punishment for present conduct rather than repunishing for past conduct. We hold that the habitual impaired driving statute does not punish prior convictions a second time, but rather punishes the most recent conviction more severely because of the prior convictions. We therefore uphold the constitutionality of the habitual impaired driving statute.\nDefendant further argues that because section 20-138.5 encompasses prior driving while impaired convictions as elements of the crime of habitual driving while impaired, the statute unconstitutionally violates the double jeopardy clause. Again, this argument does not survive a double jeopardy analysis. Defendant cites a litany of cases that seem to stand for the proposition that \u201cwhen a criminal offense in its entirety is an essential element of another offense a defendant may not be punished for both offenses.\u201d State v. Williams, 295 N.C. 655, 659, 249 S.E.2d 709, 713 (1978)(emphasis added). The United States Supreme Court, however, distinguishes prior convictions as elements of a crime from other elements of a crime, holding that \u201c[ojther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to the jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.\u201d Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435, 455 (2000)(emphasis added). Apprendi is in line with our conclusion in the case sub judice, that whether a statute survives a double jeopardy constitutional analysis does not depend on whether the statute is called substantive or status, or whether the statute is comprised of elements or sentencing factors, but what the statute accomplishes in reality. The point that \u201c[l]abels do not afford an acceptable answer . . . applies as well ... to the constitutionally novel and elusive distinction between \u2018elements\u2019 and \u2018sentencing factors.\u2019 \u201d Apprendi at 494, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 457 (citation omitted) (alteration in original). \u201cDespite what appears to us the clear \u2018elemental\u2019 nature of the factor here, the relevant inquiry is one not of form, but of effect[.]\u201d Id. The effect of section 20-138.5 is that a defendant is punished more severely for a recent crime based on having committed previous crimes. Consequently, section 20-138.5 does not violate the United States and North Carolina Constitutions.\nDefendant\u2019s other argument on appeal is that section 20-138.5 is unconstitutional as applied to defendant in the case at bar. This argument is without merit. Two of defendant\u2019s misdemeanor driving while impaired convictions that were used in defendant\u2019s first habitual impaired driving conviction were used again in defendant\u2019s second habitual impaired driving conviction. Defendant argues that this placed him twice in jeopardy for the same crime. We have already decided that the habitual impaired driving statute is not unconstitutional on its face because it is a recidivist statute that punishes the most recent offense more severely. Rather than being punished three times for each of the two misdemeanor driving while impaired convictions, as defendant argues, defendant was punished only one time for his most recent offense, though more severely.\nBased on the foregoing, we conclude that defendant received a fair trial, free from prejudicial error.\nNo error.\nJudge JOHN concurs.\nJudge GREENE dissents.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "TIMMONS-GOODSON, Judge."
      },
      {
        "text": "GREENE, Judge,\ndissenting.\nBecause I believe prosecution for habitual impaired driving violates the prohibition against double jeopardy, I respectfully dissent.\nIf \u201ca criminal offense in its entirety is an essential element of another offense[,] a defendant may not be punished for both offenses,\u201d as punishment for both offenses violates the prohibition against double jeopardy. State v. Williams, 295 N.C. 655, 659, 249 S.E.2d 709, 713 (1978). Because habitual impaired driving is a substantive offense, not a status, State v. Priddy, 115 N.C. App. 547, 550, 445 S.E.2d 610, 612, disc. review denied, 337 N.C. 805, 449 S.E.2d 751 (1994), and because convictions for three or more offenses involving impaired driving are necessary elements of the habitual impaired driving offense, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-138.5(a) (1999), the defense of double jeopardy bars the prosecution for habitual impaired driving, see State v. Freeland, 316 N.C. 13, 21, 340 S.E.2d 35, 39 (1986) (double jeopardy barred prosecution of defendant for both first-degree kidnapping and underlying sexual offense); State v. Cherry, 298 N.C. 86, 113, 257 S.E.2d 551, 567 (1979) (defendant convicted of first-degree murder under the felony-murder rule cannot also be convicted of the underlying felony), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 941, 64 L. Ed. 2d 796 (1980).",
        "type": "dissent",
        "author": "GREENE, Judge,"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Attorney General Michael F. Easley, by Special Deputy Attorney General, Isaac T. Avery, III, and Assistant Attorney General Patricia A. Duffy, for the State.",
      "Elmore, Elmore and Williams, P.A., by George Mason Oliver, for defendant-appellant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. STANLEY MARION VARDIMAN\nNo. COA00-701\n(Filed 2 October 2001)\n1. Constitutional Law\u2014 double jeopardy \u2014 habitual impaired driving statute\nThe habitual impaired driving statute under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-138.5 does not violate the principles of double jeopardy because: (1) habitual impaired driving is a substantive offense and a punishment enhancement, recidivist, or repeat offender offense; and (2) while prior convictions of driving while impaired are the elements of the offense of habitual impaired driving, the statute does not impose punishment for the previous crimes but merely enhances punishment for the latest offense.\n2. Motor Vehicles\u2014 habitual driving while impaired\u2014 constitutionality\nThe trial court did not unconstitutionally apply N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-138.5 in an habitual impaired driving case even though two of defendant\u2019s misdemeanor driving while impaired convictions that were used in defendant\u2019s first habitual impaired driving conviction were used again in defendant\u2019s second habitual impaired driving conviction, because defendant was punished only one time for his most recent offense rather than being punished three times for each of the two misdemeanor driving while impaired convictions.\nJudge Greene dissenting.\nAppeal by defendant from judgment entered 15 February 2000 by Judge Dennis J. Winner in Superior Court, Buncombe County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 15 May 2001.\nAttorney General Michael F. Easley, by Special Deputy Attorney General, Isaac T. Avery, III, and Assistant Attorney General Patricia A. Duffy, for the State.\nElmore, Elmore and Williams, P.A., by George Mason Oliver, for defendant-appellant."
  },
  "file_name": "0381-01",
  "first_page_order": 413,
  "last_page_order": 420
}